Nouns: 3rd declension noun go to gen.

form remove -is and then ending

All other declensions (1st, 2nd) go to nom. Sing. Form remove ending (a, us) then form.
1st (F) 2nd (M) 2nd (N) 3rd (M/F) 3rd (N)
Singular Neuter nouns: 2nd decl. neuter
Nom a us um* varies varies* noun always has –um
Gen ae i i is is 3rd decl. neuter Ms. Barie will
Dat ae o o i i tell
Acc am um um* em varies*
Abl a o o e e
Plural
Nom ae i a* es a* Adjectives: take off –us add
Gen arum orum orum um um
Dat is is is ibus ibus
Acc as os a* es a*
Abl is is is ibus ibus
ending Adverbs:
Positive: simplest form of adj. doesn’t change 1st/ 2nd decl. adj. to adverb take off –us and add –e
Comparative: add –ior 3rd decl. to adverb take off –e on 2nd form add -iter
Superlative: add –issimus
Verbs: 1st conj. (are) 2nd conj (ere) 3rd conj (ere) 4th conj (ire)
Singular
Present Tense: ego o
1st/2nd conj. No change tu s
3rd conj. ‘-e change to –i’ 3rd t
rd
‘i change to u’ in 3 pl. Plural
3rd -io conj. ‘-e changes to i’ Singular
nos mus
‘u is added after i’ in 3rd pl.
th vos tis ego bam
4 conj no change ……………………….
3rd nt tu bas
3rd bat
nd
Imperfect Tense: go to 2 pp take off -re Plural Singular
1st/2nd/3rd conj no change nos bamus ego i
3rd io/ 4th conj add ‘i before e’………………………………… vos batis tu isti
3rd bant 3rd it
Plural
nos imus
vos istis
Perfect Tense: go to 3rd pp take off –i add ending no changes ……………………… 3rd erunt

Singular
rd ego eram
Pluperfect Tense: go to 3 pp take off –i add ending
tu eras
no changes …………………………………………….
3rd erat
Plural Singular
nos eramus ego m
vos eratis tu s
3rd erant 3rd t
Plural
Subjunctives: you know its subjunctive if it starts with cum nos mus
Imperfect: go to 2nd pp add ending; translated same as imperfect vos tis
Pluperfect: go to 3rd pp add ‘sse’ add ending; translated same as pluperfect…….. 3rd nt

Participles:
Tense Active Passive
translated –ing no passive!
1. go to 2nd pp endings:
Present 2. remove –re sing. pl.
3. add ending nom -ns -ntes
*3rd io/ 4th add ‘ie’ before ending acc -ntem -ntes

translated as ‘having’ Translated as ‘having been’

agrees w/ noun 3rd pp introduced w/ prep. a/ab
Perfect only these words: loctus, ingressus, agrees w/ noun
egressus, regressus, adeptus, sectus, 4th pp
susceptus, precatus, conspicatus, passus
Prepositions:
Accusative
ad: to intra: within
ante: before inter: between; among
apud: at the house of ob: on account of
circum: around per: through
contra: against post: after
prope: near praeter: besides Ablative
propter: on account of super: above sine: without pro: in front of, for
in: into onto trans: across in: in; on a, ab: by, from
extra: outside de: down from, about cum: with
sub: under e, ex: from; out of

Relative Pronoun: Found in a relative clause and provide more description. Must agree with the nouns it modifies in
gender and number. Case is determined by function. qui, quae, quod

Adverbs:
1st/ 2nd decl. take off us, a, um ending at e
3rd decl. go to second pp take of is add iter

Subjunctives:
Purpose clause: Uses “ut” + imperfect subjunctive only
ex: omnes cives ad silvam contenderunt ut lenem mortuum spectarent.
trans: All the citizens hurried to the forest in order that they might watch the dead lion.
Cum clause: Introduced with “cum” translated using imp/ plup. subjunctives

Indirect question: Uses imp/ plup. subj.

Common Verbs Question Words
cognosco- to find out quis- who
scio- to know quid- what
nescio- don’t know ubi- where
rogo- ask cur- why
explicio- explain quomodo- how
volo- want
intellego- understand
nolo- do not want
Tantus- so great
Result clause: Introduced with “ut” + imperfect subjunctive translated with “so” Tam- so
Adeo- so
Indirect Command: Introduced with “ut” + imperfect only Tot- so many
persuadeo- persuade
oro- to beg
moneo- to warn
impero- to order
Gerundive of Obligation: Translated as: (One must) Form: dat. + prep phrase + inf. verb (remove –re) add ndum + est

Vocative: Indicates a person or thing which is being addressed. Ex: cur taces, Cephale? Why are you silent, Caphalus?

Imperative: ex: conare- try! consmini- try! (pl.)

****Nobis, mihi, tibi**** Are all dative forms of: nos, ego, tu