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THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ISLAMIC STUDIES IN THE

WORLD OF MODERN CYBER-TECHNOLOGIES: THE NIGERIA EXAMPLE

Adebayo, Rafiu Ibrahim


Department of Religions,
University of Ilorin,
Ilorin, Nigeria.
adrafhope@yahoo.com

Abstract

Just like the angels, who, in their one-sidedness saw only the mischief of mankind and so
remonstrated about the creation of Adam, many scholars seem to have emphasised numerous
illegal activities and vulnerability of the new cyber-technologies. As the matter was brought
home to them when the actual capacities of man were shown to the angels, the need to
address the benefits inherent in the modern Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) becomes imperative as well. The knowledge of Islam which commenced in the
Prophet‘s mosque and was transmitted to recipients in Africa under the shade of trees is later
received in schools, colleges and libraries. In the 21 st century a rapid means of reaching the
world and an effective means of information dissemination is through the Information and
Communication Technology. The big questions then are what are the challenges of ICT to
Islamic Studies? What are the new opportunities offered by the ICT in the field of Qur‘an,
Hadith, Fiqh, and Sirah? To what extent are Islamic Studies teachers availing themselves
with these opportunities? How are they going to face the challenges posed by this new
development? An exploration into this paper will proffer solution to these research questions.
Useful suggestions will be offered on how best the opportunities could be maximally utilised
to facilitate effective teaching of Islamic Studies in our educational institutions.

Introduction

The susceptibility of the ICT to all sorts of evils and unwanted information is as a
result of its democratic nature which makes all Dick and Harry to upload and download
whatever they wish into and from it. The problem is compounded by its not being censored
before making such available to the world. The presence of obnoxious websites where nude
and sex pictures are displayed and users have unlimited access to them with a mere click of
the mouse and keyboard of the computer confirms this assertion. The ICT has therefore
become an instrument of pornography, obscenity, homosexuality and lewdness. Some
teenagers have gone to the extent of downloading such pictures in to their handset to have
unrestricted access to them at any point in time. Web Dating is another phenomenon of ICT
usage among youths. This is done by public display of pictures and profiles of prospective
males and females on the website for easy access of prospective daters. This relationship at
times leads to disappointment, deceit, illicit sexual affairs and divorce. Oloyede (2007) has
equally asserted that the use of telephone text messages, programmable calculators, opaque
jottings, Bluetooth computer facilities and the like, has made ICT a facility for advance
cheating in examinations. There was also an instance where Diann Baecker, an Assistant
Professor at Virginia State University in Petersburg discovered a student to have taken a
picture of his neighbour‘s essay with his camera-equipped phone and then copied the answer
onto his own tests using the image on the phone‘s screen (Marlon, 2004).
The vulnerability of ICT as it affects Islam and Islamic Studies could not be over
emphasised as well. It has become a good source of distortion of facts about Islam and so a

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quick means of disseminating wrong information about Islam and so a serious threat to the
teaching and learning Islam through this medium. Abubakar Kawu (2009:128) identified a
―suralikeit‖ website which produced four fabricated suwar in Arabic, English and
transliterated formats entitled Surah al-Iman, Surah at-Tajassud, surah al-Muslimoon and
Surah al-Wasiya where verses inimical to Islamic teachings were displayed. He also cited
another scholar who discovered some strange version of the Qur‘an on the internet, and even
cited some websites like www.answering-islam.com; www.aboutislam.com;
www.allahassurance.com and www.thequr‘an.com, as few examples of websites with un-
Islamic teachings. In the same vein, Oladimeji (2009: 228) also identified some websites
which disseminate wrong information about Islam. Such include www.maarifatuAllah.com;
www.imambaihaqi.com; and www.qaradawi.com as against http://www.qaradawi.net which
he classified among websites developed to disseminate Islamic knowledge. The
http://www.submission.org/women/Faq8 also contains wrong information on the stand of
Islam on a menstruating woman and her observance of her religious rituals like salat, sawm
and hajj, as well as on women dress code and other related issues like polygamy, equality of
men and women and women as leaders. The sum-total of this is that much has been written
on the vulnerability of the contemporary information and communication technology as it
affects the religion of Islam. However, it will be short-sighted of us to close our eyes at the
usefulness of this medium to Islamic Studies. It is on this basis that we shall consider the
opportunities and challenges offered by the cyber technologies to Islamic Studies with
particular reference to Nigeria.

