Professional Documents
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PRAVEEN KUMAR
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To My Father
SHREE R.D.SUVARNA
CONTENTS
Foreword
Introduction
Crime, Politics And The Police 1
Indian Police At The Crossroads 27
Humanising The Police 53
Organisational And Administrative Challenges Before
The Police For A New Age 66
Internal Security - Challenges And Approach 82
Social Justice And Law Enforcement 99
Dowry Death Cases And Their Investigation 112
Police Dogs For A New Age In Karnataka 139
The World In The 21st Century 148
S.Mohan
Bangalore
Chief Justice
October 1,1991
FOREWORD
"Man is just a minute constituent of the monolith of police".
those in the police organisation, but also to those who wish to have an
insight about the working of the police organisation, the challenges faced
by the police and the new trends in the field of policing.
A police officer with a tough heart, to be a poet, is a matter of
approbation. As a poet he manifests humanism. That the same spirit is to
be exhibited in reforming the criminals is his theme here.
I wish Mr. Praveen Kumar all the best in his literary ventures. May he
succeed endlessly.
(S. MOHAN)
CHIEF JUSTICE
HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA
INTRODUCTION
This is a fascicle of nine essays, written between.the years 1987 and
1991 and deal with various aspects of Policing and Police Organisation. The
essay on "Social Justice And Law Enforcement" was written in late
December 1990 for presentation at a seminar at the National Police
Academy in Hyderabad. In "Dowry Death Cases And Their Investigation"
which was written as a general guide for police officers, the three primary
aspects of investigation namely law, investigation procedure and forensic
interpretation of evidences are separately dealt with. Written in 1990, the
essay was intended as subject reading for the Corps of Detectives of
Karnataka. And "The World In The 21st Century" is actually two essays
clubbed for this publication, both written in 1990, as entries to an
international competition sponsored by Keihanna Interaction Plaza Inc.
Kyoto, Japan and supported by National Land Agency of Japan, the Kyoto,
Osaka and Nara Profectural Governments. The ambit of the essay extends
beyond policing and its organisation in an attempt to envision conditions in
the 21st century as they might logically be assumed to develop from latterday circumstance. On the other hand, "Organisational And Administrative
Challenges Before The Police For The New Age" is more specific in scope
and derives in part from my own experiences. This and "Humanising The
Police - The Role Of Its Leaders" arc of earlier vintage, having been written
in the latter half of 1987 as entries in riational-level essay competitions held
for police officers. "Humanising The Police - The Role Of Its Leaders" is
written in the context of a democratic setup such as ours, where the
inteneration of policing methods without sacrificing discipline and efficiency
is something that is of universal relevance. "Police Dogs For The New Age
in Kamataka" is an essay adapted from a study report prepared in 1989 for
expansion and modernization of the Dog Squad in the Kamataka Police
Department. The essays "Crime, Politics And The Police", "Internal Security
- Challenges And Approach" and "Indian Police At The Crossroads" were
written as recently as August 91. "Crime, Politics And The Police" is an indepth scientific analysis of the present Indian Police and its organisation in
relation to the topical subjects of criminalisation of politics and the
politicisation of the police. "Internal Security - Challenges and Approach"
identifies the maladies of internal security operations in India and
endeavours to find remedies while the essay, 'Indian Police At The
Crossroads' is an overall examination of the police subculture in India in the
post-independent era. The essay is based on empirical evidence encountered
during the last thirteen years of my service in the
police and its rational
analysis. The scope of the essays are limited to analysis of the causes of the
maladies and the suggestion of remedies to prepare "Policing For The New
Age." Awareness of the malady itself is half the remedy. Ergo, if these essays
succeed in awakening police leadership from its frosted complacence by
shocking its sensibilities with the truth, the raison d' etre of the essays will be
more than fulfilled. The esperance is that these scientific works would be
found useful and appreciated by police professionals as well as by the public.
Though each essay addresses various issues confronting the police,
the treatment of these problems can be neither said to be exhaustive nor
conclusive: they are only meant to provoke thinking. There are many other
problems with special reference to the Kamataka Police that require urgent
solution.
If policing is to be effective in the years ahead, specialization is
crucial. I suggest three distinct police services with separate recruitment and
training: a)Regulatory Police or Uniformed Police in charge of law and order
and other regulatory duties; (b) Mainstay police in charge of crime
investigation, crime prevention, security and intelligence operation; (c) Social
police in charge of prevention and investigation of all social offences and
implementation of social legislation. All three wings should have their own
individual organisations upto district level with independent Superintendents
and staff as required: functioning in tandem in much the same way as the
army, navy and airforce. At the apex could be a specially constituted body
called the State Police Authority with Police Chiefs of all three wings as
members and the Chief Secretary of the Government as its Chairman.
At present, the growth of the Police Department is not really much
more than a spasmodic reaction to various stimuli and lacks the benefit of
an integrated approach. As a result, a structural chorisis is evident which
places operational facilities, counterbalances and counterchecks in jeopardy.
The constitution of a permanent cell of organisation experts under the direct
control of the police chief to redefine Kamataka's Police Organisation is
required to make it more meaningful and need-based. This could help in
streamlining the hierarchy by identifying and eliminating redundant posts,
rationalizing workloads and preventing their duplication, redefining duties
and procedures and thus the rights and responsibilities at each level. In
consequence, police functioning would be made more cost-effective and
efficient.
The annual assessment of men and officers in the police has become
atravesty of what it was originally meant to be. In no way, under the present
circumstances, does an ACR reflect an officers qualities or capabilities or
lack thereof. Any reliance on this clavis to mischief is sure to demoralise the
force. It is my strong conviction that the department would be far better off
without this pernicious evaluation process that encourages corruption and
favouritism in the force. Though, it must be said that the evils of the ACR
are not inherent in the process itself, but stem rather from the calibre of
those who write them at various levels. What characterises the rite of the
ACR today is a distinct lack of objectivity: it has become a means to
personal ends, a medium for the advancement of individual interests and
even settlement of personal scores. Servility is its inevitable consequence
and it would not be immoderate to say that, eliminating the ACR altogether
would be certainly a step towards commune bonum in the police force.
ventured into literary pursuits. The ideas about the police in this volume
surfaced in the process of my exchanges with my wife, Smt. Jayashree. I am
grateful to her for this and her succinct support in spawning this work. My
deep gratitude is due to my brothers, Shri Nishith Kumar and Shri Sushir
Kumar and sisters, Smt. Asha N.R. and Smt. Pramodini Ganesh, without
whose help and encouragement, this volume would not have been a reality
at all.
I thank the Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. Mohan, Chief Justice, High Court
of Kamataka, Bangalore (currently, a judge in the Supreme Court of India)
for writing a beautiful foreword to this book. His wise and good words
brought honour to this work and blessings, strength to me.
Bangalore
22.2.1992
- PRAVEEN KUMAR
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of human activities with responsibilities to life and death of the hoi polloi
as well as dignitaries. In this sense, the police is the cutting edge of the
state power and its ultimate bearer. No power can be its own sans the
police on its side as an executioner and loyal watch-dog. This is why,
politicians felt the need for wooing police to their side in their activities.
The police of independent India have become an easy prey to the power
baits of smarter politicians by the reason of their failing strength of
character and talent. Their greed, unsound social background, lack of
commitment to good values and failure to comprehend police virtues in the
right perspective make them willing partners in whatever politicians do or
intend to do. They refuse to look beyond their political masters with their
dispensations of job favours; and so law, justice, righteousness,
professional ethics, morality, decency, human dignity, common good of
people, national interests and even conscience, otherwise common to any
human being, have become invalid nonsense to them. The police, sans
sound character and personal integrity is no more than a country dog which
is what the Indian police has become in free India. The politicians,
inebriated with new power, smartly brought these weaklings to absolute
submission and hold them on a tight leash to be their personal watch dogs
and personal gendarmes in requital for favourable job placements, undue
promotions and other largition from time to time. Nothing is valued higher
than this largess and its dispensers by the new police of India. It is how the
police was involuted in the conspiracy against decent public life in India.
Police and crime
It was a hop and skip for the police from the plangent world of
politics to the mysterious world of crime and the underworld. The police
became a weapon of politicians to bring about the subjugation of the crime
world to prise their resource for the political ends. They thus made good
use of the decreasing strength of character of the police in forging a nexus
between the police and criminals in furtherance of their own telos. With a
weak spine to hold itself and hapless in the face of odds, the police is only
too pleased to follow the footsteps of its political masters as the cardinal
principle of policing. In changed circumstances, discipline and
subordination which form the basic connecting link of the police hierarchy,
lost all their shades of meaning and are interpreted as dunny and blind
subservience to those who have power, seeking personal interests. And
politicians easily led the police to the despicable cul de sac of the nexus
with criminals, the very people whom both are supposed to control and
bring to book for antisocial acil-'ities. With politicians as the custodians of
power en wrier to the hilt to support, the police plunged lock, stock and
barrel into the lucrative crime world; the consectaneous wealth and
comforts were in no way less sweet than the hard-earned money of law
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abiding society. This is how the nexus between the police and crime world
was established.
Dangerous nexus
The trio of manipulators is a dangerous force to reckon with, in the
Indian democratic situation. Cohered as a tight-knit power-block, they
have permeated into all conceivable facets of Indian public life with the
sole intention of garnering all the benefits and pilferages of the inefficient
public administration, for sharing among themselves in line with the
proverb that one who dines well in a whore's house is wise. The tragedy
here is that the vice is perpetrated by those whom the public trust as their
benefactors and protectors. The amoral side of this operation does not seem
to have affected either the police or politicians in any way and the vile
cabal against the Indian public goes on unabated. It seems that all actors in
this tragic drama think that Indian democracy is a free-for-all field to grab
to the maximum in a world where all look for themselves and only those
who grab the most survive. This approach is certain to undermine not only
the democratic setup of the nation, but also its very social fabric. The
blame for this sad end should squarely be borne by the ugly troika of
politicians, criminals and the police.
Dilemma of Indian politics
Not that politics is all bad. It is, by definition, governance of state
through popular leadership. The malaise of the present Indian politics lies
in its tilt to popularity at the elimination of 'leadership' and more
dangerously, 'popularity' being made a serious business proposition to be
attended to by spending hard cash as an investment to earn returns in
multiple proportions. How popularity can be won by investment remains a
mystery of the democracy. However, sine dubio, popularity is won on the
field pro rata to an investment in Indian situation. It is res judicata that
nothing means as much to the Indian electorate as the money and power to
prod them to cast their votes for a particular candidate. The history of
independent India makes it patent that honesty, patriotism, quality, service,
excellence and even charisma have become casualties vis a vis money and
power on the Indian election stage. In this situation, a vicious equation is
formed wherein political power is equated with electoral popularity, which
in turn is equated with money and power, which can be had only through
political patronage. The vicious circle has helped to create a block of
manipulative extortionists as divided from the passive common public.
Politics too has its honest and patriotic people who are committed to the
commune bonum. But, sadly, they are caught in the grind of a system
which does not let them surface to prominence unless they come to terms
with it and adopt the venal proposition of winning elections to make
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money to win the next election. Only those who correctly grasp the inner
dynamics of this and adapt to its mechanics can hope to make a headway.
Others are bound to sink. When the system itself made the election a venal
mechanism, corrupt practices that rope in criminals and police cannot
remain far away from the scene.
Criminalisation of politics
Whom should we blame for this hapless position? Certainly not the
politicians or their auxiliaries like criminals and police who are unfortunate
by-products of the grind. They are created by the situation, arising from a
system which is misfit to the people to whom it was devised. The blame
lies either on the Indian people who are impair to the democratic system
evolved for them, because of their unenlightened and venal conscience
which is so dim-witted that virtues like honesty, service, patriotism, quality
and excellence can make no dent on it at all; or it lies with the political
system devised for them which failed to take their psychological makeup
into account and ipso facto led to the problem of maladjustment in national
life. Otherwise, how can we explain criminals and goondas winning
elections with impunity even while rioting and murders were committed at
their behest on the eve of elections itself. The fact is that the chance of
winning an election often is pro rata to the aura of a tough image built
around the candidate. It is these people who win elections and rule this
country! It is these people whom the Indian electorate prefers to invest
with powers to safeguard their interests! Obviously, the Indian electorate
lacks the foresightedness and vision to understand the consequences of its
irresponsible decision. It is yet too immature to take decisions about the
interests of the nation and see how national interests are closely linked to
its personal interests. It is yet to broaden its perspective to include the life
of the nation as an integral part of its own. Long term and rational
decisions are alien to its nature. Immediate selfish interests and a parochial
outlook continue to be the driving force of all its actions and decisions,
whether it be on the matters of national importance or personal concern. In
most parts of India, it is money, arrack, sari, threat, fear of landlords or the
blazening propaganda of a candidate that influence it to decide as to whom
to vote for. How can the avenir of this country be safe in the hands of such
an electorate and its elected leaders? How can an indifferent and
irresponsible electorate provide honest and efficient leadership to the
nation? This weakness of the electorate has ultimately left Indian politics
in the heath of violence and manipulative extortions, with the instruments
meant to protect them mowing the field. Saner elements in politics, who
found survival difficile, have left the field, giving way to the elements
which are more suited to what is required in the field.
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these dastardly acts. The political patronage and the nexus with police
desensitize criminals to the process of law and justice; they are thus
emboldened to commit more daring and ruthless crimes that endanger the
life and property of the plebeians. The police, in its links with politicians
on one hand and with criminals on the other, is in its new avatar as the
protector of vested interests with no more commitment and passion for law
and justice. It has become a discredited force, a willing instrument of
power-brokers in a ruthless and violent cabal of power-games with no
heart for the common man and the common cause. This is the requital the
Indian electorate gets for letting its political system putrefy by its
nonchalance and irresponsibility.
Politicisation of crime
The overworld is just the tip of the real, raw world. There are more
things hidden in this world than there are seen. This is soon realised by
opportunist Indian politicians who seize the first available instance to enlist
the support of criminals and underground operators for their nefarious
designs. This in turn is a god-sent benison for criminals to restore their lost
credibility and social standing with the help of their association with the
custodians of power, apart from the security and protection from the police
that ensues from the association. They promptly grab the opportunity to
their advantage and show how useful they can be to politicians in their
career-promotion designs and wreaking of personal vendettas. The
experience and professionalism of criminals is handy to politicians to
execute their nasty operations without attracting the stigma attached to
them.
The vast army of criminals has become a ready resource to them for use
whenever need arises. This has given a sense of confidence and security to
politicians, who are otherwise vulnerable in their highly uncertain,
challenging and competitive environment. Often politicians have so much
relied on criminals that the latter have became their most trusted
lieutenants, even getting elected to legislature houses with their help and
blessings. There have been instances in India, where prominent politicians
have refused to disown their notorious criminal friends in public even after
reaching the vertex of their political career. This shows the sway held by
criminals over politicians in the Indian situation. It is a fact that no
syndicate of organised crime in small and big cities anywhere in the world
can survive even for a day without political patronage. Ergo, all syndicates
of organized crime and their menace are the direct outcome of the
intrenchant nexus between politicians and criminals, indeed with the police
as bystanders.
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become an exception. The criminals overawed the weak police with their
connections with powerful politicians on one hand and lured the police
with easy money and comfort on the other and thus tilted the balance to
their advantage from the mouse and cat disadvantage they once suffered
not long ago. Though criminals played their political cards with adroitness,
their real target a tout propos was easing themselves from the pressures of
the police. This, they achieved with little cost by deftly flaunting their
political connections to a weak and crumbling police. Criminals did
business with officious police for huge grist to their coffers of professional
interests without giving away anything substantial in return, save trifling
throw aways. This itself, however, was an unimaginable bonanza to the
lowly police of all ranks who had never seen life with open eyes outside
their regimens.
Crime and Indian politics
If some are born criminals, some choose the path consciously and some
others are constrained to follow the path. While faulty financial and social
policies forged by unenlightened politicians are responsible for forcing
several helpless people to the path of criminality on the one hand, their
opportunistic, politically-motivated demarche more often drives sensitive
people on the path of revolt to inclip the fold of terrorism and violence.
Naxalism, Sikh terrorism, the ULFA movement, Kashmir separatism,
Hindu and Muslim militancy and even sympathy in India for the LTIE
cause are direct outcomes of the nonchalant political handling of the
national issues.
India has seen isolated political attempts in the past. to lure people out
of the clutches of the crime world and rehabilitate them; these, however
form exceptions. The famous Chambal experiment initiated by the late Sri.
Jayaprakash Narayan had some success in spite of discordant vibes raised
by the machinations of certain politicians in the area.
Political kidnapping
Political kidnapping is an international phenomenon that comminated
the world of diplomacy in excelsis in the 1970's. The menace trickled onto
the Indian scene though slowly, decisively in the 1980's. The realisation
that political ends can be easily met by the malengine of the kidnap-drama
opened up an aboideau to the terrorists who were acharne to meet per
saltum their political telos. The increase in terrorist activities in India,
perchance, as an outcome of the suspected" balkanisation of India" policy
adopted by some foreign countries, made political kidnapping an
ubiquitous reality on the Indian political scene from the latter half of the
1980s.
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The terrorists of Kashmir and Punjab set the tone in India which was
picked up by the People's War Group and the ULFAs in the 1990s. The
inexperience of Indian political leaders in tackling the problem
complicated the matter. While most countries around the world explicated
a policy of stubborn refusal to yield to kidnappers' demands under straints
a tout prix the Indian leaders goofed by displaying their weaknesses whil
people close to them were abducted, in yielding to demands as a quid pro
quo in releasing a large number of dangerous terrorists who were arrested
at huge cost and loss of lives. The situation has been further complicated
by adopting a policy of double standards in sacrificing the lives of lesser
mortals in some other cases. It is obviously sending a mauvais depeche to
the would-be terrorists that the closer the proximity of the kidnapped to a
political leader, the bigger is the chance of meeting their political ends.
The reclame attached to the kidnap-drama and the arousal of the public
interest in the developments that follow is another dimension of the
political kidnapping that brings an identification and gives an image to a
terrorist outfit as nothing else can. It has become the fashion to initiate a
terrorist outfit with a kidnapping operation. This chevisance in the inchoate
drama proves the strength and resourcefulness of the new outfit and its
locus standi among such other outfits, in the way that the murders
committed by a recruit decides his place in the Mafia. The finesse
displayed in executing the operation to a successful end decides the future
of the organisation apart from the advantages of the ransom money and
release of compatriots. Interestingly, the first experiment of political
kidnapping in the Indian scene was conducted in a foreign country in the
form of the egregious abduction and killing of Mr. R.H. Mhatre, a junior
diplomat in the Birmingham consulate in the first week of February, 1984
by JKLF militants.
