Photography & Photographs

Gaerlan, Mary Lou R.

Fernandez, Froilan

Facial Photographs
—Frontal
—Frontal at rest
—Teeth in maximal intercsupation with lips closed
—Frontal Dynamic- smile
—Close-up image of the posed smile
—Three- quarter view
—Profile
—Submental view- optional

American Board of Orthodontics requirements

for facial photographs:
-Quality, standardized facial photographic prints either in black and
white or color
-Patient’s head oriented accurately in all three planes of space and in
the Frankfort horizontal plane
-One lateral view; facing to the right; serious expression; lips closed
lightly to reveal muscle imbalance and disharmony
-One anterior view; serious expression
-Optional: One lateral view and/or one anterior view with lips apart
-Optional: One anterior view, smiling
-Background free of distractions
-Quality lighting revealing facial contours, with no shadows in the
background
-Ears exposed for purpose of orientation
-Eyes open and looking straight ahead; glasses removed

Intraoral Photographs
-Major purpose: To enable the orthodontist to review the hard and soft
tissue findings at the clinical examination as all the diagnostic data are
being analyzed.
-Record hard and soft tissue conditions as they exist before treatment.
◦Right lateral
◦Left Lateral
◦Anterior
◦Upper occlusal
◦Lower occlusal
-To record for future reference the structure of the enamel.
-Aids in assessing and recording the health or disease of the teeth and
soft tissue structures.

American Board of Orthodontics’ requirements

for intraoral photographs
—Quality, standardized intraoral prints in color
—Patient’s dentition oriented accurately in all three planes of space
—One frontal view in maximum intercuspation
—Two lateral views- right and left
—Optional: Two occlusal views- Max and mand.
—Free of distractions
—Quality lighting revealing anatomical contours and free of shadows
—Tongue retracted
—Free of saliva and/or bubbles
—Dentition clean

Digital Records
Advantages:
—Images can be viewed immediately
—Can be cropped and enhanced
—May be printed immediately
—May be stored in a computer and available for recall
—No film or processing is required

Types of Cameras
Single Use Cameras- are the simplest cameras. They contain a roll of
color film encased in a recyclable cardboard box. They have a single
shutter speed and a fixed-focus lens. These cameras can be bought
with a variety of features, including built-in flash and water resistance.
The whole camera has to be taken to the photo finisher so the film can
be processed. The camera is recycled.
These cameras should not be used for serious photography.
They are convenient for vacations and times when you find that the
other camera has been forgotten.

Point and shoot

—often abbreviated as P&S.
—a still camera designed primarily for simple operation
— They are popular with people who don’t consider themselves
photographers but want an easy to use camera for vacations, parties,
reunions and other events
Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
—the viewfinder in a DSLR shows an actual optical TTL image via the
reflex viewing system
—Does not use film

Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera

—have interchangeable lenses and generally do not show an image on
the screen before you shoot an image. You need to look through the
viewfinder.
—incredible adaptability for the very specific task of taking high quality
dental images.
—The ability to use specific lenses and flashes designed for up close
(macro) photography makes SLRs a far better choice
—Make sure that it is a "Macro" lens, for up close photography
—built in flash will not be appropriate for the up close images, so you
will need a good ring or point flash
—Uses film

3 classes of on-camera flash in macro

photography.
Ring flash
- a ring flash is made up of two curved flash tubes or a series of LEDs
mounted around the end of the macro lens. In dentistry, Ring-flashes
are relatively easy to use and provide a great deal of light even in the
back of the mouth
—One downside to ring flashes is that they tend to leave a ring shape
reflection on the teeth which can make it difficult to evaluate surface
texture and line-angles

Dual point flash

- A dual point flash is made up of two separate flash heads that can be
positioned independently of each other
— With the aid of specially designed macro brackets, the flash heads
can be positioned very close to the lens (for shooting in the posterior
areas of the mouth) or at a wide position

Diffused Flash Source

- This light source is most commonly found on point-and-shoot
cameras modified for dental use
It is generally made of a translucent Plexiglas with a few mirrors to
maximize the light available in the mouth
Intra-oral camera
—Take photos of stains and caries to present as "before" shots
—These photographs not only benefit the patient, but also serve as
good documentation for patient files
—Take photographic evidence of all possible symptoms that may be
early clinical indications of oral cancer, kidney disease, bulimia, or
other diseases that present in the oral cavity
—can help you monitor certain conditions in the mouth

Mirrors and Retractors

—Retract the cheeks away from the teeth and photograph the teeth
with no ckeeks, lips, or retractors showing in the photograph.
—Mirrors- required for occlusal and buccal views in the posterior region
—Glass mirrors- generally give a better image than polished metal
mirrors that reflect less light and slightly distorts the image.
—Retractors-
—Plastic- give slightly better retraction than the metal ones
—Metal- last significantly longer

Image Alterability
WORM- write once, read many times
—The imaging data are unalterable but can be transferred to
computers, printers, and telephone lines.
Non-WORM technology- clinician should make a hard copy, date then
sign.
Many digital cameras now have the capability to imprint names, dates,
and patient numbers

File Compression
—Alters the way the image is stored but does not change the image
interpretation
—“Lossy” compression- the stored image cannot be returned to its
original, captured state
—“Lossless” compression- maintains the unaltered original image