Conceptual Clarification

Information and Communication Technology

The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) defines ICT as the


study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based
information systems particularly software applications and computer hardware (see
http//www.ask.com). By implication, ICT possesses the characteristics of processing,
transmitting, manipulating and retrieving various forms of information, with speed and
accuracy, through the use of such tools as television, computer and internet, Satellites,
telephone and other electronic media.
Patterson cited by Saba (2007:220) identified some modern technologies useful for
processing, transmitting, manipulating and retrieving various forms of information. These
include:
a. Data communication on the transmission of Digital Data
b. Tele-communication or communication using wired and wireless Telephone
c. Semi-conductor electronic which deploys the logic functions in integrated
circuits-chips as hard wares components
d. Computers which are programmed electronic machines and
e. Soft wares which allow computer to function according to predetermined
instructions.

Cyber-Space

Space is described as the region beyond the earth‘s atmosphere or beyond the solar
system. Siddiqui (2008:30) considers the complexity of the space phenomena as being
―permeated by gravitational field and wide spectrum of electromagnetic fields of unknown
intensities and distributions.‖ Apart from the fact that the Qur‘an enjoins man to penetrate the

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space of the heavens and the earth (Q55:33), it also gives the possibility of opening a gate
from the heavens for man to ascend (Q15:14-15). In reality, the advent of high altitude of
sounding rockets and the instrumented satellites along with high speed digital computers
confirms this possibility. That was when the former Soviet Union launched the first world‘s
first satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4. 1957. This was closely followed by the launching of
two Satellites (Explorer 1 and Vanguard 1) on January 31 st and March 17 in 1958
respectively by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) established by
the United States of America. These discoveries as well as space flights which were later
launched by the USSR and the United States in 1961 thus became a vital instrument of
ascending the sky.
Cyber according to the Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary is the science of
communication and control in machines; while cyber-space is considered as an ―imaginary
place where electronic messages, pictures etc exist while they are being sent between
computers.‖ Cyber-space therefore, is the online world of computer networks through which
the entire world is linked and adequate information is collected and disseminated.

Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies is a teaching subject in the school curriculum of every ladder of


education in Nigeria. It is a compression of the teaching and learning aspects of the Qur‘an,
Hadith, fiqh, sirah, and tahdib at the Junior Secondary school division (Basic Classes 7-9).In
the Nigeria National Curriculum of Islamic Studies prepared under the auspices of this body,
the Junior Secondary School Curriculum is divided into three parts, namely:
Section A: - The Qur‘an and Hadith
Section B: - Tawhid and Fiqh
Section C: - Sirah and Tahdib
At the Senior Secondary School level, the curriculum is divided into the following sections:
Paper 1:- Hidayah (Guidance) comprising the Qur‘an, the Hadith and Tahdib
(Moral Education based on the Qur‘an and Hadith).
Paper 2:- Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) comprising Tawhid (Faith), ‗Ibadah
(Worship) and Mu camalat (Human Transactions); and
Paper 3:- Tarikh (Historical development of Islam) comprising sirah (The life of
the Prophet and the leadership of the four orthodox Caliphs; the spread
of Islam to West Africa and contributions of Muslims to world
civilization). (National Curriculum for Senior Secondary Schools,
vol.7, 1985).
If Talib‘s (2004:22) assertion that technology has reached the apex of helping teachers to
teach, is something to go by, then teachers of Islamic Studies have no option than to live up
to expectation in making use of the modern information and communication technologies to
enhance their teaching in a more sophisticated manner. The use of ICT can assist in searching
for information and its dissemination on each of the aspects of Islamic Studies.

Limitation of the Study

In view of the fact that the tools for information and communication technologies are
inexhaustible, we restrict ourselves to the following for proper attention and prompt
reference:
i. Internet:- for its dynamism, constant review of information contained therein,
easy accessibility and provision of Internet Search Engines (ISEs) which can
be used to find useful information. In spite of these opportunities offered by

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the Internet, it also poses problem of filtering from the exhaustive large data as
well as duplication of information which can be at times confusing, as
information retrieved from a particular ISE could also be retrieved from others
(Ismail and Sarif, 2007: 135).
ii. CD/DVD ROMs:- In view of the fact that Internet facilities are yet to be
available in many parts of the country, CD or DVD ROMs therefore provide
an alternative storage and delivery mechanism.
iii. Satellite Television Channels:- These provide opportunity for first-hand live
information on aspects of Islamic Studies being relayed by various Satellite
Television channels like Iqraa TV Channel and Almajid 9 TV to mention but a
few.