Political kidnapping and murder is tout court the most heinous crime
that often involves the cold-blooded murder of absolutely innocent people
for political ends. The mental agony and postliminary destruction involved
to the maledict hostages and their near and dear ones because of the
misguided entrainement of a handful of greenhorns naturally make
kidnapping an infructuous political tool at the end.
The considerable fall in the incidences of political kidnapping on the
international scene of late is an indication of the increasing realisation of
this fact. Crime scarcely survives in the situations of haute politique like
diplomacy and relations between nations. High thinking by enlightened
people functions as a catchpole to check the criminal tendencies from
being perpetuated. Political kidnapping on the Indian scene is also bound
to be a temporal phenomenon as seen other where in the world.
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who have steel nerves in them emerge successful in the end. The political
kidnappings are further complicating the welter created in the Indian and
international mise en scene by the rise of kidnappings for ransom sine
compe scere by misadventurous individuals or groups lucri causa. The
sema of kidnappings becoming the piece de resistance of organised crime
as a means of making a fast buck is already evident on the Indian scene as
more and more reports of businessmen, industrialists or their relatives and
children being kidnapped for ransom appear in newspapers in Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay and even smaller places.
Ascensive anfractuosity of egregious mafia gangs in these operations is a
pollent possibility. The relevance of the police comes into the picture in
their ingine to check these pernicious developments. The
triste reality is that the Indian Police has failed to rise to the occasion till
now.
Police as a link
It can be categorically said that the business of crime cannot survive
anywhere if politicians and the police join hands to bring the crime world
to heel as is expected of them. Alas, it is not to be in a world of opportunist
politicians and muticous, weak police, both with an eye on the spoils of the
crime world. The police, actually, is the weak link in the troika of powerbrokers. It is just a significant link between the major players of the drama,
namely politicians and criminals, and functions as an instrument of
politicians to bring criminals to their grip and to tighten the prise. The role
of the police as a law-enforcing agency and its consequential hold on
criminals makes it a handy instrument for politicians.
Politicisation of police
The police is imprimis an executioner and odd job boy of the
government. This image of police is effectively made use by politicians for
all conceivable personal and official purposes. While low-ranking police
are put to use as body guards, gunmen, messengers, watchmen and odd-job
attenders, high-ranking police are put to the travails of the same odd jobs in
higher forms. It is a triste commentary on the present police that while
low-ranking police do the job as an unavoidable duty, high-ranking
officers compete and fight among themselves to get and attend to the odd
jobs of their political masters. This they do, even while they are fully
aware of the criminal antecedents and police histories of some of their
benefactors. Where is the passion of our police for law and justice, the
fighting spirit against crime and lawlessness that should be the cardinal
professional emotions at all levels? It is just that our police has no more
commitment to justice and social cause and nothing seems worth the effort,
save career promotions and creature comforts.
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Not that the police force is devised to be the personal handmaid of the
politicians. It is to be the ultimate power-bearer, the moving force of power
on the field. This necessitates discretion and exemplary personal dignity to
be its primary traits. It has to be a cornucopia of strength of caractere and
probity and stand up as a model to less fortunate people of the country.
This beau ideal is also relegated to oblivion in current Indian policing
where all-out self-promotion by devious methods is the norm.
Subservience in police
The present police, particularly at higher levels, condescends to any
mean level, even at the cost of personal pride, human decency, individual
dignity, social standing and professional ethics, just to get a pat from its
political masters. There are instances wherein police officers of higher rank
exposed their careers and lives to deadly risks by pursuing deviant methods
to please politicians. The mishandling of the Bangalore bandh on
December 13,1991 wherein violence was let to spread and intensify till it
went out of control in the evening is a point in issue. These facts only make
out a point that a normal man, once he enters the police service, somehow
unconsciously assumes to role-play the canine nature and gives a go-by to
human instincts, conscience and such noble traits which are exclusive to
the human animal. The question is should the police be so? Is it imperative
to shed human qualities and assume canine instincts to join the police
service? Is it true that policing can be effective only with the canine
instinct of blind loyalty and instinctive obedience, deprived of all
individuality, conscience and rational judgement? The answer is a
categorical 'no'. On the other hand, policing can be genuine policing only
with the strength of character, tempered with rational judgement and
healthy exchange of ideas at all levels.
Voice of reason is silenced
It is not as if all people who join the police are always weaklings. Saner
elements made up of stronger fibre too once in a way enter the police.
However, numerically superior leeway swimmers with their stronger
positions, by courtesy of officious politicians, strangle the reasonable voice
of the enlightened few who enter the service. If some among such a
minority are found to be implacable and refuse to be illaqueated, they are
easily crippled by murky malengines that bring mayhem on their career
prospects. The police displays an extraordinary unity of purpose in
executing the telos of eliminating the common enemy of its personal ends,
though, otherwise, it is as polarised as any conteck-ridden organisation.
Career-long enemies become friends and most inefficient officials become
thorough professionals in fulfilling this task. Most of the righteous few
yield to the straint and fall in line with the majority pursuits. This success
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has made the police think that its weapon is inviolable, though foul and
dangerously wrongful. However, sadly, it has forgotten that all are not the
same and that there are exceptions for everything. It is quite possible that
none of such unethical methods affect the few exceptionally strong-willed,
noble individuals, but obsign their resolution not to yield to the pravity and
fight out a tout prix. I know at least one bright senior officer, still in
service in the Kamataka police, who bore all such humiliations valiantly
and refused to give away even an inch from where he stands jusqu au bout
with stately grandeur even at the cost of his promotion.
Casualty of individuality
A police official who commits his time to the services of his favoured
politician is aware of his weak position that it may embarrass him when the
concerned politician loses his power. This consciousness sensitises him to
the need of garnering support from all around, including subordinates,
colleagues and seniors. Any source of plain speaking among subordinates
is taken with serious apprehension and everything possible, either legal or
illegal, is plotted to keep such a source in place. It is ruthlessly hit in its
most sensitive parts to bring it to its senses. This approach has led to a
myriad number of casualties: really bright, outstanding, conscientious and
four-square officers who inadvertently joined the police. Either they are
made to blunt their sensitivities and calibre to adapt to the ground reality or
pack-up right away. The travails of ploughing the field for a fresh approach
are not only not allowed, but even the thought of such experimentation is
roughed up. Is the police department doomed to be the cold-storage of
musty, old skeletons without room for resilience? Those who reached the
top with the support of opportunistic politicians think so.
A political instrument
In an atmosphere where placements and transfers are decided by the
needs and wishes of self-seeking politicians, no police can efficiently
function nor can it be free from the vice prise of the politicians. It is not
surprising that power-esurient politicians more and more grab powers that
are legally and traditionally invested with the police department when the
top brass lack the strength of character and conviction. This leads to a
position wherein the police department becomes a chessboard on which
politicians move their pieces to checkmate their adversaries and win the
political game in their favour. In other words, the police sans effective
leadership is becoming more a handmaid of politicians by moving away
from its sacred role as the guardian of law and justice and protector of the
society and the common man. The credit of bringing the police from its
height of power to the present level of absolute submission should go to
the superior strength of personality of wily politicians who bent the police
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on their own terms with selective use of stick and carrot. This police is not
the police and what it does is not policing in the proud sense of the term.
Changed role
With the increscent involution of the p lice with glidder politicians, the
conception of the police about its own role has undergone a large-scale
change. No more does it look at crime control and maintenance of order as
its first duty. With this, the concern for crime control received a setback
and crime control and investigation have receded to the last priority except
when politicians are interested in them for a specific purpose. Only crimes
that disturb politicians foment police to galvanic and meaningful action.
Other crimes receive no priority. The very definition of the gravity of
crime is adapted to suit the new conception. Those crimes which are
tolerated by politicians are no more crimes. The self-image of the police as
'a fearless arbiter of crime' is changed to a solicitous servant in attendance
at the pleasure of a politician master. This blunting of the crime card of the
police has made it less awe-inspiring and less deserving of respect from the
criminals. The police has more and more realised that criminals,
particularly those from organised syndicates are personal friends of its
political masters and it is no match for the criminals in terms of wealth,
influence and social standing. The men of the police see those criminals on
equal footing with their political masters and learn to treat them with awe.
They find it absurd to act with authority against the immarcescible
criminals who are too high for the small stature of the police. It is
unfortunate that the police of the present day has never realised its infinite
stature as a law-enforcing agent vis a vis all others including criminals and
politicians whom it is empowered to search, arrest and take to court if they
deviate from their rightful path. Sadly, the trifling wealth and the
concomitant "big-man" image of others appears to the present police as
more appealing than its own awful police authority.
Reversal of functions
The very possibility that policemen trade off their awful authority lucri
causa is an astounding phenomenon. Undoubtedly, the poor salaries and
inadequate working conditions have brought about this sad state of affairs.
The hafthas and such periodical shares of the spoils from criminal
activities often are the mainstay of the well-being of many police families.
This triste glissade has unfortunately permeated even to the highest levels
in the police as reported in a shameful case from Karnataka sometime back
in 1990 wherein a IPS man and his wife on the day of the former's
retirement were taken to the court of law by the public on the complaint of
defrauding the public by selling tickets in the name of a spastic society
charity show and collecting money eo nomine. The event made big news
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with bold headlines splashed across newspapers at the time. That apart, the
importance of various police jobs is determined in police circles on the
basis of the potential of the posts for attracting illegal money from the
crime world. And jobs with potential for such gains are most sought after
and the concours for such jobs is so high that often postings to such jobs
are bought by paying money in lakhs. Indeed, the investment is made with
the esperance of making it back several times over within a short period
thereafter in synergy with the crime world. It is the reason why law and
order posts, traffic policing, postings in the food enforcement cell and even
certain vigilance jobs outside the police as in the KEB for instance are
known as jobs to be earned by beating out cut-throat competition while
many other jobs are known to be punishment postings and are largely
detested. It goes without saying that judging jobs on the basis of the
gauntlets they provide or on the opportunity of service is now a matter of
yore. It is the crime world with the wealth it appropriates to each job that
decides the importance or otherwise of the police jobs and ipso facto
controls the type and calibre of officers in each job. In other words, it is the
criminals who invisibly control the police ab extra rather than the police
controlling the criminals. This reversal of functions has lots to do with the
low morale of the present Indian police. Its members find themselves at the
mercy of criminals whom they are supposed to trammel and bring to book.
The police is no more confident that it is mentally and organisationally
equipped to treat criminals in malam partem.
Weakened police
The increasingly powerful and modernised crime syndicates vis a vis
the age-old police force have made crime control a misnomer in the Indian
context. The decreasing percentage of the police presence due to its failure
to keep pace with the population growth in the face of the increasing crime
density, the disadvantage of the police in re the speed of communication,
transportation and weaponry before the ultra-modern machines of the
crime world, the advantage of criminals in terms of the choice of time and
place of operation and concomitant superior numerical strength and ability
to produce surprises and the highly skilled and motivated cadres of the
criminal world pressing down a demoralised and indifferent police give
criminals an edge over the police in their encounters. Consequently, police
fatalities in such encounters are increasing. This holds good for terrorist
groups, too. Ergo, the police in India is no longer keen to actively interfere
with the activities of the crime world. The understanding between the
criminals and police is that both confine themselves to their respective
fields and avoid embarrassing each other. The police is duly paid for its
silence while stray troublemakers who jump in medias res are silenced.
The Indian police is sane enough to quickly realise that its interests are safe
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in silence while an uncalled-for tangling with the crime world may invite a
host of complications and comminate individual job security and lives.
Police leadership
The albatross of the atrophy of the present Indian police solely rests on
the incompetent police leadership of independent India rather than on
anything else. Unimaginative organisational planning, uninspiring
operational guidance and control and lack of leadership conviction in
modem police leaders has led to utter chaos, resulting in a random chorisis
of the organisation without any conceivable planning or application of
mind to the needs of effective supervision and control mechanisms;
dangerously ineffective recruitment, ineffective training, misuse of the
facilities of confidential assessment of subordinates and the degeneration
of control and supervision machinery are symptomatic organisational
maladies. The present Indian police force is utterly demotivated from its
professional objectives and police jobs are considered only as devices that
provide rank, power, social status, sundry comforts and a comfortable job
to fall upon when an urge to work arises. How can the people of India
depend upon a police force of this sorry state of affairs for their security,
protection and orderly living?
Organisational growth
How deeply the police is self-centred even within its own organisation
and what care and concern the police leaders show to evolve a perficient
and planned police organisation can be assessed by the trend of evolution
of the police organisation as an increscently top-heavy setup and the speed
with which promotions are affected at different levels. In states where there
were only two officers of the rank of Inspector General of Police, for say
forty thousand men and officers about thirty years back, there are now
nearly hundred officers of and above the rank of Inspector General of
Police, for say three hundred thousand men and officers: thereby the last
thirty years account for 750% expansion in the lower levels against 5000%
expansion at higher levels. What these people at the top do for policing
apart from being a drain on the state revenue and a strain to officers down
the levels with conflicting instructions of dubious merit? Almost nothing.
It is unfortunate that none in the police administration realises that it is not
the rank, but the real human stuff inside that decides the height, excellence,
merit, intelligence, honesty, integrity, responsibility, work knowledge and
human qualities of a person. Promotion to higher rank serves no purpose
unless the higher rank provides a really higher and challenging job content
and a suitable man is perforce selected to meet the increased challenges.
This is not the case in present police promotions where sinecures are
created to facilitate promotions to satisfy in-group instincts. Most of these
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jobs are without any job content and responsibility and often are places to
relax from the pressures of family life. However, the same courtesy does
not extend to the more unfortunate ranks at lower levels including the
constabulary. While vacancies at the topmost level are filled up by
promotions strictly overnight, promotions at intermediary levels are
effected in weeks or fortnights or months, depending on the rank in the
police hierarchy. It is years in the case of the constabulary. There are cases
where vancancies of Head Constables and Assistant Sub-Inspectors or
Sub-Inspectors are not filled up for several years, depriving the
constabulary of their de jure promotions. There are any number of
instances of men in the constabulary, retiring without a promotion non
obstante their eligibility and seniority for the existing vacancies, which are
not filled up from many years. Policing is a job, performed mostly at lower
levels with decreasing involvement upto the level of Superintendent of
Police. Beyond that, it is tout court a supervisory task and in a police force
with no supervision to speak of, higher ranks are just de trop. Any move to
expand these ranks and any undue haste to promote to these levels cannot
be called honest decisions in the functional or public interest.
Unfortunately, the Indian police is doing just that and there is none to put it
back on the right track.
Management of human resources
The position is worse in recruitment. Selection has become a misnomer.
It is random at best and high business at its worst. This approach to
recruitment may turn out to be a highly dangerous situation for both the
governance and public life of India. Policing is a highly sensitive
profession and requires only specially equipped people to handle it. It
demands certain specific traits in its officers which cannot be learnt by any
amount of training. The police being the ultimate power-bearer on the
street, the public look to it as a model and its mien decides public trust in
the government In the circumstances, the wrong selection to the police is
bound to be fatal to the national life. India is deeply mired in such a
dangerous situation now. There is a price fixed for each rank of the police.
How can a fresh recruit who enters service by paying a bribe be expected
not to reap returns from his large investment? What can be his mental
picture of the service he enters? It is absurd to expect professional policing
from such a recruit. Those who permit such nasty doings in the police or
involve themselves to bring the organisation to its painfully slow sphacelus
are the butchers of a great tradition.
Even when there is genuine scope for proper selection in recruitment,
nothing is done to rope in the really competent. It is either because none
bother much to have a really competent person in the slot or because of the
incompetence of the persons entrusted with the job Of selection. The
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Police brotherhood
The police is a sacred confrerie of those who choose policing as
their profession. It is here, as brothers irrespective of caste, creed, social
standing, rank or personal traits, they live as one, in the interests of the
common objective of crime control and maintenance of law and order.
How can this ideal which was once a strikingly kenspeckle reality survive
in changed circumstances where there is no common cause except personal
advancement at the cost of everything? Consequently, groupism is
abounding in the police force and jealousy has become a characteristic
feature of the ranks. There is no mutual warmth among police personnel.
The police force, once a smooth silk fabric, is now in shreds with each
group pulling on opposite sides to the detriment of the unity, essential to its
survival in view of the natural job hazards. Indifference to the other's
predicament is a rule in the police these days. Often, those in the police
contribute to each other's misfortune because of accidental bad blood or
just fun. No confrerie is patent anywhere in the present Indian police.
Lack of planning
The police, by the nature of its jobs, is required to walk hand in hand
with modem advancements to keep itself fit and functionally effective. The
general reluctance of the Indian police to adapt to new ideas and the
ungainly handling of modernisation projects have resulted in its falling en
wrier in terms of modem machines and organisational techniques in
comparison to the syndicates of organised crime which keep themselves
pan passu with neoteric findings and inventions to keep themselves in
excelsis of the effectiveness. En attendant, modem communication,
information, transport, office and armament gadgets are bought for the
police on the advice of some sales agents without creating the adequate
infrastructure or trained personnel for their use and without assessing the
real need of such equipments in the existing police situation. As a result,
the gadgets so bought, fall apart with desuetude after the initial
entrainement cools down. Such a light-hearted approach to modernisation
results in the police becoming more and more an obsolete unit, apart from
putting an unproductive burden on the state exchequer.
The police is one of the most vital instruments of the public
administration and works as a link between the executive arm and
judiciary. It is the ears, eyes and limbs of the government. No government
with a failing police system can survive whatever be its other assets. It is
against this background that the glitches bedevilling the present Indian
police should be viewed. Any complacency at this stage about the existing
police system may prove too costly for the unity and well-being of the
country and the health of its governance.
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Professional policing
The police of India imprimis, should be extricated from the clutches of
criminals and politicians to make it a professional policing outfit with
objectivity and commitment to its task as the cardinal gospel. Both
criminals and politicians have stakes in the style of functioning of the
police and neither of them, the criminals with their easy money and the
politicians with their easy power, let the police slip from their grip. There
is no point in beginning the cleansing operation from the sides of the
criminals or politicians. It has to begin from the side of the police by
insulating it from the vile influences of criminal wealth and political
power. If this bifarious object is fulfilled, all others fall into place by
themselves. Once the vile shadows of the criminals and politicians are
removed from the face of the police, it is certain to resile to its old
professional self - a highly committed, motivated and efficient force. But
the golden question is how to achieve this end and save the police from
these two debilitating influences.
Independent police
In a free society like India with a democratic political system in the
saddle, interaction between various strata of society is a natural
phenomenon and efforts to raise barriers between blocks is bound to be
infructuous. Yet the gauntlet of saving the police from dangerous
influences should be courageously taken up in the national interest. The
fact of the police being a disciplined force is both an advantage and
disadvantage in this stupendous challenge. It is an advantage because the
weapon of discipline, if discreetly employed, can be used to block the
police from undue interaction with unwanted elements. It is a disadvantage
because the police with its trained response may find it difficult to isolate
itself from the personal behests of its political masters. It is left to police
leaders to devise appropriate techniques to make the best use of the
existing advantages in this sacred and patriotic task. To begin with,
somebody among the police leaders should decide to bell the cat. Who can
do that while all of them are willing partners in creating the vested nexus
that helps them to ascend to their present high positions in the hierarchy?
