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1. INTRODUCTION
significant number of power transformers are operating beyond their design life.
Link Queensland (PLQ), 25% of the power transformers were more than 25 years
transformers.
The cellulosic materials and oil insulation used in transformer degrade with time.
The condition of the paper and pressboard insulation has been monitored
(IR), tanö and furans and (b) measurements on samples removed from the
between the paper and oil in the transformer, interfacial polarization may occur,
resulting in an increase in the loss tangent and dielectric loss. A DC method was
functionalities, water etc. The condition of the dielectric and its degradation due
to ageing can be monitored by studying the rate and process of polarization and
test.
A retired power transformer (25 MVA, l1/132 kV) and several distribution
transformers were used for the experimental work. The results from these
electrical and chemical test results. The variation of the results through the
2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
the step by step method. The standard wave shape of l. was used for determining
and it is then short circuited for a short period, after opening the short circuit, the
charge bounded by the polarization will turn into free charges i.e, a voltage will
build up between the electrodes on the dielectric. This phenomena is called the
return voltage. After applying the field for a time t, the polarization is expressed
proportionality factor between the polarization and the field strength (E), called
the polarizabiity, F(t) is the relaxation function of the polarization describing the
electrodes tends to grow. In the external circuit maintaining the field, this growth
will cause an absorption current given by Ja(t) = P(t) = d/dt P (t). With
polarization approaching a steady state value, the current decays in time to zero.
the initial value can be written as Ja (0) = βE, where β is the proportionality factor
between absorption cur rent and field strength, and is called polarization
conductivity. It can be shown that the initial slope of the return voltage is
its maximum value quickly, the initial slope of the return voltage is larger.
Another parameter termed as ‘central time constant’, i.e. the time at which the
voltage measurements.
was developed and implemented to measure the return voltage of a two terminal
dielectric system. The charging voltage was 100 volt DC for the retired
transformer insulation samples. The developed software was used to control the
Figure 1: A typical return voltage wave shape of a specimen from the retired
transformer
voltage, initial slope and central time constant) are identified in Fig. 1. Initial
slope is the slope of the return voltage graph (with linear approximation) for first
the spectrum of the return voltage was investigated by changing the charging and
discharging time over a range of times greater than 1 second until the peak value
of the maximum return voltage was obtained. The ratio of charging and
discharging time was two. Then the spectra of maximum return voltage and
initial slope were plotted versus the central time constant (the time at which the
return voltage is maximum). The peak value of the maximum return voltage
(from the return voltage spectrum) and the corresponding initial slope (from the
initial slope spectrum), along With central time constant (from either of the
spectrum), are the parameters used to assess the insulation condition from the
highly porous, non-ionic gel beads for the separation of polydispersed polymers
volume. Cellulose is not soluble in any common GPC solvents. Hence, for GPC
was prepared.
the Chromatograph, with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the eluent. The elution profile
station, was used to investigate the quality of the insulation using electrical and
chemical testing techniques. Since the aged transformer had been exposed to air
To examine the differences that exist between the high stress and low
stress insulation samples, the samples were collected from top, middle and
bottom coils of low voltage and high voltage windings of the transformer. The
rectangular cross section 13.9 and 12 mm wide respectively and 2.6 mm thick
with rounded corners. The test specimens for insulated conductor samples were
Dept. of EEE MESCE, Kuttippuram
Electrical and chemical diagnostics of transformer insulation 8
made up by placing two samples side by side in a Perspex assembly, so that they
overlapped each other for a length of 100 mm. With two insulated conductors
placed side by side to form the specimen, the thickness of paper insulation
between them was 1.0 mm and 0.8 mm for the HV and LV specimens
respectively. Pressboard (of 0.2 mm thickness) samples were collected from the
main bulk insulation between the high voltage and low voltage winding is shown
in Fig.2.
transformer
complete windings, samples were taken from various locations of the LV A and
HV B phase windings and were tested. Two sizes of new (unaged) paper
wrapped conductors (New1 and New2) and new pressboard samples of similar
Kareeya transformer.
