IP Addressing and

Routing

Basic IP Addressing

• Each host connected to the Internet

is identified by a unique IP address.
• An IP address is a 32-bit quantity.
¾Expressed as a dotted-decimal notation
W.X.Y.Z.
¾Consists of two logical parts:
ƒ A network number
ƒ A host number
¾This partition defines the IP address
classes.

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 IP Address Classes

• There are five defined IP address

classes.
¾Class A UNICAST
¾Class B UNICAST
¾Class C UNICAST
¾Class D MULTICAST
¾Class E RESERVED
• There are some special-purpose IP
addresses also.
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Class Address High- Network Host

Range order bits bits bits

A 0.0.0.0 – 0 7 24
127.255.255.255

B 128.0.0.0 – 10 14 16
191.255.255.255

C 192.0.0.0 – 110 21 8
223.255.255.255

D 224.0.0.0 – 1110
239.255.255.255

E 240.0.0.0 – 1111
255.255.255.255

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 Special-Purpose IP Addresses
Address Range Purpose
0.0.0.0 Unknown network,
commonly represents default
10.0.0.0 – Reserved for private use
10.255.255.255
127.0.0.0 – Reserved for loopback / local
127.255.255.255 address
172.16.0.0 – Reserved for private use
172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – Reserved for private use
192.168.255.255
255.255.255.255 Limited broadcast

• The class-based addressing is also

known as the classful model.
¾Different network classes lend
themselves to different network
configurations.
¾Different network-to-hosts ratio.

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 Some Conventions

• Within a particular network (Class A, B

or C), the first and last addresses
serve special functions.
¾The first address represents the network
number (for example, 118.0.0.0).
¾The last address represents the directed
broadcast address of the network (for
example, 118.255.255.255).

IP Subnetting

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 IP Subnet

• Basic concept:
¾A subset of a class A, B or C network.
• IP addresses that do not use subnets
consists of
ƒ a network portion, and
ƒ a host portion.
¾Represents a static two-level hierarchical
addressing model.

IP Subnet (contd.)

• IP subnets introduces a third level of

hierarchy.
ƒ a network portion
ƒ a subnet portion
ƒ a host portion
¾Allow more efficient (and structured)
utilization of the addresses.
¾Uses network masks.

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 Natural Masks

• Network mask 255.0.0.0 is applied to

a class A network 10.0.0.0.
¾In binary, the mask is a series of
contiguous 1’s followed by a series of
contiguous 0’s.
11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

Network Host
portion portion
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Natural Masks (contd.)

• Provide a mechanism to split the IP
address 10.0.0.20 into
¾a network portion of 10, and
¾a host portion of 20.

Decimal Binary
IP address:10.0.0.20 00001010 00000000 00000000 00010100
Mask: 255.0.0.0 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000
Network Host

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 Natural Masks (contd.)

• Class A, B and C addresses

¾Have fixed division of network and host
portions.
¾Can be expressed as masks.
ƒ Called natural masks.
• Natural Masks
¾Class A :: 255.0.0.0
¾Class B :: 255.255.0.0
¾Class C :: 255.255.255.0

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Creating Subnets using Masks

• Masks are very flexible.

¾Using masks, networks can be divided into
smaller subnets.
• How?
¾By extending the network portion of the
address into the host portion.
• Advantage gained:
¾We can create a large number of subnets
from one network.
¾Can have less number of hosts per network.

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 Example: Subnets

• Network mask 255.255.0.0 is applied

to a class A network 10.0.0.0.
¾This divides the IP address 10.5.0.20
into
ƒ a network portion of 10,
ƒ a subnet portion of 5, and
ƒ a host portion of 20.
¾The 255.255.0.0 mask borrows a portion
of the host space, and applies it to
network space.
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Subnets (contd.)

• What happens?
¾Initially it was a single large Class A
network (224 – 2 hosts).
¾We have now split the network into 256
subnets.
ƒ From 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.0.0.
ƒ The hosts pet subnet decreases to 65,534.

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 Subnets (contd.)

Decimal Binary
IP address: 10.5.0.20 00001010 00000101 00000000 00010100
Mask: 255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Network Subnet Host

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Default Mask and Subnet mask

Default Mask
IP Address 255.255.0.0
Network Address
144.16.72.57 144.16.0.0
AND

Subnet Mask
255.255.192.0
IP Address Network Address
144.16.72.57 144.16.64.0
AND

192: 1100 0000

72: 0100 1000 18

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 Subnets vrs Multiple Address Classes

• Subnets
¾Management of subnets is done by
local network administrator.
¾Single entry in external router tables.
• Multiple Address Classes
¾Multiple entries in external router tables.
¾Additional overhead on the backbone
(external) routers.

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Comparison

R R
MULTIPLE
SUBNETS ADDRESS
CLASSES
R R
R R

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 Variable Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM)

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Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

• Basic concept
¾The same network can be configured
with different masks.
¾Can have subnets of different sizes.
¾Allows better utilization of available
addresses.

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 Example: VLSM

• Suppose we are assigned a Class C

network 192.203.17.0.
¾To be divided into three subnets.
ƒ Corresponding to three departments.
ƒ With 110, 45 and 50 hosts respectively.

D1 D2 D3
(110) (45) (50)

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The Example (contd.)