Yet, the world is not as bad it is painted. There have to be exceptions for
everything and thus, good people among the police too, who by the quirks
of dextro tempore avoid the long arms of Satan and survive to reach the
place where they rightfully belong. These breaches in the otherwise swarth
layers of clouds throw rays of hope upon the future of Indian police.
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Police authority
The first and foremost job to be done is to free the police from the
unhealthy influence of all hues of politicians by making it responsible to an
independent authority with absolute power to take decisions on matters
pertaining to policing and police organisation. The authority should be a
professional body with men of proven probity and quality as members,
who have reached a stage from where they need not sacrifice their
convictions to appease those in power. A working arrangement is to be
devised by which the authority is responsible directly to the legislature and
functions as an independent authority like the judiciary, Comptroller and
Auditor General or Election Commissioner.
Core group
The damage already done to the police by the ancien regime can be
undone by overhauling the recruitment procedure and investing utmost
care to ensure that really the best from the job seekers are let in to the
service. Any interference in matters of recruitment should be promptly and
decisively resisted. To make recruitment an efficient operation, only highly
qualified officers of proven probity should be entrusted with the task with
the absolute authority to take decisions within the framework of law. The
ugly head of bribery in recruitment should be ruthlessly crushed and the
unhealthy tendency of making recruitment a business should be curbed tout
a fait. Infusion of good blood at least at this late hour is certain to undo the
damage done till now and bring the ancien regime yet extant inside to its
senses. Indeed, the recruitment should be followed with a sound training
that sensitises the recruits to their professional ethics and motivates them to
their sacred duties and responsibilities.
Contented police personnel
Police jobs should be made attractive with good salaries and satisfactory
working conditions that give the strength to resist the bait thrown by the
criminals. It is proved by social scientists that the incidence of bribery is
inversely proportional to the financial strength of a social group. Therefore,
better salaries and eximious working conditions definitely make the police
less sensitive to these lures. This would be a major step in prising the hold
of criminals over the police. The measure must be closely followed by a
perficient and strictly professional policy of placements to ensure the right
man comes to the right job with merit and honesty being duly rewarded.
Measures to ensure an unbiased assessment of the work and character of
subordinates strengthen and place the police organisation on sound footing.
Those who are empowered to assess subordinates and their work must be
made answerable therefore and any unscrupulous and random discharge of
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their duties should condemn them forever for the misuse of this sacred
responsibility to the future of the organisation.
Fair play
Creation of a high power core group of people who are adept in
assessing men and character within the aforesaid police authority may help
to create a feeling of confidence and job security and prod them into
discharging their official duties fearlessly. This group which oversees the
work of police personnel from a distance should be made ultimately
responsible for all career decisions. The responsibility of officers in
assessing the work of their subordinates which forms the major
embarrassment of the present Indian police must be limited to giving their
opinion about performance to the core group; the expert core group
processes the opinion by its own research, expertise and discretion and
takes responsible decisions on its own. The group must be made
responsible for development planning of the police, work assessment, job
analysis, recruitment and management of human resources. Institution of
such a core group to oversee the career development of police personnel
without personal bias may bring revolutionary changes by committing the
police to its work ethics and professional ends with due single-mindedness.
Mental quality
It is a tragedy in the current Indian police that there is no relation
between the efficiency and performance of an official and his standing in
the organisation. The police officials are so indifferent to the performance
of their subordinates and their work turnout that they are absolutely in the
dark about the standard of work turned out under their supervision.
Another reason for this sad affair may be that they are unqualified to
assess. This situation leads to random assessment when a senior is
statutorily bound to assess and in the process, talent withers and
opportunists overtake high-calibre workers on the hierarchical ladder. This
tragic melange can be brought to order by exposing police officers
periodically to motivation courses where they are taught about the work
they are required to perform, its importance and how to discharge their
duties. There is an innate trait in the police that makes people entering it
shut their minds and distance themselves from all hues of mental activities.
Police training must endeavour to break this trait and coax trainees to open
their minds and reflect on all matters before making decisions. Often, the
habit of reading becomes a casualty, once a person enters the police. The
police is in no way antipodean to mental and scholastic pursuits. It is a
mystery what there is in the police that binds its men to let their minds and
hearts languish by desuetude. Police researchers must look to this matter to
mould the police into an organisation which acts and thinks before
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resorting to action. Before this happens, police training has a major role to
make a recruit a thinking animal with a heart to feel and an intelligent
instinct to follow.
Professional knowledge
This negative approach to reading and thinking has resulted in poor
professional knowledge in the police, particularly at the higher ranks.
Work knowledge is generally limited to what is remembered from previous
work experience and bits of what is learnt from books during police
training, decades before. Their defective conception about supervision
compounds the situation by depriving them of the benefit of learning new
things during supervision of work. The style of supervision in the police
should be seen to be believed. All orders to subordinates emanate from a
perfect void. The orders warrant subordinates to feed them what is to be
done in a given situation and the reply received is returned to the same
subordinate as an order to perform. The best style of supervision in the
police is no more than holding a meeting of subordinates wherein the latter
are allowed to arrive at a course of action to meet a given challenge, and
the decision is returned to them as an order to perform. This style of
ineffective supervision must stop if quality is required in police work. The
system of overlapping supervision because of multiple ranks, where none
really discharges his supervisory role must be scrapped to make the police
a meaningful organisation. A thorough overhauling of police training
programmes and application of modem organisation techniques to bring in
effective check and control mechanisms would go a long way in
ameliorating the ground realities in the police.
Universality of crime
On ultimate analysis, crime is a universal phenomenon. All living
beings are criminals in varying degree. Criminal thought is a part of the
natural function of a healthy mind as is the moral restraint that prevents the
criminal thought from being acted upon. External restraints brought about
by the fear of law, custom and adverse reaction reinforce the inner restraint
to prevent the committing of crime. However, as the force of external
restraints weakens for diverse reasons and the proportion of gain to be
made in committing a crime overweighs the risks involved in the balance
sheet of the operation, the lure of crime increases and the deed is done. It is
the social situation which controls the external restraints to make
committing a crime an asset or a liability and thereby decides the
proliferation or suppression of crime with human nature being what it is
always. Criminals are criminals because society gives them easy openings
to thus meet their needs. Politicians love to befriend criminals rather than
bring them to book because the society they live in makes their lives
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Social polarization
The indulgence of the rich and powerful in crime popularises criminal
activities by bringing an aura of status to them and negating all inhibitions
in the popular mind. Society easily accepts the example of the wealthy and
powerful for making an easy buck to lead comfortable lives in the world
where life is becoming increasingly difficult because of the spurt in black
money, caused by the proliferation of crime. While decent life becomes
impossible by honest methods, the need of survival forces honest citizenry
to accept crime as a way of life as the last resort. This would be where
politicians, criminals and police lead the country.
Easy money and easy wealth have a tendency to inflate. Criminals tend
to spend lavishly. This ends up in a spurt in prices of land, building and
essential commodities while honest men have to toil hard for an extra
quarter. Crime begets money and money begets more money and more
money begets power, comfort and everything. In the crush, honest man is
lost forever. The ocean of criminal wealth around him which is beyond
even his wildest dreams frustrates him and ravages his sense of morality
and righteousness. It turns him violently against all human values and
decency, leading him to a world of crime and violence. It is what we see in
Punjab, Kashmir, Assam, in far away Srilanka or even in Naxalism where
it is hidden in the guise of political ideology. It is an irony that politicians
and the police, who create the demons, eat their own pies by falling to the
bullets of the grievously hurt, self-righteous, once innocent people. It is
said that even the dacoits in Chambal are symptomatic of this social and
economic malady.
It is true that crime cannot be eliminated from any society as the
tendency to commit crime is ingenerate in human nature. However, crime
can be supressed by appropriate straints. What straints and how they are to
be applied are ironically decided by politicians and the police. If they come
out of their indulgent interests to commit themselves to their professional
objectives, they can certainly save India from the present predicament. Not
that every politician and every policeman can come out to achieve this
noble task, but there certainly are noble elements yet surviving as
exceptions among them, who should take up cudgels in favour of the
Indian polity and sacrifice their lives and careers, if necessary, to make the
renaissance of Indian police and Indian public life possible. The question
yet to be posed is whether the inveterate vested interests will let these
sacrifices bear fruit. Let us hope for the best.
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minor shift in the style of policing in the country can make a life-and-death
difference to myriad people. It is in this perspective that decisions
regarding policing should be taken. The decisions become sensitive when
the police reaches crossroads and forces further decisions on the course of
its passage. A wrong turn? The police may inadvertently tear the fabric of
the national life to shreds and ruin the country. A right step? An era of
perfect security, order and peace. Only a selfless analysis of the needs of
the time and assessment of the avenir would give the insight necessary to
make the right choice about the course to be pursued. Such an analysis
must be carried out by highly competent persons at the highest level who
can see things dispassionately and take decisions. They must be people
who have an overall view of things and are capable of seeing them against
the wider background of the national interest. It is a very responsible job,
requiring thorough knowledge of the nuances of the police and policing.
The people who do it must be capable of taking hard decisions which may
often go against their own interests and may have far-reaching
consequences. This book is an obvious effort in this direction. The Indian
police must give serious thought to what it wants to be in future and take
tough decisions.
Mishandling of police in independent India
There is an impression that the Indian police is not what it was before
Independence. The previous pride, toughness and ferocious commitment to
duties are no more patent. The Indian police has become soft, humble and
easy-going in post-independence days. Humility and pressures all round
deprived it of its vitality. The police have become a widely abused
organisation by the virtue of its conticent submission to the wishes of its
masters under false notions of discipline. It is the popular scapegoat for
anything and everything that goes wrong in the public life. In the
circumstances, a sense of insecurity has developed in the police that
comminates career-life. A natural outcome of this fix is, taking things easy
with eyes and ears shut, unless career interests warrant otherwise.
Commitment to policing is sacrificed in the process. These developments
have reduced the police to a toy that moves only when the spring inside
unwinds. New entrants to the police who begin to run left and right with
nascent entrainement in the first few months, soon realise the realities on
the ground when the wounds on the body of their career dehisce, looking
fatal and ready to gorge their esperance for the avenir. This is the triste
spiel of the Indian police now.
Outside interference in policing
A serious malady affecting the tough and no-nonsensical image of the
police is the interference of people of some standing in the society with the
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to law and general public? What can its locus standi be when a different
person or party comes to power? A sequacious police is an asset to any
individual or party and no sensible individual or party distances it in name
of the professional ethics. It is the paravant duty of the police not to breach
the edifice of the police organisation and its spirit by misprising its
professional standards. This infrangible obligation is thrown to the winds
in the maelstrom of career advancements by the self-seeking gendarmerie
of the Indian republic.
A byproduct of this degenerate trend is the rise of opportunists and
sycophants to key posts and the fall of pollent caractere to insignificant and
humiliating slots. The trend creates a catena of reactions that slowly-cats
up the vitality of the police organisation and reduces it to a foul bunch of
bloodhounds of the rich and powerful few. The shoddy creatures sitting
tout court above men of probity is a dangerous situation in an organisation
like the police where a stiff hierarchical order and a command-obedience
relationship exist between ranks. This reverse order of merit is sure to
bring frustration and the collapse of the organisation someday ex
consequentl. This is because, a few selfish elements put ain interests before
the professional and national interests. And this is in a disciplined
orgapisation. This is where commitment to organisational objects is the
life-fluid of the profession.
Police culture of free India
The British were the forefathers, of the unified Indian police. They
created the reticulation of the police force for India with their own designs
and objects in sight. It was a force that met the needs of the time. In an age
of rapid changes due to the opening up of new vistas and dimensions to life
by inventions and discoveries in science and technology, nothing remain
quiescent. The scope, design and objects of the Indian police underwent a
basic metamorphosis with the transfer of government to native hands. The
process spawned a synod wherein undemanding aspects of both the worlds
survived to create a new police culture. The distinguishing traits of the
Indian police of the British vintage like objectivity, apoliticism,
commitment, discipline, quality and high standards were discarded as
percgrine and irrelevant in the changed circumstances; and traditional
Indian values like simplicity, charity, wisdom, mutual respect, encraty and
human qualities were distanced as indign to the police culture. The
convenient factors of the old and new worlds were chosen to warp a new
world of police culture while demands on policing were at the crucial stage
in the creant years of national independence. The cabal was struck by the
Indian police officers who rapidly rose in their career overnight to fill the
void, created by the resignations of their senior British officers in the
ancient regime on the eve of independence. The demand for creating a new
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who place their personal interests beyond everything including law, justice,
fairness, objectivity, righteousness, career pride, professional interests of
policing and the nation hold the reins at the highest levels of the police,
courtesy of those whom they serve better than the hoi polloi.
Policing approach
There are two types of approach to policing as distinguishable on the
Indian scene, namely,
a) The playful approach, where the police as players in a football game,
play the game within the scope of the ground rules to have the ball inside
the goal without committing a foul. Tout au contraire to the real football
game, here the game is played dispassionately and leisurely and played
because they are paid to play the game; and,
b) The passionate approach, wherein the police break all rules and laws
that come in the way with the sole approach of making their task a success.
They may even commit dangerous crimes in pursuance of their
goals. The Indian police oscillate between these two disparate approaches,
depending upon, for whose advantage they work and what would be their
personal grist ultimately. Only a few high-flying people with money and
power en arrier to back policing of the passionate genre deserve the
'Passionate Approach'. Others must remain contented with the 'Playful
Approach'. Both approaches are indign to a dignified police organisation.
The former, namely the 'Playful Approach' is against the tenets of
professionalism and a professional commitment to work. The latter,
namely the Passionate Approach in spite of its commitment to its goals, is
devoid of its professionalism by lack of professional commitment to the
objects of objectivity, fairness and justice. Policing by criminal methods
cannot be called professional policing. The right approach to professional
policing is a syndesis of both the approaches in which the commitment to
achieve goals follow the professionalism of rightful means in respecting
rules and laws of which the police as professionals are guardians.
Professional commitment implies achieving goals within the parameters of
the permitted methods. The professional end of the police is upholding the
interests of law and justice. Policing is not an end by itself. It is a tool to
serve law and justice. Policing by committing crimes against law and
justice is committing crimes against policing. The Indian police is yet to
show its maturity of professional commitment in policing, which as a
standard policing approach would be equally available to all the needy,
irrespective of their status, wealth and position in the society.
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the Station House Diary of the town police station and let them out with
written warning that cases would be booked if they continued to gamble
there. The officer learnt too late that the gambling den was patronised by
the Superintendent of Police of the district and the Deputy Inspector
General of the range and the men whose names were brought on the police
Station records were their friends. He was transferred out to a sinecure post
tout de suite of the incident, with his annual confidential report stating that
the public might revolt against the officer if he had continued in the police
department. The library continues to be a gambling den even now.
The Deputy Inspector General of Police at the place of the new posting
of the officer wanted the maledict young Deputy Superintendent of Police
to marry a girl from his circle. The parents of the young officer fearing
chantage got their son married in hurry to a girl of their choice. This
antagonised the Deputy Inspector General. His next annual confidential
report showed the junior as a liability to the police department. He also
prevailed year after year upon other officers who wrote confidential reports
of the officer to incorpse adverse remarks. Most of them obliged and this
bright junior officer ended up with a series of unsubstantiated adverse
remarks in his annual confidential reports. All his appeals were never
allowed to reach the government. It is to his credit that he is yet unbroken
and continues in police service while his far less competent colleagues
have superated him on the career ladder and he is successively denied
important postings though there is not a single thing in his career to justify
such a treatment. Undeterred by the man-made dies mali heaped on him by
the departmental heads by refusing him selection to the all India service in
preference to his less qualified and less competent juniors, he later
addressed the chief secretary of the government not to consider him any
more for the service. He took this unprecedented autophagous demarche in
utter contemn to the corrupt departmental heads who sit above him to
decide his career avenir.
These garish paradigms are just a croquis of the coup defend of the
criminal clinamen of the people in today's Indian police. In no way are
they more committed to law and justice than the criminal elements of the
society. Does not the police need people in its fold with deeper passion for
law and justice? Is it by design or accident that independent India raised a
criminal outfit to catch criminals? It is in the interest of the Indian police to
accept the reality in its naked form so as to inspire remedial measures.
Policing by false publicity
Sadly, the police of independent India learnt to rely on poor public
memory to obliterate its poor performance. Incompetent and directionless
reporting by the Indian media helps them in this image-salvaging task. It is
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fields largely depends upon intangible factors like luck, surroundings and
the willing cooperation of the public. To superate these problems of
measurement of policing qualities, a police organisation depends upon
comparing developments in the same periods in preceding years. This is an
unscientific method and gives unsatisfactory results for various reasons.
The crime rate or other policing challenges do not remain static over time.
These depend upon population, complexity of the society, economic
conditions, moral values, quality of leadership, political conditions, prices,
climate etc, none of which develop from any predictable formula. The
police perforce needs a tool to measure policing quality as a control device.
Until such a device is invented, police administrators have to rely upon
their subjective fancies to measure and control policing and assess the
work of their subordinates. Until a scientific device is formulated, the
heartburns and frustrations caused by erratic measurement of work and
policing qualities, wherein a few mealy-mouthed smarties always comer
accolades at the cost of efficient silent workers, will continue to
precipitate. A sufficiently efficient tool to measure policing qualities is the
first priority in the task of creating a new shape for the Indian police. The
success achieved in this field will decide the degree to which the Indian
police can shed its old shoddy image.
Management in policing
For police administrators, knowledge of modern management principles
makes policing and police operations cheaper, effective and less
demanding in terms of time, place, manpower, equipments and other
resources. A clinamen to study and plan operations in terms of layout
charts, time flow, span of control, methods of programming of operations,
motivational aspects, human relationships, information flow, control
methods, work analysis and contingencies for emergencies must be
ingenerate in policing whether it pertain to raids, maintenance of order,
crime control, crime investigation, intelligence collection, security
exercises or even quotidian police administration. Only the pernickety
exercise of management techniques will make police administration
meaningful, purposeful and useful in giving policing a direction and
content. The police cannot afford to sit back while tout le monde reaps the
behoofs of the latest tidings in the field of management techniques.
Housing and other facilities
Policing is a risky profession that draws antagonism and hatred by its
very nature. It involves round-the-clock duUes, often at odd hours, at odd
places in odd circumstances. Retaliation by criminals is a constant risk
under which policemen live. Their work constantly expose them to danger.