Opportunities for Islamic Studies In ICT World

i. Source of Islamic Information

The importance of knowledge seeking can not be over-emphasised in Islam. Right


from the inception of man, Allah had taught Adam the nature of all things. With this he was
ranked high even above the angels and so commanded respect before them. The knowledge
endowed to Adam was a prerequisite for his qualification as a vicegerent of Allah on earth, as
Allah Himself is al-‗Alim and al-‗Allam. With the prophethood of Muhammad (s.a.w), he too
was asked to read, which by implication is not mere reading of what was presented to him by
the angel (as he could neither read nor write then), but to also ‗read‘ the ‗book of creation.‘
To demonstrate that Muslims are not restricted to reading the book of revelation alone, the
Prophet regarded knowledge as a stray camel of the Muslims which must be taken wherever
it is found. He also urged them to extend the scope of their knowledge by seeking knowledge
even if it would take them to China. China was a far place to Arabian land that it could not be
reached easily by then. A quick means of reaching China and even beyond now is through the
use of the modern information and communication technologies and from which knowledge
could be sought. Thus the challenges of seeking knowledge from far distance are taken care
of by the modern ICT. The Internet Search Engines (ISEs) are the tools for finding useful
information from the Internet. Oloyede (2009: 93) has a list of more than twenty of these
search engines, while a description of some of them was given by Ismail and Sarif (2007).
Through any of these ISEs, websites on Islam could be accessed for useful information. A list
of more than forty of these Islamic websites has been documented by Abdulsalami (2008: 52-
54). Through these websites useful information could be downloaded.
It is interesting to note that prominent books on fiqh like al-fatawa alfiqhiyyah al-
kubra, al-fatawa al-hindiyah, al-Turuq al-hukmiya, al-ahkam al-Sultaniyah, Fi zilal al-
Qur‘an of Sayyid Qutb and many others are readily available online for easy accessibility (see
www.al-islam.com). Also, the use of e-mail for retrieving useful knowledge is also a great
opportunity fro Islamic Studies in the contemporary period. Through e-mail, correspondences
are facilitated as it allows for instant questions and answers. Thus, users interact, share and
seek latest information about Islam over the web. In the same vein, the chatislam provides
electronic chatting in form of newsgroups and multi-user domain or the Internet Relay Chat
(IRC) which assists in opening up a discussion by posting a message, while responses and
reactions to the discussion is made by the recipients.

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ii. Preservation of Islamic knowledge

Preservation of divine and prophetic messages has been the concern of the Muslims right
form the time of the Prophet. He (the Prophet) was a prominent figure in the work of
preservation of the Qur‘an. The Rightly-Guided caliphs also did their best in preserving the
Holy Scripture. Abubakr was credited for guarding the Qur‘an against the interpolation of the
semi-prophets like Musaylimah who claimed to have received his own shallow and fake
message from one angel Rahman. The task of preserving the sayings and deeds of the Prophet
was carried out during the tenure of Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz.
In the contemporary period, ICT is a veritable instrument of preserving the message of
Islam. Some software on Qur‘an and hadith such as ‗Alim for Windows containing the
Arabic texts, translation and commentary of the Qur‘an; the Sahih Bukhari and other Islamic
books are preserved and made available for scholars to access. The Mausucat kutubi Tiscah is
also a CD plate where nine works of Hadith literature are stored.

iii. Dissemination of Islamic knowledge

The task of seeking knowledge is incomplete if it is not followed by dissemination of the


knowledge to others and even the future generations. Towards the tail end of his prophetic
mission, the Prophet enjoined those who were with him to take his message to those who
were not present there. A quick means of taking Islamic message to the grassroots is the
modern ICT gadgets. Many write-ups can now be easily uploaded for interested people to
download. The Harf Information Technology (www.harf.com) has many Islamic materials
like the Holy Qur‘an with numerous interpretations, thousands of Prophetic Traditions as
well as many classical books of Islamic jurisprudence worth more than 750,000 pages.
Many Muslim organizations are also making use of these modern methods to disseminate
Islamic message to the people through e-mail messages, chatting and development of
websites. The invention of video, VCD (Video Compact Disc), DVD (Digital Video Disc)
and Mp3 greatly assists in taking Islamic message to the grassroots. Various satellite
television channels are also used for carrying Islamic message to all parts of the world. Such
channels as al-Jazeerah, Almajd 9, Huda Channel, Iqra Channel and many more are
specifically provided for disseminating Islamic messages. In short, ICT has become a
veritable tool for effective da‘wah.