locations respectively and layers 12/18 are from outer and inner locations. In HV
The following comparison can be made between the results of the aged
samples is 48.4 kVp/mm (with a SD= 3.16) and that of the New1 sample is
phase samples is 41.6 kVp/mm (with a SD=3.5) and that of the New2
samples is 45.0 kVp/mm. The difference between the average value of the
power frequency breakdown strength of the LV A phase and the new samples
samples is 77.0 kVp/mm (with a SD=7) and that of the New1 samples is 81
kV/mm (with a SD=8.1) and that of the New2 samples is 84 kVp/mm. Again
the variation is not very significant for the LV A phase samples. The LI
polarization spectra (IPS) measurements. The results from the IPS measurements
Kareeya transformer
Kareeya transformer
In Table 3 all the samples from the aged transformer show large peak
maximum voltages, short central time constants and large initial slopes by
comparison with the values for new samples. There are significant variations
between the aged samples from different locations. For example, we see the
maximum return voltage of top coil 1-1 (1st coil from top, 1st outside layer)
reached its peak at 31 s, whereas 89-1 reached its peak value at 75 s, which is
more than twice the time constant of 1-1. The dissipation factor for sample 1-1 is
fifty percent larger than the 89-1 sample (Table 1). It is also observed that 45-1,
45-18, 90-2 and 90-18 samples have maximum return voltages at very small
(low) central time constants and large values of initial slope and dissipation
factor. The variation of insulation status between top, middle and bottom coils of
LV A phase, observed from the conventional tests is consistent with the data
higher return voltage and initial slope, and low central time constant.
are somewhat lower than for the LV A phase. The variation of the peak
by comparison with the corresponding new samples. For example, the mean of
the peak maximum return voltage of LV A phase is 3.2 volt and that for the
New1sample is 1.6 volt, whereas, the mean of the peak maximum return voltage
of HV B phase is 2.0 volt and that for the New2 sample is 1.8 volt. There are
large variations in central time constant. The maximum return voltage of 1-12
reached its peak value at 43 s, where as 1-1 and 1-19 reached their peak values at
94 s. The dissipation factor for sample 1-12 is at least fifty percent larger than
that for the 1-1 and 1-19 samples. This again illustrates consistency between
dissipation factor and IPS characteristics. Also, for HV B phase samples, it was
found that the condition of the insulation varies even between the layers. It is
generally correct to say that whenever samples have peak values of maximum
return voltage with a fast (low) central time constant, the associated values of the
initial slope and dissipation factor are large. This is illustrated by the examples of
samples 60-1, 60-12, 60-19 and samples 29-1, 29-12, 29-19. Although there are
bottom coils, it is not possible to draw any conclusion about the trend of variation
of new paper shows the presence of two components. The major component at
lower elution volume, high molecular weight, is due to cellulose, while the
molecular weight of the cellulose is 1.5 * 106 g/mol, while that of the hemi-
The chromatogram of the cellulose paper taken from the aged transformer
shows that the molecular weight of the cellulose component has decreased
g/mol. The molecular weight distribution of the cellulose has also broadened
considerably, and the peak due to the hemi-cellulose has become barely
discernible, suggesting that the hemi-cellulose component of the paper may have
The simulated chromatograms of the new paper are shown in Fig. 4. The x
axis and y axis of Fig. 4 are in elution volume (ml) and in absorbance
three components with three peaks, using the computer program. Of the three
components used, two may be attributed to the cellulose component of the paper,
and the third may be attributed to the hemi-cellulose component. The molecular
made for the transformer aged insulations, and the results of some selected
insulating paper in the LV A phase and in the HV B phase of the transformer fall
to about one half to one third of the molecular weights at the corresponding peaks
and the HV B phase papers indicates that the largest change in molecular weight
The paper near the top of the transformer, where the temperature is greatest,
transformer
performed on new and aged transformers sample. The results are presented in
tables 7, 8 and 9.
The results show that the dissipation factor of aged transformer pressboard
is much higher than that for new pressboard sample. It is also observed that the
sample.
transformer
Table 7: Results obtained from aged and new press board: Unequal Electrodes
(ASTM D 149)
The IPS results are shown in Table 8. The maximum return voltage of
aged pressboard reached it peak value at 21 s, whereas for new sample it is 360 s.