The very nature of their duties necessitates their being treated on a
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such subjection till the fear lasts. An argument advanced in favour of fear
in policing is that the strains of fear are deep in the very nature of policing.
This again is based on a mendacious notion, about policing and belike on
the preposterous practices of the present police'outfit. The police is not
synonymous with fear. A smiling and- helpful police is the model of
democratic policing. The police is not the enemy of the people, especially
in a democracy. Policing involves enforcement of order for the good of
many which may sometimes involve inconvenience to a perverted few.
The job if performed rightly must win trust, love and respect of the hoi
polloi for the police. Only the misuse of power and a supercilious approach
to the exercise of the powers would antagonise the plebeian and earn his
implacable haired. The exercise of police powers with absolute humility is
quite possible. An approach of service to the general public renders the
exercise of police powers, a sensible and circumspect task and avoids
harshness. The performance inspires trust, love and respect and not fear
and hatred. Only if people learn that police really care for their well-being,
percase, no other government agency would be as loved and respected as
the police. Only the police should show its good intentions and convince
the public about its trustworthiness. Nothing the Indian police does now
helps to create this image. It is high time that serious efforts are made in
this direction.
What is basically required for the Indian police is a tough, mature and
no-nonsense image in place of the present fear. The police organisation
must create an impression of strength of character and infrangible probity.
Only from this height, can the police discharge its sacred duties of
protecting and maintaining order in national life. This is now a far cry from
the invious misdight of the Indian police. The leap from the current glidder
field to what should be is not an impossible feat. Each step ahead must be
carefully laid to make steady, albeit slow progress towards the difficile
goal. It is an attempt worth making. It is an opuscule worth doing.
Need of sound mind at higher levels
A factor that seriously affects the morale of a disciplined force like the
police is that of men affected by psychological disorders of inferiority
complex, holding posts from where they can affect the career of the
subordinates. This is a very serious situation where distorted minds hold
reigns of the career of thousands of subordinates with many at very senior
levels. The mental disorder brings a psychological imbalance by which the
people in high ranks learn to interpret subordinates' normal conduct
perversely as surquedry; normal reporting or explanation appears like an
intrigue and lough posture appears like insubordination. The extra modum
fear of insecurity, inspired by the feeling of inferiority is so pollent that it
does not permit cunctation in striking back at the source of the
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as an armed force when the military fails the country. The importance of
this great tool of governance is yet to be duly recognised. It is high time
that it is done now and. the Indian police is exemed from its nauseating
subculture and gets a fresh life of vitality and strength. It is really
heartrending to see the swinging police in its present mauvais ton,
especially for an insider who is a part of this great institution, entrusted
with the high objects of protecting public life. Yes, something should be
done to save the police. The question is who should begin the process, and
where, when and how? Who will bell the demonic cat to bring it to its
senses?
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relation techniques etc. A police leader should effectively cover all these
aspects in his plan should he wish to see his police humanised.
Police recruitment
The human aspect is the fulcrum of policing. Policing is primarily latitant
human interaction in the perennial luctation to safeguard the security and
rights of the common man and the human quality in the force determines
effectiveness and vitality of the performance. Human resources policy as a
device of selecting human stuffs needs careful handling at the highest level
to attract right people to the fold.
The present Indian environment of ruthless concours, impeached with a
degringolade of values has made human resources management a farce.
The wherewithal of human resources management like recruitment,
promotions, transfers, rewards, punishments, etc. are no more employed
for maximum benefit of the organisation. Self-interests have undermined
quality and character and organisational interests are subordinated to
personal behoofs. Though this proclivity is prevalent in all fields in India,
its adverse effects are kenspeckle in the police organisation as the linesystem of the organisation makes the ingenuity of the human resources
management a factor having direct and immediate bearing on the efforts of
humanising the police.
An earnest effort from the highest level to infuse the creme de la creme,
characterised by genuine human stuff, probity and commitment may be the
foremost need of the police. The prevalence of police administration over
general administration in the survival of a nation as a democratic and
orderly country may necessitate changes in recruitment policy. This is to
ensure that only those with a deep natural humane disposition step in to the
police so that the arrogance and savagery, bred by its environment can do
little harm and the tenue of humanism will continue alongside policing
work.
Proper training
The chief cause of the police seldom being humane in India is its
ineffective training facilities. In spite of adequate infrastructures available
for police training in India, these centres largely fail to offer quality to the
training to humanise a recruit adequately to stand up to the challenges of
the temulence of the arrogant and feral environment that policing breeds.
An overhaul of the extant training facilities in terms of quality, content and
character in favour of humanised policing practices is inevitable to keep
the police excubant against the depravity of the modem society. The
psychology faculty of the centre should endeavour to build character and
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need-hierarchy outlined by McGregor and have the mental space for wider
interests like human concerns of kindness, tenderness, elegance and
civility. A low living standard retards the police image and esteem in
society.
It is necessary to make the police financially bein by adequately
compensating for the risks and hazard factors of their jobs to attract the
best men to its fold apart from securing them against financial distractions.
A feeling of condign compensation and contentment is certain to raise the
police above physical and security need-levels to give free expression to
natural human tendencies.
Lighter work
All creations in their fraicheur and nature's bounty are kind and tender
and elegant. The strains of the environment cause inquietude in nature's
balance and leads to the obfuscation of a few precious sheens from its
innards. It manifests in loss of human factors in man and his mental space
turns intenible of human qualities by environmental strains such as workpressures.
The Indian police is weighed down with an impossible quantum of
responsibilities and tasks. This work-pressure adversely affects the mental
balance apart from depriving those tasks from the attention due. It is
impossible to expect a man bogged down with lourd responsibilities and
tasks to spare his time for the niceties of human qualities.
An important measure in humanising the police is to scale down the
work-pressure on it to a bearable level. An element of levity in work makes
the work environment dulcet and provides an adequate mental space to
devolve on the exuberances of human comportations.
Exclusion of social legislations
The propensity of weighing the police with the enforcement of all
types of legislations has become a major hazard to effective policing. It is
emphatically so with social legislations which pass out of our legislative
house sans cohibition. These progressive measures are inherently
controversial in nature and their enforcement by the police weakens its
credibility as an agency of serious business and peremptory order. It is
plauditory to conceive of the police as a vehicle of progressive measures.
In the process, however, the police is certain to put both its credibility and
professionalism in jeopardy as these social legislations lack the depth and
gravity required to enforce them. Assiduous enforcement may be perceived
as inhuman acts of high-handedness and harassment of certain sections of
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the society. It is not in the interest of the process of humanising the police
to expose it to civil contecks that are gravid with the malengine of
expropriating from all those concerned from human concerns. The
exclusion of social legislations from the ambit-of normal police work will
save the police organisation from the embarrassment of handling issues for
which it is not equipped either mentally or professionally or
organisationally. This measure will exeme the police organisation from
unwarranted pressures that add to the dehumanisation process and also
enhances its legitimacy as the guardian of order and security of human
interests.
Exposures to public relations techniques
Though efforts have been en train to ameliorate the image of the Indian
police for a long time, nothing substantial could be achieved due to
amateurish handling. The present Indian police managers have their image
development wherewithal limited to issuing occasional press statements
while image development has become a highly advanced field of
specialisation with perennial scope for further advancements. In view of
the considerable significance of the image for successful police operations,
the wherewithal of image building in the police is required to be updated
with the latest techniques, applied by professionals in the field.
It does not suffice if the police is humanised; the police also should
appear humanised. While public relations professionals can handle the job
from the organisational level, an insight to the police about the rudiments
of public relations is sine qua non if it is to appear humanised to the public
eye. This necessitates, the exposure of the police to the latest public
relations techniques at regular intervals to imbibe the skill of civility in
interacting with the public.
In-service image
The proclivity for role-play is a major driving force in the process of
motivation. People who enter a new setup, look to their new environment
for the role they should assume? and the setup renders them homo colons
in conformity to its own image. People joining a humanised organisation
play the role of humaneness to fulfill their esurient urge to identify with the
setup. The in-service image of an organisation is a powerful springboard
that sets it to actuate that image.
An in-service image as a humane setup is de rigueur if humanising the
police is to grow as a tradition. The very reputation of the police as a
humane setup limits the options of the insiders to act antilogous to its
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policing with its obfuscating backfire sans the upward thrusts of human
concerns may sink in the Bay of Bengal some day unless its leaders shed
their indolence to vitalise the police with genuine human qualities.
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ORGANISATIONAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES
BEFORE THE POLICE FOR THE NEW
AGE
It is India's good fortune that its fabric of law and order withstood the
onslaught of growing complexity of the Indian society lest fragile is its
system of policing. The fact that the police systems in a few neighbouring
countries of Asia and Africa are worse cannot be a solace as the political,
social and economical structures forming the cornerstones of those
countries have tout a fait different backgrounds and value systems from
ours. India is a crucible wherein the dynamics and relevance of democracy
in the third world are experimented with. The Indian police system must
necessarily meet the latitant aspirations of the democracy in fulfilling its
desinent objective of maintaining internal order arid security. This
dimension added to the problems of policing in India. The Indian polity
confronts its police with ever greater challenges while affording it an
increasingly limited wherewithal to do so. The Indian police system
dodders while taken on ride by the shocks of the growing complexity of
the Indian society and its relevance to society is luxated in the seemingly
unending luctation for relevance. The tenor of the setback lies in the failure
to foresee and continuously keep the system one step ahead.
The hazard of the Indian-police lies in this immobility of its
organizational structure. The existing police system is utterly devoid of any
adjustment mechanism that keeps it relevant to the zeitgeist. A time-totime review Ad concomitant updating of the police organisation become
sine qua non the cfactimstances, particularly while me nascent democracy
lounder the policing system of India remis velisque, quite oblivious of the
futuristic kiaugh. A systematic study of the policing in India with an
adequate pemoctation to screen the latest researches and findings in
relevant fields of social and political systems, science and technology in
reorienting the police organisation and administration is an essential
parameter in the vital exercise.
A police setup worth its salt should meet the specific needs of the
policing. The police setup must necessarily be raucle in its frame to be
capable of absorbing the shocks to which it would often be exposed.
Secondly, motive factors should be substructed in the body of the
organisation as sound motivation alone can make policing a purposeful
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activity. This should be reinforced with external motive factors that can be
infused to the organisation e re nata. Thirdly, the system should be
organised so as to generate optimism and confidence expropriis to excudit
the magical entrainement. Another important aspect that should weigh
lourd in evolving an effective police organisation is evolving a mechanism
whereby every police officer or unit is put in charge of a specific job
matching his or its competence and aptitude. An element of levity should
be brought to policing so that the work in hand can be attended to with
genuine involvement by each police officer. Another strategic principle of
a healthy police organisation is having absolute faith and giving full
responsibilities to subordinates with a concomitant reward and punishment
system that follow at the heels. Any attempt to disturb the balance of faith,
full responsibility and reward and punishment system is certain to fell the
organisation into desuetude. The extant conception of collective
responsibility through a chain of command has gone passe by its
propensity to demotivate the real workers due to the corrupt ambitions of
those at higher levels in the chain of command. Policing has grown of late
to be such an independent field of specialisation that it is tout de force
impossible for a mortal being to be proficient in even a single aspect of
policing. It is rather a folly to ween a police officer as being able to handle
all aspects of policing though at different times. Hence, the need of
specialisation-oriented policing. The present managerial world is
increasingly realising the importance of human resources as organisational
inputs. Unless all-out efforts are made to inhaust to police the creme de la
creme of the country with exceptional attributes of probity, intelligence
and commitment and impart eximious and purposeful training to bring out
the best of each, no efforts at updating the organisation can bring about a
sempiternal transformation in the setup. The fact that policing can be
successful only with popular cooperation, focuses the attention of the
police organisation on the needs of building up its image. Although efforts
are already afoot towards building up the image of the police, the depths of
the possibilities are yet to be fully explored and exploited. A scientific
approach in this score will make policing tanto uberior. Also, the scope for
scholarly and intellectual activities in policing will make policing multidimensional and add t its effectiveness. The fremit reception given to
intellectual activities in some quarters of policing may not go down too
well with the future police planners. The future police organisation and
administration should cater to the need of intellectual activities.
The present police organisation and administrative system have to be
overhauled in the near future as the ineffectiveness of the extant system
becomes increasingly obvious with the flaws in the edifice starting to gape
wider. The areas wherein restructuring may be desirable and the thrusts
sine qua non to stuff the hiatus valde deflendus to have a featous police
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setup, quite capable of facing the challenges of the future are discussed
tout court below.
Exclusion of social legislations
The proclivity of weighing the police with reinforcement of all types of
legislations has become a major hazard to effective policing. While the
proliferation of legislations in independent India made it impossible even
to keep track of their numbers, it is senseless to ween the police as being
able to enforce them all. The stupendous task of enforcing these
legislations adversely affects the effectiveness of the police and corrodes
its credibility. This is emphatically so with social legislations which pass
out of our legislative houses sans cohibition. These progressive measures
are inherently controversial in nature and their enforcement by the police
weakens its credibility as an agency of serious business and peremptory
order. It is plauditory to conceive of the police as a vehicle of progressive
measures, but in the process, is certain to put both its credibility and
professionalism into jeopardy as the social legislations lack depth and
gravity to enforce them and assiduous enforcement may ricochet as an
outcry of harassment and high-handedness. It is not in the interest of the
country to expose its police to such civil contecks and suffer it thereby.
India can have an independent social policing system under the social
welfare ministry to which police officers with a flair for progressive
measures may be deputed. The social policing system as a professional
enforcement agency of the social welfare ministry can do an effective job
in enforcing progressive social legislations with all their nuances, by fully
devolving on it while saving the police organisation from the
embarrassment of handling issues to which it is not equipped either
mentally, professionally or organisationally. This measure will exeme the
police organisation from unwarranted pressures and enhance its legitimacy
in handling serious security and law and order issues.
Specialisations in policing
The growth of police functions as adnated to present life-style of
increasing complexity is enormous of late with policing slinking to the
vitals of all streaks of social and nonsocial living. Policing has become a
high-tech affair these days with scopes for further advancements. Each
major activity of policing like maintenance of order, investigation of
crimes, collection of intelligence and security-operations have assumed
such an independent status of nonesuch expertise and professionalism that
these fields being inhered is neither desirable nor feasible. Nor in the
circumstances, does shifting a functionary from one field of expertise to
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the other help his overall performance. Anfractuosity in any one of these
fields of specialisation for life is becoming a requisite as time goes by.
The futuristic policing of India must have its subordinate police as
professionals in a given field of specialisation, say maintenance of order,
crime investigation, intelligence collection or security operation with
synergy manifesting only at higher levels. So, India may have independent
law and order police, detective police, special police and security police,
each separately recruited and trained for professionalism and expertise in
their respective fields. Officers from all these specialised fields should be
eligible to rise t general policing at higher levels on the basis of a pro rata
quota system for promotions.
Parallel crime administration
"The increased preoccupation of the police with law and order and
security issues in view of the growing cataclysmic activities in the country
has adversely affected effective, crime administration of late. Police
stations have become registering stations as far as crime administration is
concerned. The time of the local police is fordone with immediate issues of
law and order and V.I.P. security, and in the process, crime investigation
has become a casualty. The process may further deteriorate as security and
law and order problems increase in coming years. Neither the crime staff at
subordinate levels nor the supervisory staff at district and higher levels, in
the melee, have the will or the resources to divert to crime investigation
while the crime rate in the country is assuming dangerous proportions.
Crime investigations should not be allowed to suffer because of disorder
and insecurity in the country, as otherwise, a vicious circle may develop
wherein disorder and insecurity lead to fall in investigation and flabby
investigation in turn, to patulous disorder and insecurity. This triste
development may be effectively dealt-with by an independent crime setup,
parallel to the law and order outfit.
The crime outfit should be responsible for the investigation of criminal
cases and function under an Inspector General of Police who is responsible
to the police chief; with a crime Deputy Inspector General of Police in
each range. Each district may have a crime Superintendent of Police with
the necessary number of detective Deputy Superintendents of Police,
detective Inspectors, Sub-Inspectors and constabulary to assist while only
Sub-Inspectors and above are empowered t investigate cases. The SubInspectors will be attached to various police stations with powers to
register criminal cases and investigate only petty cases. The crime
Superintendent of Police refers criminal cases of his district for
investigation to Police Inspectors or Deputy Superintendents of Police,
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woridng under him, on the basis of the gravity of the cases and take up
exceptionally grave cases for personal investigation. The crime Deputy
Inspectors General of Police may take up exceptionally sensational cases in
his range for personal investigation. The crime outfit in a district must run
parallel to the law and order outfit of the district.
An independent crime outfit in district and state may exquisitely behove
to a futuristic police setup by giving crime investigation a boost and
insuring it against the peracute pangs of organisational maladies of the
future.
Control room-centered policing
The compulsions of urban policing are strikingly different from those of
rural policing. Response time is the hallmark of urban policing where a
delay of a few minutes can make a difference between death and life as
criminals and terrorists with the most sophisticated communication,
weapon system and hair-raising organisational accuracy overawe the
police, pitted against them in the course of their criminal operations. The
present police station oriented policing is incompetent to meet the
challenges of the urban criminals either in resources or in organisational
ingine. Further, complacency in re own procinct may stifle the very
policing system of India.
Unity, resoursefulness and speed form the spine of urban policing. The
control room-centered policing in urban centres where men and
transportation and latest communication facilities that work round the
clock in shifts enables galvanic operations to tackle law and order
problems. All town and cities require control rooms of appropriate sizes
with a control room chief of a befitting rank. A control room of a
metropolitan city having a population of more than fifty lakhs may be
entrusted to a control room chief of the rank of Deputy Inspector General
of police; a city having a population exceeding ten lakhs requires a chief of
the rank of Superintendent of police to its control room; a city of a
population exceeding a lakh may have a control room in charge of a
Deputy Superintendent of Police; a town having a population of more than
20,000 may require an Inspector to head its control room; and a town with
a population of less than twenty thousand may need a control room under a
Sub-Inspector. Each control room may have four shift-officers of the rank
immediately lower in rank; all subordinate staff of the town or city are kept
under the control room's disposal on round the clock shifts. The control
room should be well connected with several channels of telephones,
wireless sets, mobile telephones and other state-of-the-art communication
equipments to strategic points, mobile vans, task forces, hospitals, fire
force units, civil defence units, neighbouring police units and residences of
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senior police officers and civil authorities. The control rooms should be
equipped with the latest gadgets and sufficient transportation facilities for
the maintenance of law and order. The law and order unit of the urban area
may be headed by an officer of the rank above the rank of the chief of the
control room.
This outfit with unlimited resource at its disposal for launching any type
of operation within a few minutes of communication may suffice to meet
the challenges of maintaining law and order in urban areas in the new age.