iv. Mathematical Calculation

Mathematics is no doubt a means of capturing the Law of Allah in operational terms


hence a process through which some religious rituals could be adequately observed. It is
highly demanding in the scientific understanding of the lunar calendar which is a prerequisite
for observance of annual Ramadan fasting, pilgrimage and other religious ceremonies. Even
the five daily prayers require scientific understanding of movement of the sun for fixing the
time of the prayers in various parts of the world. The laws of inheritance, and calculation of
zakat equally require considerable knowledge of Mathematics. It is therefore interesting to
note that the modern ICT has lessened the task of some of these religious calculations.
Numerous Islamic websites now have column for the time of salat in different parts of the
world. Interestingly also, the islamcity.com has developed a page for correct calculation of
zakat with information on nisab. In order to calculate zakat, one only needs to fill the cash on
hand and in bank accounts, refundable deposits (like rented apartment), non-delinquent loans,
expected tax refund, and other necessary information. If the zakat amount is 0, then no zakat
is due. In short, zakat can now be calculated using the modern ICT without stress. In addition

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to this, the Hisabul Mawarith which is a programme designed for instant calculation and
distribution of inheritance according to the Shari‘ah has also been developed.

Challenges of Islamic Studies in the World of Cyber Space

O company of jinn and mankind, if you are able to pass beyond the
regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass. You will not pass
except by authority (from Allah). So which of the favours of your Lord
would you deny? (Q55:33-34)

The above Qur‘anic verses do not only confirm the limitless opportunity given to man
to harness and explore the space, but also a strong indication that the discovery of Allah‘s
creation and making use of this for the development of humankind as a religious duty. In
essence, the discovery of ICT is no doubt a commendable effort which deserves
acknowledgement just like the angels acknowledged the erudition of Adam. If Allah has
clearly mentioned it that He had subjected all that is in the heavens and on the earth to
mankind, (Q45:13; 31:20), then seeking scientific and technological knowledge for the
purpose of understanding this better becomes a pertinent challenge for every Muslim.
It is interesting to note that the Qur‘an gives a clear demonstration of how the space
was subjected to the use of man in its narration of the story of Prophet Sulayman. Apart from
the fact that the Qur‘anic story of Prophet‘s Sulayman‘s hoopoe demonstrated a means of
communication, Sulayman was endowed with the shortening of geographical distance and the
power to subject the wind and to flow gently to his order. Adebayo (2005:124) has equally
asserted that the consequent acceptance of Islam by Balqis and her recognition of Sulayman‘s
supremacy as a king were instances of the homogenization and hegemonization syndrome of
globalization. Therefore, it becomes a challenge for scholars of Islamic Studies to acquire
scientific knowledge so as to pave way for their better understanding of the verses of the
Qur‘an. We therefore concur with the suggestion of Oloyede (2004: 26-28) that many
fundamental adjustments needed to be effected in the content and methodology of the
discipline of Islamic Studies in the light of constant changing challenges posed by
materialism, secularism and exploitation which are the irresistible instrument for the
domination of the contemporary world. In the light of this, teachers of Islamic Studies are
expected to be abreast of the modern technological advancement so that their methods of
teaching are improved upon. On this basis, some challenges of Islamic Studies in the
contemporary Information and Communication Technology are hereby considered.

i. Challenge for Moon sighting

In spite of the technological advancement in the contemporary world however,


Muslims are still wobbling amidst incompatible and divergent views on the sighting of the
crescent which is crucial to the commencement and termination of the annual Ramadan fast.
The case has gone so deteriorating in Nigeria to the extent that a gap of two or three days
does exist among them in the time of commencement and termination of the fasting. Akanni
(2003: 345) has rightly identified the division of the Muslim community into factions as far
as the commencement and termination of the fast is concerned in Nigeria. These are: (i) a
group which based its fasting on individual community‘s independent sighting of the
appearance of the new moon; (b) a group which holds that its appearance and sighting
elsewhere in the world makes the fast compulsory; (c) a group which believes that all and
sundry must sight the moon before commencing the fast; and (d) a group which agrees on a
fixed date based on available astrological data without waiting for sighting of the moon. The