The value of the peak maximum return voltage and initial slope of aged
pressboard is much larger than those of the new pressboard. So, from both the
conventional electrical tests and IPS measurements, it can be concluded that, the
The GPC results are shown in Table 9. The reduction in the molecular
weights at the peaks P1 and P2 for old pressboard relative to new pressboard
Table 9: GPC Results obtained from aged and new pressboard Sample
Figure 5: Peak molecular weight versus the central time constants for different
electrical (dissipation factor and IPS data) and chemical(peak molecular weight
data) properties caused by ageing induced degradation. The results are now re-
that the peak maximum return voltage is attained with a fast (short) central time
constant, it has a large initial slope and its peak molecular weights P1 and P2
(Table 5) are both very low. So the same conclusion can be drawn from both the
tests; that the insulation has been severely degraded by ageing, and sample 1-1 is
one of the most degraded samples. Similar conclusions can be drawn for the
samples 45-1 and 45-18. Sample 44-18 shows peak maximum return voltage at a
larger central time constant, and as expected this is associated with a larger
molecular weight. To examine the extent of correlation between the electrical and
phase specimens are plotted against central time constants and initial slopes of
the return voltages. Although there were a few outlying points in both the graphs,
Fig. 5 shows that the decrease in the peak molecular weight corresponds to a
decrease (fast) in the central time constant and Fig. 6 shows that a decrease in the
correlation coefficients [4] were calculated for both the cases (with all data points
and with outlying omitted data points). These values are shown in Table 10.
Critical values of the rank correlation coefficients for two sided test with
significance level α = 0.05 [4] are also shown in the Table 10. If the observed
value of the rank correlation coefficient is greater than the critical rank
parameter is rejected. With omitted outlying data points both graphs show good
linear correlations (with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9). At the same
time their rank correlation coefficients are also greater than the corresponding
critical correlation coefficients. When all the data points are considered, Fig. 6
show linear correlation with correlation coefficients greater than 0.5. With all the
data points, the observed rank correlation coefficient is greater than the critical
rank correlation coefficient for the data points in Fig. 6. Although the test
programme was necessarily limited, a good trend has been emerged between the
Table 10: Results of correlation coefficients from the correlation Figs. 5 and 6
Figure 6: Peak molecular weight versus the initial slopes for different samples of
Kareeya transformer
Schering bridge. For a single phase transformer, the shorted low voltage winding
was connected to the lower voltage arm of the Schering bridge, and shorted high
voltage winding was connected to the high voltage supply. For a three phase
transformer, three phases in the LV winding were short circuited and connected
to the lower voltage arm of the Schering bridge and three phases in the HV
winding were short circuited and connected to the high voltage supply.
Dissipation factors were measured at two different voltages and the average was
are shown in Table 11. Dissipation factors varied from 0.003 to 0.067 for single
phase transformers and 0.006 to 0.081 for three phase transformers. TI, T3 and
transformers
All the six distribution transformers were tested for IPS measurements.
The charging voltage was 1000 volt DC and the procedure was similar to that
followed for the specimens made with two paper wrapped insulated conductors.
From Table 12 and 13, it is observed that the initial sloped and central
initial slopes are associated with shorter central time constants, and this is
transformer T1 and T3 show larger dissipation factors and higher initial slopes
and lower central time constants than the transformer T2. The oldest transformer
of the three phase trans formers, T6 shows high dissipation factor, high initial
slope and low central time constant compared to the corresponding values for the
transformers T4 and T5. Thus, a good correlation exists between initial slope,
transformers
transformers
Several paper and pressboard samples were taken from the distribution
transformers (T1, T2, T3 and T5) for the GPC analysis. The results are shown in
Table 14. From the Tables 11 and 13, it is observed that the transformer T5 has a
very low dissipation factor with a low peak maximum return voltage, initial slope
and large central time constant. From Table 14, both paper and pressboard
samples from T5 show high peak molecular weight P1, close to that of new
paper. From both the electrical and chemical tests, it is evident that insulation of
T5 is in very good condition. Both paper and pressboard samples from T1 and T3
show a large reduction in peak molecular weights compared to new ones. From
Tables 11 and 12, it is observed that the transformer T1 and T3 have high
dissipation factors with large initial slopes and low central time constants
compared to the transformer T2. A good correlation is observed between the IPS
parameters, dissipation factor and the GPC results from the limited number of
samples analysed from the distribution transformers. The important point is that
this finding is consistent with similar findings for the aged power transformer.
4. CONCLUSION
transformer. The molecular weights of the samples were also studied by GPC
electrical test results (in particular dissipation factor and the IPS parameters) on
the GPC results. A good correlation has been observed between the electrical test
results and GPC analysis for detecting changes in the properties of the insulntion
samples. The condition of aged pressboard from the Kareeya transformer has
was also evident from both the electrical and chemical teat results.
transformers also correlated well with the dissipation factor and IPS parameters.
5. REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
without which this seminar would not have seen the light of day.
ABSTRACT
method and (b) measurements of molecular weight and its distribution by gel
polymer were also investigated. Samples were obtained from a retired power
transformer and they were analysed by the developed techniques. Six distribution
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
4. CONCLUSION
5. REFERENCES