Reorganisation of intelligence units
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The present policing system in India has too much of paper work with
hundreds of registers maintained in each station or office with tens of
forms filled up in each stage of policing. A detailed analytical study of
paper works in policing may help to considerably reduce paper works and
thereby save precious official man-hours for use in actual police
operations. Computerisation of an paper works is also a possibility not far
away.
The modernisation of the police force with the latest communication,
transport, weaponry and office equipment system and me simultaneous
creation of the necessary infrastructure for their operation in advance alone
besort the police force to the challenges of elite criminals, armed with
latest equipments. India of the third millennium will require its police force
to be equipped with helicopters as an aide in policing in emergencies. A
genuine and effective effort to achieve modernization ends would be sine
qua non for the future policing. A face-lift to police stations and offices
with the latest office equipment and general facilities will go a long way in
creating a psychological atmosphere for effective policing.
Creation of criminal law board
India requires the constitution of a statutory Criminal Law Board as
an advisory body to liaise between the police setup and the union law
ministry regarding criminal laws to facilitate glib policing. The board, as a
permanent body, may have seniormost officers of the central government
from home and law ministries, police and prosecution departments,
distinguished humanists and senior advocates of the Superme Court as
members with the union home minister as its chairman. It must undertake
the study of the need of changes in criminal laws from rime to rime. The
board may meet every quarter and discuss extant criminal laws and their
shortcomings in the light of representations received from officers in the
field from the police and prosecution departments and make proposals for
requisite changes in criminal laws e re nata.
Widened responsibilities in crime administration
A few glaring anomalies and some erroneous provisions in the extant
criminal laws of India contributed to the easy escapade of criminals from
the clutches of law in many cases and harassment of innocent persons by
the police in some other cases. The loopholes in the criminal laws have to
be plugged imprimis if crime administration has to be effective in India and
command a semblance of respect and confidence of the public.
The police or judicial officer under whose custody a person is kept
under detention should be made responsible by name for the latter's timely
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INTERNAL SECURITY
CHALLENGES AND APPROACH
In an age of sabotage and terrorism, no man, no place and no structure is
really safe; no time of the day or night can be construed as safe. With the
increasing complexity of human society, with increasing claims on limited
resources of the world, the kettle of human life is spilling over with
organized hatred and violence. Terrorism has become an international
phenomenon. Accrescent unemployment makes terrorism popular by
giving unemployed youths a raison d'etre for life and an ideology to
pursue. The lopsided material growth of the 20th century life at the cost of
contentment and inner peace, endeared to man the thrills and adventures of
the life that fill up his inner void. New scientific inventions give man such
sophisticated mechanisms and machinery that he can do anything he wants
without being personally.present at a place. Each man has potentially
become a power centre and he can build or destroy the world he lives in.
Each man has become a force to reckon with in the survival of this Earth.
The rise in hatred and violence in the present world, compounded with the
man's dangerous power to wreak vengeance avec acharnement made
internal security an unsure field. It replaced the avital police function of
crime control and maintenance of law and order to become the primary
gauntlet of the police.
Police on an unequal job
The threat to internal security is posed by highly trained, highly
motivated volunteers belonging to highly organised and highly resourceful
terrorist outfits. The unenviable task of providing protection to men, places
and structures from these committed zealots on the antipode with the
precious choice of time, place and target in their favour and any number of
sophisticated methods and techniques of strike to choose from, continually
sap the manpower, machinery and other resources of the police. The
police, with its forfaim organisation and approach to challenge, is found to
be too nonpareil to the dimensions of the problem even in advanced
countries. The pressure sine dubio helped the police to walk a la hauteur
de its adversaries with regard to plans of modernisation, though far en
arrier. What should have been is the other way round, that is, the police
keeping me lead in modernisation techniques and the antipode marching to
keep pace with the police. Unfortunately, it is not to be in the Indian
situation.
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challenges; the consectaneous fatalities of men and other targets are steeply
rising every year with a free hand to terrorist reticulation to strike at will.
The glitches of the Indian police in re internal security are obvious by the
fact that Indian soil has become a fertile ground to breed and feed terrorist
organisations. Every corner of India, has its own terrorist outfit and each of
these outfits has proved itself a pernicious challenge to the Indian police.
Never, even by chance, has the Indian police shown that it can control a
terrorist outfit. The fact is that even all armies of the world together cannot
bring a terrorist outfit to heel, unless the soft belly of the terrorist outfit is
subtly hit embusque by intelligent operations. Sadly, the Indian police is
yet to realise this fact.
Sabotage, terrorism and security risks are not phenomena pro tempore.
They are here to stay and the police must know to meet the situations they
engender. And threats to internal security, by all means, will assume
demonic proportions as time advances. The survival of the police in
coming years depends upon its ability lo meet the needs of internal
security. It has no alternative but to overhaul its passe system,
organisation, operational methods, approach to work, training and
manpower resources to be able to do so. The faster it is done, the better.
For, the inability of the police in successfully handling security challenges
is resulting in fatalities almost every day.
Selection of right people
The first parameter for preparing the police for the future
challenges of the internal security is selecting right people with right
aptitude, right abilities and right background. This requires thorough job
analysis in re the requirements to handle the pertinent responsibilities.
Choosing the right man from the motley to inclip him to the ergon forms
the foremost need of preparing the police for the impending challenges. It
should be realised that the need of such people to the police overweighs the
need of the police for these extraordinary species. As internal security is a
condition of national survival, no law, no fundamental right, no directive
principle nor any social welfare ideologies should interfere with the
recruitment of the right people. Internal security being a highly sensitive
and secretive job, each less than right man inside is a positive risk to
security operations. Further, such people are a drain on the efficiency and
effectiveness of the organisation. Ergo, avoiding people less than right for
the job is as important in recruitment as selecting the right person.
Selection on special footing
The people who fit-in to internal security responsibilities must have an
innate trait to give themselves to the job that they take up. They must be
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bearing on the security mailers. The security plan must foresee likely
sources of trouble inside and outside the country and cultivate
undercover'operatois at sensitive spots either by its own resources or
through agents, often years or decades in advance to keep an eye on
developments, feed intelligence and control situations by infiltration to
strategic positions. Without this groundwork, no security operation can
make much headway. Such a long-drawn security plan that foresees events
decades ahead in the semiptemal interests of the state security presumes
foresightedness and a thorough study and research of facts by its author to
back up the plan. There is no sema of any such a plan obvious for Indian
internal security and what is happening around gives the triste impression
that the gauntlets of internal security are met day to day in line with
meeting daily law-and-order problems. The best India can gasconade now
arc the internal security schemes in police offices with names of sensitive
targets and general instructions about where and how they must be
protected in emergencies and normal days. These schemes are tout a fait
wasted exercises in these days of highly sophisticated terrorist strikes by
organised terrorist outfits. More important, the passe instructions in these
supposedly secret official documents are no more secret. Though some
attempts are made to update these instructions when a security lapse leads
to a public outcry, none of such general instructions can assure even a
semblance of security in this age of sophistication. A resourceful terrorist
gladiator who is committed to execute his strike a tout prix can hit his
target at will malgre tout security precautions undertaken I compliance to
updated security instructions in Indian internal security schemes. It is
obvious that the security lapses during Shri Rajiv Gandhi's Sriperumbudu
election campaign made the job of the LITE squad easy. At the same time,
it should be borne in mind that no measures by security outfits of India in
its present infaust state of affair would have prevented the committed and
avizefull cadres of the LTTE from accomplishing their devilish task. The
killing would have been merely a matter of time. There are infinite number
of courses available to a resourceful and inventive mind. It is in these
circumstances that India should invenit its new security outfit.
Knowledge of the security risks
Any security buildup must stand on two basic requirements; firstly, upto-date knowledge of the security risks and their strategies and secondly, a
security machinery devised to meet specific demands of the specific
circumstances. A thorough knowledge of the adversaries includes an indepth knowledge of their long and short term objectives, their time-to-time
aberrations, strategies, expertise, modes of operation, friends, enemies,
sources of support, likely change of strategies and their analyses to assess
the possibility of security threats and likely targets. Yes, it is a stupendous
task involving huge manpower and other resources a grands frais. Yet, it is
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worth the cost and trouble in the interests of the national security and a far
more intelligent and meaningful use of human and material resources than
spending them to indagate criminals after they accomplish their pernicious
job. Investigation of terrorism-oriented crimes serves practically no
purpose and makes no impact on the plan and strategies of a well-planned
terrorist outfit.
Specific security plans
A security build-up is infrangible only if it is specific fur each
circumstance, depending upon the needs as assessed by security experts
from time to time. Security must essentially be an esoteric operation with
open eyes and ears and closed mouth; with open mind and closed heart. It
must be a shadowy operation rather than a gust of light blinding people
around. Intelligent terrorist operators prefer to strike in this gust of light
which is what security tends to be. A good and pollent security plan should
not have an open set-plan which by all likelihood would be used by
intelligent terrorists to their advantage. The pollicitation of a good security
plan depends upon its secretiveness, perspicacity and ability to take even a
well-prepared and resourceful terrorist operator by surprise.
Ring round duty
Indian security plans lay stress on covering targets with armed men and
preventing people from approaching the threatened target. In absence of
adequate penetration to the source of threat, none of these pernoctation can
have any impact on the capabilities of a terrorist to strike his target. A
human wall around the target is an infructuous show of strength in an age
where there are powerful weapons and' ammunitions that can penetrate
several such layers in a single stroke. Even the best of the snipers
protecting a target would be at a disadvantage in felling a terrorist-to-strike
who has all the advantages of time, place, surprise and the mental and
physical reflexes to superate both his target and armed protectors. A wellplanned terrorist attack fully prepares for all these odd contretemps. Those
around the target, posted to spot suspicious movements among people are
also at the same disadvantage. It is the skeely terrorist who is keenly
watching his target and men around versus the spotters staring blankly at
inconnu for suspicious movements. An intelligently chosen and thoroughly
trained terrorist operator can easily overcome this problem.
Screening of people
Another important strategy of the Indian security machinery is
screening people before permitting proximity to the threatened target. A
resourceful terrorist plan can facilely circumvent this with money,
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b)
that the outfit is yet to grow resourceful enough, or
c)
that security sleuths could gear up their machinery, taking this
specific case as an exception to foil the plans of the outfit concerned. India
should reach a stage where the third reason which is an exception becomes
a rule in providing foolproof security to all targets, all the time, sans
throwing the normal course of life of the threatened target to the winds.
Needs of a perficient security buildup
The Indian police system lays emphasis on dashing qualities rather than
on mental qualities and planning that form the elan vital of security
policing. The age-old police traits like a criant show of force and a strict
adherence to hierarchical order have a mesalliance with the needs of
security operations where patience, perseverance, calculating mind, an
ingine to foresee developments, speedy physical and mental reflexes,
unbreachable sangfroid in adverse situations, high commitment to the work
in hand, initiative and above all, courage to take responsibility for action
decide the success or otherwise of the security buildup. Indeed, these
human qualities have to be reinforced with neoteric security equipment
including latest communication, transport, information, weaponry and
other security-oriented systems. The organisation must have three fullfledged wings in charge of a) collection of intelligence, b) process and
assessment of security risks and c) field operation.
a)
Collection of Intelligence
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sake of achieving goals. Screening people for these traits is not a facile job.
This arduous job has to be performed with great care and caution, for, the
quality of internal security of the land depends upon the work turned out
by them. The people who are chosen for the job must be able to provide
security to men, places and structures, known to be sensitive and
comminated by enemies, while themselves remain in shades. Speed and
surprise are their chief attributes. Resourcefulness to do jobs which appear
impossible is their mainstay. Indeed, the demands arc too high and this
necessitates careful selection and recruitment, efficient training, high
motivation and liberal compensations in the form of generous pay, perks
and expenditure accounts. The people who play with their lives to meet the
objectives of the internal security have to be treated well for the risks to
which they willingly submit themselves in the interests of the country and
its internal security.
Glitches of Indian security setup
A coup d'oel over the security surroundings of India gives an
insipid taste be it about security intelligence, security planning or security
operation. The bungling of the Indian police at Konanakunte recently
where they failed to capture Sivarasan and Subha of the Rajiv Gandhi
assassination case is a recent paradigm. The chance intelligence as early as
on 18-8-91 that both the extremists were holed up with others in a
ramshackle house at Konanakunte could not help Indian security forces to
catch them alive with all time, resources and the element of surprise at
their disposal while the handful of desperados inside the walled structure
had no knowledge of what was happening around them. This primarily
reflects grim glitches in the field of security planning in India. A little use
of the faculty of thinking and planning and ingine to retain an even keel
under pressure would not have made capturing the extremists alive a
difficile goal to achieve. Instead of showing conticent patience to invenit
an undercover strategy that allowed the unsuspecting extremists to come
on the street on their own and thus enter the waiting dragnet of security
sleuths or entering their den as friends with the help of undercover agents,
our cops used the first available opportunity to spoil the advantage of
surprise that fell into their hands by openly surrounding the building and
thought of storming it while even the average newspaper reader knew a
coup sur that the first reaction of the extremists when they were cornered
would be the felo de se. What transpired ultimately there by the acte
gratuit was not only the suicide by the extremists, it was the fetish suicide
of the operation to catch the extremists alive. India and the Rajiv Gandhi
assassination investigation gained nothing by the the extremists' death.
They would have been more useful to India and the investigation had they
remained alive in India or anywhere in the world. All hopes were doused
per saltum by the senseless seizure of the hideout, ironically, using a vital
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piece of intelligence that would have made the Rajiv Gandhi assassination
investigation a true success story of the 20th century. The glitch itself is a
tragedy.
Micro-and macro-security planning
The primary reason for such bungling is that Indian sleuths have not yet
realised the intricacies of security operation. Their perception of security
operation does not go much beyond multiple crack-forces, created one
after the other like the Black Cats, National Security Guards, Special
Protection Group etc. Perhaps some more are to follow at the cost of the
state exchequer. Indeed, these crack forces are important. They are the
ammunitions of the security weaponry. However effective the
ammunitions be, they are worthless without a working gun to fire them. It
is the situation of the present Indian security atmosphere. India is yet to
develop an effective infrastructure to plan security strategies at micro and
macro levels. In the absence of such a machinery, the Indian security
system is bound to react with struts and frets; mere random reactions
depending on the fancies of the person in charge of the situation. Never
should the internal security of a country be left in the hands of a few
individuals; the vital interests of the country cannot be based on casual
decisions of a few security sleuths. An exhaustive internal security plan on
which all security strategies and operations are based must be the gospel of
the internal security religion. Sadly, India is yet to have such a macro-plan
to guide its security sleuths; it is yet to realise the inevitability of the
macro-plan in reacting to security threats.
Model internal security schemes
The present perception of internal security in India revolves round a few
catchwords like prohibited areas, protected areas, official secrets, sensitive
installations, static guards, armed pickets, mobile patrols, striking forces,
perimeter protection, infiltration, mechanical breakdown, external and
internal attacks, verification, unobtrusive watch, internal watch,
intelligence collection, top-secret papers, security information, leakage of
information etc. Model internal security schemes, containing jugglery of
these words are available in all district and police offices. The plans in the
security schemes are intended as guidelines for police officers during
security emergencies which is rarely the case for various reasons. The first
and foremost reason is that the model schemes are anything but model,
being too simplistic for this complex modem age. The plans in the schemes
do not touch even the fringes of the present security needs. Secondly, the
model schemes are based on outdated facts and statistics which became
irrelevant in postliminary periods. Though these model schemes are
expected to be updated from time to time, seldom are they touched. This
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can tackle all internal security challenges of the present day. The blue book
and model internal security schemes must lay down broad guidelines and
the spirit with which security challenges must be approached, the nature
and classes of such challenges, available methods of approach for each
class of challenge, salient features of the risks involved and precautions to
be attended to, alternative courses of action and assessment of the chances
of success for each course under different circumstances etc. The security
guidelines must name the nature of security threats under various situations
and list out likely targets of sabotage under all imaginable circumstances.
They must be able to forewarn about potential sources of threats and
suggest ways and means of overcoming them and invenit short and longrange plans to meet likely serious challenges. Such an approach to security
relieves pressure on prototypal security and shifts stress to creative security
and saves manpower and other resources from being wasted on
unproductive quotidian mobilisation. This worlds as a panpharmacon to
the under-utilisation of precious security tools by unintelligent routine
deployment.
Problems of security operation
The problems of security are manifold. In the stage of intelligence
collection, the plurisie of intelligence itself poses the problem of blunting
the edge of really vital intelligence. Often, true and false information are
insomuch entwined that winnowing the one from the other becomes
impossible; even if such a piece of information is identified as possibly
true, it gets emaciated by the loss of credibility because of its locus standi
in the midst of the heaps of intelligence that are sometimes true and many
more times mendacious. Even if a piece of intelligence is winnowed out as
true for further action, more often, than not, the intelligence is an isolated
piece of information and ipso facto removed from the adversary's total
action plan. Such a piece of intelligence, many a time, leads to wrong
conclusions and dangerous situations. Continued research per
procurationem the piece of intelligence is a must to make it complete and
fit for action. The research of available intelligence requires motivated
intelligence operation which is not possible without an elaborate and
anfractuous infrastructure. If the particular piece of intelligence does not
fall into place by such research, it may end up as an indign piece of
information. The useful intelligence that falls in place by research requires
to be subjected to analysis and study to test and substruct the situation and
circumstances of both the challenge and the means to amate the challenge.
This again depends upon the skill and experience of the individual or group
of individuals who handle the job. Often, both the research and analysis are
carried out under the constraints of time because of the proximity of the
threat Even while security operation is based on the research and analysis
of intelligence, the basic intelligence and its sources are required to be kept
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police force discounted the time-factor and the bevue ended up in tragic
perdition to the investigation which would have otherwise turned out to be
a world event, a plangent success story of the century.
Relevance of traditional approach
Not that everything of traditional approach to security is irrelevant
today. Certain aspects therein are indeed sempiternal tools in a security
buildup. The strategy of quadruple deployment namely static guards,
armed pickets, mobile patrols and striking forces yet constitute the skeleton
of any security buildup for a static target. The strategy takes the form of
standing guards, personal security officer, inner cordon, outer cordon and
striking force in respect of a human target. Its derivative for a mobile target
is a security officer, escort, piloting and striking force. The in-built
deployment though it in no way pre-empts a raisonne strike by a perficient
outfit, perforce provides a semblance of resistance to random strikes and
gives a psychological advantage to security in the form of a show of
strength. However, it should be borne in mind that this strategy in no way
replaces specific security strategies; it only complementsthem.
Security, its challenges and the strategies to counter it are ever-growing
phenomena. Security and its challenges change their colours like
chameleons and force strategies that counter them to keep pace pari passu.