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case is so pathetic to the level of observance of ‗Idul-kabir on Arafat day in some part of
Nigeria.
We however believe that the modern Information and Communication Technology
can bail out the Muslims from this global mess which does not spare even Saudi Arabia. The
ICT can effectively be used to disseminate information about the sighting of the moon to the
rest part of the Muslim world, and it will become binding on them to commence fasting. The
fact that the Prophet accepted the news of the visibility of the new moon brought by a
Bedouin after confirming his faith is a pointer to this. This was equally the stand of the
Rightly-Guided Caliphs. The Maliki, Hanafi and Hanbali Schools of Thought make it
obligatory for all areas where the news of sighting the new moon reaches to observe the fast.
If that is the case, we sincerely uphold that the exploitation of the information technology
could be harnessed for dissemination of the news of the moon visibility for the purpose of
uniformity.

ii. Challenge of spreading wrong information

Another serious challenge of ICT is the opportunities it offers to some whose only
intention is to paint Islam black to the world using the instrumentality of ICT. There is no
doubt that information from this source could be taken to be authentic by researchers who are
not well grounded in Islam. It therefore becomes imperative to censor information retrieved
from the internet in the perspective of Islam. Websites which carry wrong information about
Islam should be detected on time, and such should be exposed to the world through the
internet as well.

iii. The Challenge of distortion of information

Another challenge is the fact that not all ICT experts are learned in Islam. Some who
are not expert in any field of Islamic Studies rely on their little knowledge of Islam and use
the opportunity of their knowledge in ICT to develop software to post on the net what they
feel is adequate. The democratic nature of this medium which allows for all Dick and Harry
to develop or upload information on the internet makes it dangerous to rely on information
from this source.

iv. The Challenge of cyber crime

There is no denying the fact that cyber crime is a major threat to the contemporary
information and communication technology as it is being used for serious socio-economic
and religious crimes. Apart from the fact that it has become a forum through which numerous
crimes are committed, it has become a stumbling block for observance of the daily obligatory
prayers at the right time, as many are grossly involved in it at the expense of the time of
prayers. Night browsing on the net has also come to replace the Prophetic recommended
Qiyam layl or tahajjud. It therefore becomes a challenge for every Muslim to inculcate the
spirit of Islam in adhering strictly to the principle of Islamic ethical values to guard against
cyber crime, and to uphold the Islamic teaching on timely observance of salat and other
Prophetic teachings.

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Recommendations and Conclusion

The problem of Muslims in the whole world is their late acceptance of what they
believe was not practiced by the Prophet and his early companions regardless of the
imperative of such to their religion. They thus stress the negative aspects of such a thing
closing their eyes at the positive aspects. The inadequacy of instructional technologists
among Muslims both in the realms of hardware and software might be due to their lateness in
accepting the contemporary Information and Communication Technology. To check this, a
paradigm shift from traditional to information revolution systemic thinking becomes
imperative for the Muslim world. Numerous Islamic websites in vogue should also endeavour
to update information on them so that they don‘t live in the past. Series of workshops on
Information technologies from a broader Islamic perspective will also assist in improving the
performance of Muslims in this field. Finally, we recommend that series of collaborative
works between Muslim jurists and Technologists and between Departments of Islamic
Studies and Information and Communication Technology will help much in bridging the gaps
between the two groups. Private Islamic universities and other institutions should mount
diploma courses in Islamic Studies for Information and Communication technologists to
undertake, while diploma courses in ICT are also undertaken by specialists in Islamic Studies
for them to obtain necessary knowledge in the field. Upon all, it will be a thing of joy if one
day Nigeria should have a private Islamic University of Technology where courses offered
will be properly given Islamic touch and students would be exposed to the rigours of ICT. In
conclusion, we strongly opine that a complete overhauling of the curriculum of modern
Islamic schools and madrasah to incorporate the modern ICT becomes highly imperative to
allow their products to compete favourably with modern day development.

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