An effective strategy must foresee future challenges and arm itself in
advance for them. Otherwise, the security is bound to be indign of its
raison d' etre. It must be said that Indian security agencies do not meet this
cardinal need. Not that India has no concern for its internal security. It is
surrounded by bloodcurdling terrorist outfits from all sides. The Kashmir
separatist movement in the North, the Akali separatist movement in the
west, the ULFA in the East, the LTTEs in the South and the Naxalites in
the Centre comminate a corps perdu, India's internal security and very
survival. The number of new security outfits coming up is an indication of
India's concern for its security. The triste part of the spiel is that India yet
does not know how to face these gauntlets to its very existence and the
misplaced emphasis on quantity in the form of a new security outfit every
time a serious security breach shakes the country, rather than building
quality, complicated the matter. Indian security standards have not made
kenspeckle headway pro rata to the rise in expenditure incurred thereon in
recent years because India is yet to gain an insight into the salient features
of security in the modem complex political world that learnt to achieve its
goals by comminations and bullets. Until India learns the basic lessons of
modern security, tragic deaths and destruction are bound to continue. Ergo,
India must act pronto.
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Social laws
Law is an instrument of both the continuity of social behaviour and
of social change. Manu had said, ' Immemorial custom is transcendent
law'. Social consuetudes metamorphose into social laws in rerum natura
and perpetuate social customs. Professor B. Kuppuswamy in his book
"Social Change in India" writes about two functions of the law. He writes,
"According to one view, the essential function of law is to reinforce the
existing modes and to provide a uniform procedure for the evaluation and
punishment of deviance from the existing rules. In other words, me
function of law according to this view is social control and the major
problem of law is to design the legal sanctions to minimise deviances and
to maintain social stability. According to the other view, law could be more
dynamic. It has not only the function of social control but it has also to
bring about social change by influencing behaviour, beliefs and values".
The social laws of India are devised to bear the kiaugh of the dynamic
function of bringing about social change by influencing behaviour, beliefs
and values in addition to social control. In Indian society where social
inequalities more suo, form the bedrock of living for historical reasons and
embedded in the Indian psyche as consuetudes and basic social rules more
majorum, the awakening and metabasis to new values of social equality
and social justice from the deep slumber of a millennium are not easy to
come by. Though isolated calls for certain changes are heard mostly from
the self-made spokesmen of the oppressed classes because of the
influences of liberal western thoughts, the albatross of orchestrating these
thoughts to the mosaic of the laws of the land falls on the government.
Social laws function as catalysts of social change in the Indian situation.
Social changes through laws in India
Most of the important social laws were enacted in India in the face
of plangent opposition from reactionaries inveterated in the terra firma of
the past practices. The queasy practice of polygamy was made hors la loi
and divorce was legalised by the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955. The
barbarous praxis of untouchability was made punishable by enactment of
the Untouchability (Offences) Act in the same year in conformity with
Article 17 of the Indian Constitution. The Hindu Succession Act of 1956 is
a meith in bringing daughters on pareil with sons in respect of property
inheritance. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956
strengthened the position of women in regard to the right to adopt. The
Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 tried to deliver nubile colleens from the
menace of dowry. The Factory Act of 1948 raised the minimum age of
workers to 14 years and provided for annual medical examination of minor
workers. The Employment Exchange Act of 1959 provided for state help to
unemployed citizens to get jobs. The Children Act of 1960 provided for
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an fond the social situations that breed such immane symptoms and the law
to be kind and understanding in saving of innocent people caught in the
social clamency. The scope for corrective and remedial action and
rehabilitation must form an integral part of social laws to avoid the
impression about the social laws as indulging in supererogations to catch
trivial slips of everyday life and ergo popularly abhorred. Effectively
orchestrated public education and concomitant vigorous social service
programmes aimed at changing specific social situations that boost socially
unjust practices must form an integral part of every social law.
Special accoutrements of social laws
All social laws must have some postern features incorpsed to make
them effective as vehicles of positive social change in view of the delicate
ground the laws cover in their operation wherein people in their
interpersonal relationships are often involved in the hide and seek game of
everyday life. The social offences are both trivial and serious-trivial in the
nature of the acts and serious in the nature of its consequences. It is almost
impossible to demarcate when an act in a given social situation is trivial
and when it attains serious proportions. Also, differences in norms and
values and varying sensitivity and moods further complicate the issue. It is
not possible to arrive at a uniform definition of concepts like harassment,
practice of untouchability or compensation as acceptable to all situations.
The laws warrant special accoutrements to counter the nonesuch quailings
e re nata as discussed in the ensuing paragraphs.
Presumptions of law
Social injustices are perforce committed by the pollent on weak and
hapless people. In the present argument-oriented judicial system where
mother justice takes sides on the basis of the kind of the lawyer being
engaged on the strengths of money and power, no social law can do justice
to the weak and feckless gens de peu who are misdight and nonpareil to
their adversaries for the juste rencontre except in rare obvious cases non
obstante the state sponsored legal-aid programmes. The cabal of the
versute gens de condition resorting to social evils necessitates some sui
generis safeguards to be inherent in social laws to make up for the nether
social position of the wronged person and checkmate the malengine and
pravity of the powerful. Appropriate amendments to the Indian Evidence
Act to incorpse provisions of sweeping presumptions in social laws against
the accused persons on whom a prima-facie case is made out, with
provisions to prove innocence lying with them, is likely to lessen the
ineluctable disabilities of the oppressed people coram lex. Though such
presumptions are extant to varying degrees now in some social laws, the
presumptions must be made a toute force in all social laws. Such
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taluq at least once a month. The leiimoli behind the set-up is to affect
compromises and rehabilitate victims by levying fines and compensations
if necessary.
Social police
The administration of social laws is a specialised task requiring
specialized skills in the Police force handling the job. The force has to be
understanding and circumspect in its approach though tenacious when
circumstances warrant. It should have the right ken of the social
circumstances and their problems with a deep sense of commitment to
social justice. These operators should be kind and devoid of the
malfeasance of harsh police methods and should never forget that they are
dealing with distinct problems which are the outcome of historical reasons
and special social situations, that they are dealing with a wider social
malady through the individual symptoms in their hands for solution and
ergo there are no villains in real sense of the term, that they are social
doctors interested only in exercising cancerous growths from society. This
special decession from problems in policing necessitates special care in
recruitments to the job to draw people of appropriate mental makeup and
impart specialized training to reinforce those special attributes. The police
also requires periodical programmes of sensitisation for the cause of social
justice with exhaustive theoretical inputs. These officers should be aufait
in social legislations which are proliferating in geometrical proportion.
This exigency necessitates the constitution of a special Police force to
handle social laws which may be called 'Social Police' distinct from the
normal police in charge of regulatory and other police duties. The social
police should have its parallel organisations at all levels as per specific
needs with distinct recruitment, training and sensitization facilities. An
extra-ordinary commitment to the social cause and out-of-the-normal
alacrity in tackling social problems should be the hallmarks of the social
police.
Social courts
Delayed trials of social offences are more a reality than an
exception while promptitude is a virtue de rigueur for tackling social
offences. The inquietude of delays are often caused by lack of commitment
to social causes. The same can be said about easy anticipatory bails and
easy release of persons arrested for social offences and light sentences to
convicted persons or failure to appreciate available evidences which leads
to frequent acquittals. Such a predicament for social offences when they
are treated on par with conventional cases in courts is au naturel because
of the popular perception of the social offences as trivial social problems.
A judiciary sensitized is de rigueur if the cause of social justice is to be
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proving innocence on the accused person apart from making penal sections
more mordant, particularly in cases of custodial rapes by public servants.
The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 with
the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls (Amendment)
Act, 1986 and rules framed by states u/s.23 of the Act deal with offences
relating to immoral traffic in women and girls.
Distribution of rape cases in Karnataka
More than a quarter of about 160 to 170 rape cases reported every
year in Karnataka are from the region of Bangalore District including
Bangalore City with a break-up of 19% to the discredit of Bangalore City
and 7.7% to Bangalore district, excluding Bangalore City. Chitradurga is
the other district in Karnataka with a high figure of 8% to its discredit and
it with Bangalore City and Bangalore District, share the first three places
among those having the highest number of rape cases in Karnataka. The
tiny districts of Uttara Kannada with 1.3% and Bidar with 1.4% account
for the least number of rape cases in Karnataka every year. (The figures
provided here are based on official statistics of the Corps of Detectives,
Bangalore.)
Dowry deaths
The Karnataka police took the first major step in tackling the
menace of increasing dowry death cases in 1980 by issuing orders vide its
law circular No.4787 dated 16-9-80 that all cases where a woman dies
within five years of her marriage have to be investigated by an officer of or
above the rank of Deputy or Assistant Superintendent of Police with the
post-mortem to The held by a team of two doctors. The circular also made
it mandatory that the body of the deceased is to be disposed off only after
blood relatives of the deceased see the dead body. Law circular No. 4846
dated 4-12-82 increased the operational time limit from marriage to death
from five to ten years. It is the Criminal Law (2nd amendment) Act-1983
that made an inquest by an executive magistrate mandatory in the case of
unnatural death of a woman within seven years of her marriage. The
subsequent definition of 'dowry death' upheld seven years as the time limit
between marriage and death to draw the charge of dowry death. The
Karnataka police in its law circular No. 4897 dated 23-4-87 made it
mandatory that all cases of unnatural death of a woman within ten years of
marriage should be investigated as a case of murder until otherwise proved.
Distribution of dowry death cases in Karnataka
Bangalore city has the dubious distinction of accounting for mor"
than 26.3% of 190 to 200 dowry death cases reported every year in
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Kamataka while Gulbarga district with about 9.3% and Bangalore district
excluding Bangalore City with about 7.8% to their discredit stand at
second and third places. Even tiny Bidar district outweighs other districts
by accounting for nearly 5% of dowry death cases reported in Karnataka
every year. The credit of minimum dowry death cases in Karnataka goes to
Kodagu district with just 0.5% of the state figure. The coastal districts of
Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada, each accounts for just 1% of the
state average. The districts of Bellary and KGF each accounts for about 1
% of the dowry death cases in Kamataka. More than 1/3 of the dowry
death cases of Karnataka are reported from Bangalore district, inclusive of
Bangalore City. (The figures provided here are based on official statistics
of the Corps of Detectives, Bangalore.) In Kamataka, drowning, burning,
poisoning and hanging are the usual means of committing suicide in dowry
death cases. Of these, drowning accounts for the highest number of dowry
death cases, followed by burning and poisoning in that order.
Investigation of dowry death cases
Dowry death cases have become sensational topical issues these
days with the public being highl sensitised to the menace of the offences
with the unfortunate swelchie of cruel practices and circumstances deliver
an innocent girl at death's door. All institutions of society including the
government, press, women's organisations, judiciary and police handle
dowry death cases on a special footing. Each such case outrages the
patience of thinking people and rouses passion and outcry against the
perpetrators of the offence. The police too give special importance to the
investigation of these cases and closely supervises the investigation
process. In the circumstances, an insight into the investigation of dowry
death cases and proper understanding of the spectrum of challenges posed
and how they are met is in the interests of both the public and investigating
officers. It must be borne in mind that no investigation can succeed without
public cooperation. And the public, particularly people aggrieved by such
unfortunate incidents, can contribute to the progress of investigation if they
have knowledge of its due process. With this in view, salient features and
parameters of dowry death investigation are outlined in this work.
Medical evidence
Investigation of dowry death cases has special links with the
science of forensic medicine because of the special nature of the
investigation. Dowry deaths are figuratively called bedroom deaths. In
most cases no outsider including the investigating officer can have any
knowledge about the circumstances and events that led to the death.
Secondly, the offenders being the custodians of the dead body and the
scene for many hours after the death till they volunteer to make its
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occurrence known, have all the time in the world to eliminate or tamper
with any clues. In the circumstances, the investigating officer is completely
at the mercy of medical experts to interpret the cause of death.
Often, the mode of death noticed, be it asphyxia, drowning or
burning, may prove to be post-mortal; ipso facto suggesting homicide in
place of suicide. Only forensic medicine can provide decisive proof to the
investigating officer.
The success of the investigating officer in investigating dowry
death cases largely depends upon forensic medicine experts. Sans proper
briefing from the latter, the investigating officer may not realise the
importance of noting the profusion of bleeding or marks of inflammation
in deciding whether wound is antemortal or not. Again, in a poisoning
case, the investigating officer may overlook the importance of recording
the time when the deceased ate last, how many hours thereafter the first
symptoms of poisoning were noticed, what were those symptoms and how
many hours thereafter death occurred. Thus, the interaction between the
investigating officer and forensic medicine experts is crucial to give
the investigation a direction.
Collection of evidence
Dowry death investigation has to address certain problems in the
field in collecting evidence and examining witnesses.
These offences take place within the family circle. Sometimes,
though blood relatives of the deceased volunteer evidence in the heat of
trauma, a gradual reconciliation would be the normal tendency. Therefore,
sound evidence is rarely forthcoming and difficult to sustain. Dowry death
being an offshoot of the relationship of wife and husband and veiled in a
shroud of secrecy, even the parents of the deceased may be unaware of the
hardships the deceased underwent at the hands of her husband and his
relatives in the process of the dowry death.
If the investigating officer is lucky, he may succeed in collecting
some evidence of cruelty. The next stage at which he would find himself
would be the girl's death. There would be an absolute void in between with
no clues or evidence of what happened or no eyewitnesses to vouch for
that. Clues on the dead body and surroundings are likely to be tampered
with by the offenders.
Investigations are witness-oriented. A dowry death case being
primarily a family affair, independent witnesses refuse to involve
themselves. And partisan witnesses are too polarised to be credible.
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homicide cases that were acquitted which would have been convicted by
the benefit of the presumptions u/s.ll3(A) of the Indian Evidence Act if
they were suicide cases. Amendment of concerned laws may be necessary
to avoid this loophole in law.
Investigation of dowry death cases
What is dowry?
1. Anything transacted or agreed to be transacted between the parties of the
marriage is dowry.
2. Any transaction or demands for such a transaction which was not agreed
upon by concerned parties in connection with marriage falls beyond the
scope of dowry.
What constitutes offence in dowry death cases?
1. Offences under the Dowry Prohibition Act:
a) Giving and taking dowry after 2-10-1985 is an offence except customary
presents, given to bride or bridegroom in keeping with the donor's financial
status without any demand. The offence is punishable u/s: 3 of the Act.
b) Demanding dowry from the spouse's relatives or guardians is an offence
from 2-10-1985. The offence is punishable u/s: 4 of the Act.
c) A person failing to give to the bride dowry received by him as
customary presents; or to her children or to parents in that order if she dies
because of unnatural cause within seven years of her marriage. The offence
is punishable u/s: 6 of the Act.
1. Offences under the Indian Penal Code:
a) Husband or his relatives subjecting a woman to harassment to coerce her
or her relatives to meet dowry demands or because of their failure to meet
the demands and the woman soon afterwards dies of bodily injuries under
unnatural circumstances within seven years of her marriage. The husband
or his relatives who subjected her to harassment are punishable for
committing the offence of dowry death u/s: 304(B) IPC r/w 113(B) of the
Indian Evidence Act.
b) Husband or his relatives subjecting a woman to harassment to coerce her
or her relatives to meet any unlawful demands or because of their failure to
meet the demands and the woman commits suicide within seven years of
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her marriage. The husband or his relatives who subjected her to harassment
are punishable for the offence of abetment to commit suicide u/s: 306 IPC
r/w 113(A) of the Indian Evidence Act.
c) Husband or his relatives for reason of dowry demand intentionally
subjecting a woman to any conduct that is possible to drive her to commit
suicide or grave self-injuries and the woman soon afterwards dies of bodily
injuries under unnatural circumstanccs within seven years of her marriage.
The husband or his relatives who subjected herto the conduct are
punishable for dowry death u/s: 304(B) IPC r/w 113(B) of the Indian
Evidence Act.
d) Husband or his relatives intentionally subjecting a woman to any
conduct that is possible to drive her to commit suicide or grave self-injuries
and the woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage. The
husband or his relatives who subjected her to the conduct are punishable
for the offence of abetment to commit suicide u/s: 306 IPC r/w 113(A) of
the Indian Evidence Act.
Ill. NOTE:
1. Woman dying within seven years of her marriage under unnatural
circumstances is the first and foremost essential ingredient of all dowry
death cases.
2. The charge of murder takes precedence over charges under dowry death.
In all cases where murder is proved u/s: 302 IPC, the case should be
chargesheeted for murder u/s: 302 IPC.
3. In cases where murder u/s: 302 IPC could not be proved for lack of
evidence regarding circumstances and events that lead to the death, the
case may be considered to be tried for dowry deaths u/s: 304(B) IPC if
other essential ingredients are fulfilled.
4. In suicide cases where dowry death u/s 304(B) IPC could not be proved
for lack of evidence regarding dowry demand and also cruelty or
harassment of the woman for the purpose soon before the death, the case
may be considered to be tried for abetment to commit suicide u/s: 306 IPC
if other essential ingredients are fulfilled.
5. A case is liable to be tried under section: 304(B) IPC or 306 IPC
depending upon the ingredients of the case if the following two facts are
proved:
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a) that the woman died within seven years of her marriage under unnatural
circumstances.
b) that she was subjected to cruelty by her husband or his relatives.
6. The dowry death cases may also include charges of criminal
intimidation, wrongful confinement, common intention, abetment, criminal
conspiracy etc, depending upon the evidence available in the case.
7. The presumptions in the Indian Evidence Act u/s: 113(A) in case of
abetment to commit suicide u/s 306 IPC and u/s 113(B) in case of dowry
death u/s 304(B) IPC relieve the investigating officer from the burden of
proving that the accused persons abetted the suicide to prove offence u/s
306 IPC and caused the dowry death to prove offence u/s 304(B) IPC.
8. What is cruelty by husband or his relatives?
a) Harassment of a woman by her husband or his relatives to coerce her or
her relatives to meet unlawful demands or because of their failure to meet
the demands constitute cruelty to the woman by her husband or his
relatives.
b) Intentional conduct by a husband or his relatives that is possible to drive
a woman to commit suicide or grave self-injuries constitute cruelty to the
woman by the concerned husband or his relatives.
9. Inquest over the dead body.
Inquest over the dead body of a woman by an Executive Magistrate
is a must if she dies within seven years of her marriage under one of the
following circumstances.
a) She committed suicide.
b) There is reasonable suspicion about her death.
The inquest may be held by a police officer if above conditions are
not fulfilled, but a relative of the deceased makes a request for inquest.
IV. Field investigation of dowry death cases:
1. Investigation of dowry death cases poses some special difficulties
because of the special nature of the dowry death offences. The increasing
awareness of unjust treatment to women and the incremental appreciation
of the need for an attitudinal change in society's approach to women by
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persons stay away from the victim as far as possible till the declaration is
recorded.
6. Information of dowry death:
In the first available instance, as many blood relatives of the
deceased or victim should be examined, specifically regarding cruelty to
the deceased or victim by her husband and his relatives and circumstances
of the incident. In a prima facie case of cruelty is made out, a formal
detailed report covering marriage of the deceased and its date, details of
dowry demands and dowry received and by whom with names of witnesses
to all these transactions, specific instances of cruelty and harassment of the
deceased for dowry and illegal demands by her husband and his relatives
with names of witnesses, circumstances of the death as they know and
conduct of the alleged accused persons along with details of documentary
evidences and names of witnesses should be obtained from the blood
relatives of the deceased and a case should be forthwith registered u/s:
304<B) IPC or 306 IPC and other relevant sections under IPC and D.P Act.
7. Deputy Superintendent of Police investigates the case:
An officer of the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police takes up
the investigation of the case within 24 hours of the registration of the case
and personally visits the scene and examines the dead body and the
surroundings. He discusses the case in detail with the PSI or CPI who
conducted preliminary investigations of the case earlier.
8. Inquest:
The investigating officer takes active interest in the inquest of the
case conducted by the Sub-divisional Magistrate. He briefs the SDM about
the salient features of the case as per the investigation done till then and
help him in examining appropriate witnesses and recording evidences
appropriate to the case from both the scene, surroundings and the dead
body.
9. Examination of witnesses:
The offenders and their relatives are avoided as far as possible from
being examined during the inquest. The blood relatives of the deceased and
independent witnesses from the neighbourhood who intimately know the
deceased are given preference. The 10 should assist the SDM in securing
appropriate witnesses in the interest of the investigation.
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17. Arrests:
All the accused persons against whom a prima facie case is made
out are arrested without giving them opportunity to move the court for
anticipatory bail. All applications for hail should be fought tooth and nail.
The culprits who succeed in obtaining anticipatory bail are subjected to
arrest and released as per bail conditions. The Government should be
moved for suspension of the accused person from service if he is a public
servant.
18. Interrogation of arrested persons:
The accused persons should be thoroughly examined and
interrogated about the crime until they give out clues and evidences about
the crime.
19. Recoveries u/s: 27 of the Indian Evidence Act is effected from the
accused persons wherever possible.
20. Possibilities of confession u/s: 164 Cr.PC. by offenders is probed.
21. The chance of involuting approvers u/s: 306 Cr. P.C. in appropriate
cases is surveyed.
22. Examination of blood relatives and recording their statements.
The blood relatives of the deceased are thoroughly examined on all
aspects of the case and their statements are recorded. The examination
forms the bedrock of further investigation of the case. The examination
covers all incriminating incidents involving the deceased and her relatives
and the accused persons, the details of cruelty and harassment to which the
deceased was subjected and the details of the circumstances of the death
and the conduct of the accused persons. The 10 ensures that as many
specific instances of cruelty with details come on record and as many
witnesses and documents regarding various facts of the case like date of
marriage, dowry demand, dowry acceptance, cruelty, harassment for dowry
or illegal demands and circumstances of the death as possible figure in
those statements.
23. Documents and records as evidences:
All documents and records that figure in the statements of the blood
relatives of the deceased and throw light on various facets of the case like
date of marriage, dowry demand, dowry acceptances, cruelty, harassment
for dowry and other illegal demands and the circumstances of death are
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those persons are interrogated about the events and circumstances of the
death.
30. The whereabouts of all the accused persons at the time of the incident
causing the death are ascertained with the help of proper oral and
documentary evidences.
31. Proper investigation is conducted regarding the persons who noticed
the death first, time and circumstances. The persons should be thoroughly
examined regarding the circumstances that led them to the scene and what
they saw there.
32. Appropriate witnesses are examined regarding the conduct of the
accused persons preceding and succeeding the incident that led to the
death.
33. Eye witnesses to the death:
The possibility of having eyewitnesses to the incident, particularly
from the neighbourhood should be thoroughly probed. Even evidences of
what they saw or heard from a distance may prove useful in the
investigation. Their statements are recorded u/s: 164 Cr. P.C. if found
necessary.
34. Who can be useful witnesses:
The persons who saw the deceased for the last time and also who
talked to her last should be traced and intelligently examined for possible
clues about the crime.
35. The women from the neighbourhood of the scene and old ladies prove
useful witnesses as the deceased is likely to have talked about her problems
with them from time to time.
36. Every attempt should be made to trace and record statements of the
friends of the deceased to whom she would have confided her difficulties
either orally or by letters.
37. Immediate provocation:
The death cannot occur without an immediate provocation or a
criminal conspiracy behind it. The 10 should detect it with adequate
evidences.
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38. Respectable men of the area like village headman, community chief or
a partriarch are examined for useful information about the offence.
39. Burning of the dead body without inquest and post-mortem:
In cases where the dead body is burnt against local custom without
inquest and post-mortem and a case of dowry death is registered only at a
later stage, the circumstances themselves suggest attempts to eliminate
evidences of a crime. In the circumstances, independent witnesses from the
area, preferably including the head of the village and community, are
examined and their statements are recorded to establish the local custom
which is violated by the offenders.
40. In cases where the dead body is burnt without inquest or post-mortem,
people who saw the dead body are examined in detail regarding unnatural
appearances on the dead body and in the immediate surroundings. The
forensic expert's opinion is sought about the case on the basis of this
information, and a detailed history of the case as made out from the
investigation done till then.
41. Examination of stove in a burning case:
In a burning case, the stove at the scene is seized and examined by
an expert to refute the possible defence claim of an accidental explosion as
the cause of burning.
42. Wounds on the dead body:
All wounds on the dead body are examined for inflammations and
extravasations which prove ante-mortem injuries and suggest violence and
cruelty before death ipso facto facilitating charge u/s: 304(B) IPC by
providing evidence of cruelty soon before the death.
43. What acts constitute cruelty:
Any willful act on the part of the husband or his relatives which is
likely to drive a woman to commit suicide constitutes cruelty. Respectable
women from the locality are examined and their statements are recorded as
opinions to prove whether specific deliberate acts under issue are likely to
drive in normal circumstances a woman to commit suicide and thus meets
the definition of cruelty.
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c. Careful and purposeful autopsy of the dead body and collection of clues
depending upon the case.
4. Though the Executive Magistrate during the inquest and the forensic
medicine expert during the autopsy arrive at a fairly definite idea about the
case through the collection of clues from the dead body and surroundings,
the investigating officer cannot afford to leave that part of the investigation
entirely at their hands as ultimately he is responsible for the entire
investigation of the case. He has to discharge his responsibilities in two
ways:
a. Assisting and guiding the officers in their work with reference to future
needs of the investigation and circumstances of the case.
b. Making his own notes about his personal observations about the clues of
the case.
5. The dead body, the scene and surroundings should be studied in minute
details with a questioning mind. This should be done in four ways:
a. Noting down in detail every interesting and common feature noticed
with sketches and measurements.
b. Taking colour photographs from different angles and varying distances
of all interesting and common features noticed. Video recording is
preferred.
c. Careful lifting of interesting and common clues and evidences in the
presence of reliable panchas with detailed information and measurements
about their location and other relevant facts for future analysis.
d. Specific instructions to experts regarding what to look for during the
postmortem.
6. It is prudent to collect all available clues and evidences as none at that
early stage of an investigation can predict what clues and evidences prove
to be vital for the case in future, what shape the investigation may take in
coming days and how the case may end up. Special attention should be
paid to following particulars.
a. The marks of struggle on the dead body.
b.The location of the dead body at the scene and its postures.
c. Wounds, colourations and all types of marks on the body with exact
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c. The position and location of any containers of fuel at the scene and their
distance from (he body.
d. The location and condition of matchsticks, stoves and electrical
installations at the scene and their distance from the dead body.
e.The condition of electrical wiring at the scene.
f. Marks of burning at various places and walls on the scene.
g. Marks of stove burst at the scene. The stove should be seized and sent
for expert opinion on its condition..
h. Noticeable wounds or marks of assault on the body.
i. Viscera and blood should be preserved for analysis to detect carbon
monoxide.
j. The expert conducting the postmortem should be sought opinion
regarding soot particles in the lungs and windpipe as marks of inhalation
during the ante-mortem burning..
k. Opinion should be sought regarding vesicles, signs of congestion and
inflammation in living tissues to ascertain whether the bum is antemoritem or not.
l. The expert should be instructed to look for signs of death by methods
other than burning and postliminary postmortem burning.
8. Poisoning case: Death by poisoning is a common feature in dowry
deaths. Such a death indicates either suicide or homicide and even accident
in rare cases. Postmortem administration of poisoning, though possible, is
a rare occurrence. The investigating officer should look for the following
clues on the dead body and at the scene.
a. The container from which poison was used should be seized before
panchas and sent for analysis to FSL along with the viscera from the dead
body.
b.Traces of vomit from the scene should be sent to FSL for analysis.
c. The viscera, blood, urine and fluid from mouth and nose of the dead
body should be sent to FSL for analysis.
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d. The nails, lips and body of the deceased should be examined to ascertain
whether they have turned blue.
e. The time when the deceased last took her food, the time "of the first
symptoms of poisoning and death should be ascertained.
f.The symptoms of poisoning noticed in the deceased should be
ascertained.
g. The amount of poison likely to have entered the system of the decedent
should be ascertained from witnesses and forensic experts.
h. The nature of food materials present in the stomach and its time of
consumption must be ascertained.
i. Opinion of FSL experts should be sought on absorption of the poison by
the stomach to decide whether the poisoning was ante-mortem or not.
j. Opinion of experts should be sought on the antidotes or other
medications administered to the victim and the possible time of the
administration in reference to the time'of poisoning as noticed in the
stomach.
k. A report on the medical history of the -deceased should be obtained
wherever possible.
1. Opinion regarding redness, ulceration, softening and perforation of the
stomach and intestines and their spread and diffusion that suggest
poisoning should be sought from experts.
9. Drowning Case: Drowning can be either accidental, suicidal, homicidal
or postmortem in nature. The investigating officer should look for the
following additional clues on the dead body and at the scene.
a. The position and location of the dead body in water in reference to the
likely place of drowning.
b.Objects tied to the dead body.
c. White foam in the mouth, nose and lungs of the deceased indicates antemortem drowning. The foam must be sent for analysis to FSL.
d. The expert conducting the postmortem should be asked for information
about aquatic organisms and debris in the air passages and stomach and
presence of water in lungs and stomach of the dead body which also
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than the man who is selected for this difficile gauntlet of transformation in
the process of familial socialising. Per case, the gentle and amenable
caractere of the female breed expose hers to the natural selection tor the
purpose. In the process, death of the most unfortunate of them by felo de se
or homicide because of the grind of the circumstances has become an
unfortunate phenomenon. Dowry is only one though primus interpares
among various immane manifestations of adjustment problems to which
the tender psyche of a young girl is exposed after her marriage. An
integrated approach to all these symptoms of adjustment problems to
which a girl is suddenly exposed while her persona is yet unprepared to
meet the gauntlets alone can bring deliverance to the fairer sex of the
human genre. The entire process of social legislations and their
enforcement is only a distant link in the whole catena of luctation
warranted to achieve this end.
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scientific methods in the state's policing. The function of police dogs here
is confined to checking of the airport during VVIP visits. As airport
security vigilance is an important function of policing, the Karnataka
police should consider creating a detachment of dogs, trained in detection
of explosives and narcotics for its major airports under a Dog Master with
a complement of handlers and assistant handlers. Though India is fast
growing to be a transit centre for narcotics from both the Golden Triangle
and Golden Crescent meant for Western countries and Bangalore city is
developing to be a centre of shipment to various exit points, no visible
effort to check this menace is patent in Bangalore city police force.
Training a couple of police dogs for the detection of narcotics could be a
good beginning in this direction. Though the Karnataka police had two
sniffer dogs in its squad till recently, a new beginning was made in 1989 to
train pups with the help of the Border Security Force in the detection of
explosives and narcotics. However, the efforts could not be carried
outjusqu au bout for want of imaginative policy towards transfers of higher
ranks to inspire concerted efforts in this direction.
The regional units of the dog squad of Karnataka police presently
function as part of the armed reserves of the district, where each unit is
situated, under the overall supervision of a nonprofessional in the field like
a Reserve Police Inspector. The regional units must be viable units with a
minimum of three dogs, three handlers, three assistant handlers, a vehicle,
two drivers and a sweeper-cum-cook, under the control and supervision of
a Dog Master in each district. Karnataka has a post of handler or assistant
handler for each dog. The natural inadequacy of one handler for a dog
because of the human failures like absences, sickness etc make the
allocation of handlers to dogs on permanent basis impossible, thus denying
a vital need of dog management. This failure has naturally reflected
adversely on the health, efficiency, performance and management of police
dogs in Karnataka. It is a primary need that each dog is placed under the
charge of two officials as handler and assistant handler on a permanent
basis to facilitate atleast one between them being always available to take
care of the dog and the dog is not required to be exposed to anybody other
than its appointed handlers.
The police dogs in Karnataka are fed with wheat, rice and other
cereals inter alia. This diet needs to be replaced with bread and dog
biscuits whichprovide complete and wholesome nutrition and avoid the
unhygienic and fluctuating quality standards of the amateur cook. The
rexine boards measuring 4' x 5' which are used as beds for police dogs in
Maharastra can be conveniently used as beds for police dogs in Karnataka
too because they are easy to wash and clean daily. There is no systematic
approach in Karnataka for purchase of foods for dogs. The right of sale of
the foods for a year in bulk to the dog squad must be alloted at higher
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levels by tenders every year to avoid misuses and leakages. The purchase
of lifesaving medicines of dogs poses financial problems if the drug
stockist refuses to sell the medicine on credit in the present system.
Often,handlers are required to pay ror the medicine from their pockets with
the hope of recouping it later. A permanent advance of say Rs.500/- to all
regional units and Rs.lOOQ/- to the Bangalore city unit may prove to be a
panacea for this financial malady. There are no specific guidelines as
standing orders or manual provisions available in Karnataka to ensure
healthy practices in dog management that guarantee improved performance
of the dogs. This absence is the cause for each handler engaging his dog in
his own way, leading to all types of abuses and ill-treatment of dogs. It is
necessary to prepare a police dog manual containing standing orders and
specific instructions on the management of police dogs. There is no
uniform method laid down to assess the performance of handlers and their
dogs and their mutual compatibility. This has resulted in an extremely
casual and mechanical approach on part of handlers to their dogs. An
integrated approach to assess the performance of each handler and assistant
handler on continuous basis would certainly boost the level of performance
by inculcating in them an attitude of commitment. A system must be
evolved wherein a worksheet for each handler is drawn every month by the
Dog Master with marks alloted to the handler's dog for its performances in
monthly tests with specific notes on the health of the dog and its
compatibility with its handler. Finally, the Dog Master should draw his
assessment of the handler on the basis of the performances, health and
compatibility of the dog with its handler, at the end of each monthly work
sheet. Every worksheet so prepared every month for each handler must be
thoroughly scrutinised by the concerned senior Dog Master and sent to the
Chief Dog Master with his recommendations of rewards or punishments
for individual handlers.
The handlers of the Karnataka police dog squad do not maintain
any important records or registers at present. Handlers being the most
important officials in the hierarchy of a dog squad, they must be given
freedom in handling their respective dogs with concomitant
responsibilities. This naturally entails maintenance of essential registers
like daily expenditure registers, medical sheet, call register etc. by each
handler apart from a daily notebook.
The daily expenditure register bears a page for each day wherein all
types of expenditures incurred on a dog, including food, medical treatment,
medicine, kit articles etc are entered with details by the handler in his own
handwriting and the total expenditure incurred on that day summed up at
the end of the page. The call register bears a page for each case attended by
the handler and his dog, with entries by the handler in his own
handwriting. The call register contains exhaustive information about each
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case including the date and time of the call, the'time of the handler's
departure to the scene; the time of his reaching, the distance of the journey
performed. Vehicle number, driver's name, nature of the call, caller's name,
crime number, name of the investigating officer, name of the police station
involved, a brief account Of the case, the specific acts done by the dog at
the scene, the outcome of the acts of the dog, the time of departure from
the scene, the time of reaching back etc.
The medical sheet for each dog is maintained by the concerned
handler wherein there are columns for entries of date, symptoms of illness,
names of medicines administered and signature of the veterinary surgeon
treating the dog. Pasting a piece of the container of the medicine in the
column for the name of the medicine as evidence for the medicine being
purchased may be made binding. For each vaccination administered, a
certificate is obtained and pasted in the concerned column. Though the
medical sheet is maintained by the handler, he should not make any entry
in the sheet. All entries therein are made by the veterinary surgeon who
treats the dog. The Dog Master must periodically examine this sheet and
enter his remarks thereon.
The notebook of the handler is scrutinised periodically by the
concerned Dog Master and Senior Dog Master who record their remarks
and instructions thereon. The system of obtaining signatures of the officials
on duty with time of reporting etc on the duty register helps to have better
control and supervision over the staff. There is no streamlined system in
the Karnataka police dog squad to obtain feedback on the performance of
dogs at the scene. The glitch can be superated by prescribing a reminder
form in duplicate which should be sent to the concerned investigating
officer at the end of the first month of a case to provide full details of the
investigation of the case as on that day including arrests, recoveries etc
with notes on the part played by the police dogs in the investigation.
Thereafter similar reminder forms are sent to the investigating officer once
in every two months until the case is disposed of. The reminder form must
have separate columns for entries about specific acts done by the police
dog at the scene and indications-given towards detection. This safeguards
the interests of the dog squad by checking the tendency of the investigating
officers to take undue credit for all detections even when detection is
actually done through police dogs. It should be made binding through
proper statutory provisions on all investigating officers to return all
reminder forms, duly filled up in time.
The Karnataka police dog squad faces the peculiar problem of
investigating officers or other sources who call the services of police dogs
as a learnt response, leaving the dog and its handler who reach the scene to
their own fate without required briefing. This renders the performance of
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History of the weight of the dog entered with dates every week.
f)
g)
Stool examination history with separate columns for the date of
examination, nature of worms noticed in the stool if any, action taken
against the worms etc.
h)
History of periodical vaccination administered to the dog with
columns for the nature of the vaccination, date of last vaccination and next
due date.
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i)
History of annual injections administered like distemper injection
and tetanus toxide injection with dates and a sample of the container of the
injection pasted to the sheet.
j)
k)
l) History of the basic training of the dog including its qualification for
police work like tracking, guarding, aquatic lifesaving, night patrolling,
crime detection, detection of explosives, detection of narcotics etc.
m) History of refresher courses attended by the dog including name of the
course, period and dates, place of training, instructor's name, name of the
training officers, name of the handler etc in separate columns.
n) History of the participation and performance in dog shows, police duty
meets and other competitions with dates and names of the places
where
the shows are held.
o) History of medical treatment of the dog with entries pertaining to dates
of illness, facts of medical investigation, medicines prescribed, dates of
medicines administered and remarks of the Dog Master in separate
columns.
p) There should be a separate chapter at the end of the history sheet
wherein the chief Dog Master and head of the crime branch enter their
remarks on the dog periodically.
Presently, police dogs in Karnataka are fed twice a day at 0930
hours and 1730 hours. The feeding may be increased to thrice a day at
0930 hours, 1330 hours and 1730 hours with the food for the day being
divided among these periods. The increase in the frequency of feeding
helps to improve the health, efficiency and strength of the dogs.
The dog squad of Karnataka police must at least now take the first
step towards strengthening the unit as a useful outfit to support the
increasingly difficile job of policing. The main actors in the dog squad,
namely the dogs, are far better and more non-controversial instruments in
the police machinery than two other more important factors namely
machinery which is blind, dumb and deaf and men who are too intelligent
to be always loyal and obedient. Dogs know no corruption and no
dishonesty. They bring life to policing unlike machinery. Policing is safe in
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the charge of these loyal, obedient and efficient animals. It is left to police
leaders, how much they decide to take advantage of these ever obedient
animals in the difficile task of policing, who are cheaper than men and
machinery and warmer and more efficient as well. Future policing needs
call for a closer and increased synergy between policemen and these
animals in tackling the gauntlets of the increasingly complex job that
policing is growing to be.
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circumstances that may localise issues to the world we live in and ipso
facto control the passion to explore outer space.
The real scientific leap of the 21st century would be the discovery
of normal temperature superconductors and their universal applications in
the fields of mobility, communication and energy that could revolutionise
life on this Earth by obliterating the notion of distance from its face. Man
may travel at speeds very close to that of light by the end of the century.
He would then be able to control things anywhere on this Earth by sitting
in his place and monitoring audio-visual feedbacks. Some advancements
by the end of the century in the ability to penetrate to the past cannot be
ruled out either.
A positive outcome of the new concept of living in regional
economic groupings would be the increased realisation of the futility of
wars and military expenditure. The new age may spawn hope for
sempiternal peace and prosperity, with the aggressive side of the human
psyche being increasingly engaged by the ceaseless demands of the free
market economy. The 21st century may witness a spurt in the general
standard of living, brought about by the deployment of resources hitherto
utilised only for military research and expenditure.
The greatest blessing of the 21st century would be the conspicuous
reduction in international strife and concomitant military expenditure while
the worst feature would be the reduction of man and his environment to an
average profile deprived of all interests and curiosities. He and his
environment may become more fragile inside and outside as unending
technological advancements increasingly take over the fields of his
exclusive skills and competence and ipso facto condemn them to wither
away by desuetude. The 21st century may be the beginning of this
withering process of human skills in a telling way. Life would be less
interesting though more convenient - in the 21st century which could
cause more and more people to turn to religion and occult practice for
solace and adventure.
Computers may become integral to all human activity thus leading
to decline in human skill and intellectual ability as the century advances.
The menaces of terrorism and drug-addiction may further grow to be the
major challenges of the 21 st century. The increasing complexity of day-today living traversed with poverty and an unabated population explosion
may encourage new, unheard-of forms of crime. New complex diseases
may surface on the Earth to attack the populace from time to time and keep
the medical research establishment continuously engaged to meet the
challenges. Life's concomitant stress may spawn agitated, nervous,
frustrated and directionless minds. Family units would be in disarray with
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the institution of marriage in red and a new concept of an open society with
guaranteed institutional security coming into vogue.
The new century may witness more and more people turning to
religion for inner peace. As both Christianity and Islam fail to meet the
growing spiritual needs of the plebeians of the 21st century, the world may
look for solace to Buddhism with its spiritual interpretation of life. A new
school of Buddhism called 'Scientific Buddhism' may sweep the Earth of
the 21st century to become its major religion. The new age may also find
proliferation of scientific research in parapsychology and the universal
application of its findings to control crime and improve labour relations in
industry and commercial enterprises.
The new century may see the concepts of family and marriage
losing their relevance to life. Each to his own ends would be the new
dispensation and state security to newborns, the old and infirm would
become a basic responsibility of the state machinery. With the increased
demand on limited land, due to the progressive rise in the population, the
21st century may find all lands becoming government property, leased out
to private parties on contract for a definite period for use: though
laissezfaire with private ownerships in other enterprises would be the
tendency in the 21st century economy. Public undertakings may become a
rarity in the new age. Even selected jobs in the governance of the country
would be permitted to be managed by private firms on contract. Such
sensitive areas as development activities, recruitment, crime investigation,
collection of taxes etc. would be hand-led by specialised private firms on a
time-bound contract as the century draws to an end. The turn of the 21st
century may see only the legislature and judiciary remaining the
government's direct responsibility with executive jobs being handled on its
behalf by private agencies.
The new century may witness an upsurge of romanticism in
literature and life fuelled by a new ferocity that spurns any constraint on
natural conduct; free sex may well become the rule. This new popular
movement would spread across the world in the new century, adding spice
to growingly insipid lifestyles. New philosophies and religions may spring
out of it to alter intellectual and spiritual perceptions.
While the new world will have advanced amenities at its beck and
call, simple natural needs like adequate space, clean water and fresh air
will become rarities. Piped water supply would be a matter of the past and
clean water would be sold in bottles in markets. The new age may also see
special fresh-air sessions everyday for half-an-hour: a luxury of breathing
fresh air, produced by special treatments in a costly process affordable only
to the rich. The selling of small fresh-air packets for use in private may
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INDEX
A
Abduction 9, 10, 112
Abetment 118, 120, 121
Academic 39
Acclimatise 27
Accountability 42
Administration 1, 3, 16, 19, 29, 31,
35, 38, 39, 41, 45, 50, 55, 59, 60, 66,
67, 69, 73, 78, 80, 109, 133, 134
African 101
Akali 97
America 149
Anarchy 32
Andhra 10
Anthropological 105
Anti-social 54, 72
Antipode 82, 104
Antipodeal 84
Antipodean 22
Antisocial 2, 77
Apolitical 31
Apoliticism 30
Apostasy 29
Apostatise 108
Aptitude 67, 77, 84, 85, 89
Aquatic 134, 135, 145
Aristocracy 99
Arrogance 55, 59
Assam 10, 11, 25
Assassination 92, 93
Atma 53
Atmosphere 13, 32, 34, 44, 45, 50, 57,
60, 73, 78, 80, 93
Attitude 10, 42, 142
Attitudinal 42, 56, 57, 63, 121
Audio-visual 150
Autophagous 37
Avatar 6
B
Balkanisation 8
Bangalore 12, 38, 44, 113, 114, 118,
139, 140, 141, 142
Bankruptcy 34
Battle-royale 149
Bengal 64
Betgeri 34
Bidar 113, 114
Bihar 11
Birmingham 9
Bombay 11
Bribery 21
Bridegroom 119
British 29, 30, 38, 45, 47, 100, 103
Brotherhood 19
Buddhism 151
Bureaucratic 76
Business 3, 8, 11, 17, 21, 36, 42, 61,
68, 105, 152
Businessmen 11, 63
C
Cabal 3, 5, 6, 30, 106
Cabals 31
Cabinet 71, 74, 80
Calibre 13, 15
Cancerous 32, 109
Carbon 133
Career-life 28, 45
Career-promotion 6
Caste 19, 99, 101
Casualties 1, 3, 13, 27
Cataclysmic 69
Catalytic 99
CBI 38
Celestial 56
Chambal 8, 25
Chitradurga 113
Christianity 151
Citizenry 24, 25
Citizens 1, 32, 101, 102
Civilisation 53, 100
Civilisations 100
Co-operation 45
Coexistence 108
Command-obedience 30, 45, 47
Command-post 91
Commandos 72
Communication 15, 19, 39, 43, 44,
70, 71, 78, 90, 150
Communist 99
Comptroller 21
Computer 44
Computerisation 44, 78
Concept 53, 74, 101, 104, 110, 149,
150, 151
Confidence 6, 22, 24, 45, 50, 57, 59,
67, 76, 77, 78, 83
Conformity 60, 62, 102
Conscience 2, 4, 5, 12, 24, 31, 32, 47,
105
Conscientious 13, 47
Constabulary 17, 43, 46, 58, 69, 74,
75
Constitution 32, 78, 101, 102, 103,
108, 109
Contingencies 41, 96, 152
Cooperation 5, 38, 41, 43, 48, 67, 107,
114
Coordination 38, 84
Corruption 5, 24, 42, 145
Counter-intelligence 71
Counter-productive 63
CPI 122, 123
Crack-forces 93
Crime 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15,
16, 19, 23, 24, 25, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39,
41, 59, 63, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 82,
84, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
139, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151
Crimes 5, 6, 14, 24, 29, 32, 33, 34, 39,
63, 68, 88
Criminalisation 4, 7
Criminality 1, 8, 24, 34, 35, 36, 105
Cultural 116
Culture 30, 31, 32, 46, 48, 53, 148
Custodians 2, 6, 24, 114
Cutting-edge 57, 58, 59, 74, 91
D
Dacoity 34, 35, 38
Dakshina 114
Daredevilry 91
Decency 1, 2, 12, 25, 122
Defence 50, 70, 128, 130
Definition 3, 14, 104, 106, 113, 128
Defintion 117
Degeneration 16, 18
Dehumanisation 62
Democracy 3, 29, 48, 49, 66
Democratic 1, 3, 4, 20, 29, 47, 49, 55,
73, 79, 100
Demotivate 67
Desensitize 6
Detection 34, 35, 38, 139, 141, 143,
145
Dharwar 34
Dignity 1, 2, 12, 46, 56, 57
Dimension 1, 9, 39, 66, 86
Diplomacy 8, 9
Diplomatic 10
Disciplines 130
Discrimination 101, 104
Doraiswamy 10
Drug-addiction 150
Dynamics 4, 24, 66, 86, 91, 99
E
Ecological 149, 152
Economic 25, 41, 86, 99, 148, 149,
150
Economics 148
Economy 24, 148, 150, 151
Election 3, 4, 5, 7, 21, 79, 87
Elections 3, 4
Electoral 3
Enforcement 15, 49, 61, 68, 99, 100,
103, 110, 137
Environment 6, 32, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
60, 61, 62, 72, 73, 74, 150, 152
Environmental 56, 61, 63
Equality 32, 99, 100, 101, 102
F
Fabric 1, 3, 19, 24, 28, 32, 58, 66
Facade 47, 56, 148
Faculties 91
Federal 148
Festinger 103
Fieldwork 104
Forensic 114, 115, 124, 128, 130, 131,
134, 136
Formula 41, 94
Foundation 63, 90, 100
Frantz 101
Fraud 31
FSL 124, 133, 134, 135
Fundamental 85, 101, 103
Futuristic 66, 69, 70, 73, 74, 80
G
Gadgetry 44, 84, 86
Gadgets 19, 44, 71
Galvanic 14, 70, 108
Gambling 7, 36, 37
Gandhi 92, 93, 96
Geographical 86
Geometric 80
Geometrical 109
Germany 149
Goldsmith 35
Goondas 4
H
Haemolysis 135
Halcyon 56
Hallmarks 109
Harjinder 10
Hierarchical 18, 22, 30, 39, 45, 47, 63,
84, 90
Hierarchy 2, 17, 20, 57, 75, 142
High-calibre 22, 86
High-power 91
High-tech 68
Hijacking 72, 140
Hindu 8, 102, 103
Historical 31, 94, 102, 109
History 3, 83, 91, 128, 134, 144, 145
Humanise 55, 56, 57, 59, 60
Humanising 53, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63
I
Idea 29, 101, 104, 131, 148
Ideal 12, 19, 56
Ideological 148
Ideologies 85
Ideology 25, 29, 82
Illegitimate 34
Image-building 63, 76
Immobilisation 83
Impotency 105
Impressionable 45
Independence 27, 28, 30, 31
India 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16,
17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50,
54, 55, 59, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 87,
K-Doraiswamy 10
Kamataka 13, 114
Macro-plan 93
Maestoso 10
L
Labour 94, 103, 104, 105, 151
Laissez-aller 148
Laissezfaire 151
Landlord 32
Landlords 4
Law-and-order 84, 87
Law-breakers 34
Law-enforcing 11, 14
Lawbreakers 84
Lawlessness 11
Leadership 3, 4, 13, 16, 18, 29, 39, 41,
47, 54, 99
Legacies 29
Legally 13
Legislation 99, 100
Legislations 59, 61, 62, 68, 79, 100,
101, 103, 109, 112, 116, 137
Legislature 6, 21, 151
Legitimacy 58, 62, 68, 74
Leitmotif 89
Life-fluid 30
Life-style 68
Lifesaving 142, 145
Lifestyles 80, 151
Line-system 55, 73
Loyalty 12, 18, 29, 47
Luctation 55, 66, 72, 80, 137
N
Narcotics 7, 139, 140, 141, 145
Nationality 31
Nationals 10
Nationhood 149
Naxalism 8, 25
Naxalites 97
NCC 94
Nerve-centre 91
Noncooperation 36
Nuclear 149, 152
Nutrition 141
O
Occupational 60
Odd-job 11
Officialdom 71
Opportunist 6, 11
Overhaul 55, 75, 84, 85
P
Panacea 142
Panchas 124, 131, 133
Paradigm 50, 92, 103
Paradigms 35, 37, 48
Paradox 99
Paramatma 53
Parapsychology 151
Patriotism 3, 4, 86, 91
Patrolling 59, 75, 145
Patronage 3, 5, 6, 7
Peace-keeper 54
Peacetime 94
Phenomena 85, 97
Phenomenon 7, 8, 9, 14, 20, 23, 80,
82, 137
Plenipotence 34
Polarization 25
Police-public 94
Policies 8, 29
Polio-struck 47
Politically-motivated 8
Politicians 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 36,
63, 79, 80
Politicisation 6, 11
Politics 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 24, 27, 47,
148, 149
Politique 9, 42
Polity 25, 66
Polygamy 102
Post-democratic 50
Post-independent 47
Post-mortem 113, 124, 128, 129, 130,
132, 135
Power-brokers 1, 6, 11, 31
Power-games 6
Prakrithi 56
Praveen 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,
101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,
136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 152, 153
Pre-independent 18
Principle 1, 2, 32, 57, 67, 85, 89, 112
Principled 48
Principles 10, 41, 75, 77, 103
Professionalism 6, 29, 33, 61, 68, 69,
73, 75, 76, 140
Prohibition 102, 103, 104, 116, 119,
129
Punjab 9, 11, 25
Purusha 56
Q
Qualities 12, 16, 18, 30, 39, 41, 44, 47,
53, 61, 64, 86, 90
R
Rajiv 87, 92, 93
Reflexes 88, 90, 91, 96
Rehabilitation 106, 107
Reorganisation 42, 71
Research 22, 39, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91,
95, 140, 149, 150, 151
Researchers 22
Researches 66
Resource 2, 6, 71, 72
Resources 1, 17, 22, 38, 41, 55, 57, 67,
69, 70, 72, 73, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87,
88, 91, 92, 95, 150
Restructuring 67
Revolution 99, 100
Revolutionaries 99
Rexine 141
Rhino 10
Righteousness 2, 25, 33
Role-play 12, 56, 62
Rural 70
Russia 149
S
Sabotage 72, 82, 84, 85, 94, 95, 139
Sacrifice 21, 25, 86
Sacrifices 25, 105
Sadism 34
Sangfroid 90
Sartre 101
Sati 103
Scapegoat 28
Schism 99
Security 6, 16, 22, 28, 38, 39, 41, 42,
55, 60, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75,
80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 139,
140, 141, 151
Self-disciplining 60
Self-esteem 101
Self-image 14, 57
Self-righteous 25
Self-sustaining 152
Sensibilities 42, 45
Sensitisation 56, 109
Sensitised 54, 114
Sensitivities 13, 91
Sensitivity 106
Sensitization 109, 110
Sensitized 109, 110, 112, 118
Sikh 8, 10
Sivarasan 10, 92, 96
Skolnick 101
South-east 149
Spastic 14, 47
Spinoza 53
Springboard 62, 148
Srilanka 25
Sriperumbudu 87
Stagnation 99, 112
State-crafts 31
Stockholm 10
Structural 101
Stuartpuram 34
Subculture 34, 51
Subha 10, 92, 96
Substruction 45, 58, 60, 63
Sukhadev 10
Superconductors 150
Superpowers 148
Supremacy 149
Surgeon 56, 143
Sycophancy 47
Sycophants 30, 31
Symbiosis 7, 104
Symbiotic 10
Symptomatic 16, 25
Synergy 5, 15, 24, 69, 71, 146
Synod 30
T
Technicalities 108
Techniques 1, 19, 20, 23, 39, 41, 44,
54, 55, 58, 62, 76, 82
Technology 30, 66
Tekanpur 140
Tendencies 9, 24, 34, 56, 61
Terrorism 8, 24, 72, 82, 83, 85, 150
Terrorist 8, 9, 15, 44, 82, 83, 85, 87,
88, 89, 97
Terrorists 8, 9, 10, 70, 72, 83, 84, 88,
96
Tetanus 145
Theoretical 76, 109
Third-degree 34
Thyroid 136
Toynbee 100
Tradition 17, 62, 112
Traffic 15, 31, 43, 113
Training 5, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 42, 43,
54, 55, 56, 63, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76, 84,
85, 86, 92, 109, 140, 141, 145
Trait 18, 22, 85
Traits 12, 17, 18, 19, 30, 86, 90, 92,
112
Tyranny 29, 31, 101, 108
U
Ulceration 134
ULFA 8, 9, 10, 97
Under-utilisation 95
Undercover 90, 92
Underworld 2, 5
Unemployment 82
Unhygienic 141
Universal 23, 148, 150, 151
Universality 23
Unlawful 59, 79, 119, 121
Unproductive 19, 95
Untouchability 102, 104, 105, 106
USA 149
Utilisation 46
Yield 9, 12, 13
Youngsters 48
Youth 7
Youths 82
W
Warming-up 45
Wars 7, 150
Warsaw 149
Wartime 94
Watch-dog 2
Weapon 2, 13, 20, 70
Weaponry 15, 43, 78, 86, 90, 93
Weapons 88
Welfare 46, 68, 85, 99, 108
Western 102, 141
Wherewithal 54, 55, 56, 57, 62, 66, 72,
76
Wherewithals 59
Woman 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 122,
128
Women 99, 102, 112, 113, 121, 122,
127, 128
Woolbert 63
Wordsworth 53
Work-culture 32
Work-pressure 61
Work-pressures 61
World-culture 148
Worsley 99
Z
Zealots 82
Zealous 105
Zeitgeist 66
Zoetic 99