• Available subnet options

¾The network mask will be the Class C
natural mask 255.255.255.0
¾Subnet masks of the form 255.255.255.X
ƒ Can be used to divide the network
into more subnets.

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 The Subnet Options

X X (in No. of No. of

binary) Subnets Hosts
128 1000 0000 2 128
192 1100 0000 4 64
224 1110 0000 8 32
240 1111 0000 16 16
248 1111 1000 32 8
252 1111 1100 64 4

• Cannot satisfy the requirements.

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The VLSM Option

• Basic concept:
¾Use the mask 255.255.255.128 to divide
the network address into two subnets
with 128 hosts each.
ƒ 192.203.17.0 (.0 to .127)
ƒ 192.203.17.0 (.128 to .255)

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 The VLSM Option (contd.)

¾Next subnet the second .128 subnet

using a mask of 255.255.255.192.
ƒ Creates two subnets, 64 hosts each
192.213.17.128 (.128 to .191)
192.213.17.128 (.192 to .255)

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The VLSM Option (contd.)

192.203.17.0
Mask:
255.255.255.128

192.203.17.0 (.0 to .127) 192.203.17.0 (.128 to .255)

Mask:
255.255.255.192
192.213.17.128 (.128 to .191)

192.213.17.128 (.192 to .255)

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 Interface 1 :: 128 hosts
Network number: 192.203.17.0
Network mask: 255.255.255.128
Address: 192.203.17.0 -- .127

Interface 2 :: 64 hosts
Network number: 192.203.17.128
Network mask: 255.255.255.192
Address: 192.203.17.128 -- .191

Interface 3 :: 64 hosts
Network number: 192.203.17.192
Network mask: 255.255.255.192
Address: 192.203.17.192 -- .255
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128 Hosts

E2

64 Hosts E3 E4
ROUTER 64 Hosts

Interface E2 :: 128 hosts

Network number: 192.203.17.0
Network mask: 255.255.255.128
Address range: 192.203.17.0 − .127

Interface E3 :: 64 hosts Interface E4 :: 64 hosts

Network number: 192.203.17.128 Network number: 192.203.17.192
Network mask: 255.255.255.192 Network mask: 255.255.255.192
Address range: 192.203.17.128 − .191 Address range: 192.203.17.192 − .255

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 VLSM :: Current Status

• All routing protocols do not support VLSM.

¾ Routing Information Protocol version 1 (RIP-1) do
not carry network masks in routing updates.
¾ RIP-1 cannot implement VLSM.
• The following protocols support VLSM:
¾ Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
¾ RIP-2
¾ Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP)

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Classless Internet Domain Routing

(Supernetting)

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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

• The size of the global routing tables

have grown very fast in recent years.
¾Caused routers to become saturated.
¾Limits to processing power and
available memory.
¾Size of the tables have doubled every 10
months or so, between 1991 and 1995.

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• Without any remedial measure, the

routing tables would have grown to
about 80,000 routes in 1995.
• But early 2000 data shows that the
size was around 76,000.
• Why this reduction?
¾Planned IP address allocation.
¾CIDR.

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Growth of Internet Routing Tables

80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000 Routing Table
Size
20000
10000
0
'88 '94 '96 '98 '00
Year

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CIDR: Introduction

• CIDR is a new concept to manage IP

networks.
¾Classless Inter Domain Routing.
¾No concept of class A, B, C networks.
¾Reduces sizes of routing tables.

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 CIDR: Basic Idea

• An IP address is represented by a
prefix, which is the IP address of the
network.
• It is followed by a slash, followed by
a number M.
¾M: number of leftmost contiguous bits
to be used for the network mask.
¾Example: 144.16.192.57 / 18

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CIDR: An Important Rule

• The number of addresses in each block

must be a power of 2.
• The beginning address in each block
must be divisible by the number of
addresses in the block.
¾A block that contains 16 addresses cannot
have beginning address as 144.16.223.36.
¾But the address 144.16.192.64 is possible.

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 Example: CIDR

• An organization is allotted a block with

beginning address:
144.16.192.24 / 29
What is the range of the block?

Start addr: 10010000 00011000 11000000 00011000

End addr: 10010000 00011000 11000000 00011111

There are 8 addresses in the block.

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Example

• Suppose Company A needs IP

addresses for 1000 machines
• Assign 4 contiguous Class C address
blocks
¾192.60.128.0
¾192.60.129.0
¾192.60.130.0
¾192.60.131.0
(last 8 bits 0)
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• Supernet:
¾Address : 192.60.128.0
¾Netmask: 255.255.252.0 (last 10 bits 0)
• Also written as:
¾192.60.128.0/22
¾22 denotes size of network portion. Also
called prefix.
¾Routing done by prefix

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Advantages

• Routing table at higher levels will have

only one entry for the 4 networks.
• In classful addressing (that did not
recognize masks), would have required 4
entries for the 4 networks.
• Possible only due to contiguous
allocation.
¾ Higher level routers can just send it to lower
level routers (in this case company A’s router)
using one entry only.
¾ Lower level router will distinguish.
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• Routing table at all higher level routers:
¾ 192.60.128.0/22 - send to host X (next hop on
way to Company A’s router RA)
• Routing table at RA:
¾ 192.60.128.0/24 – send to router of first net
¾ 192.60.129.0/24 – send to router of second net
¾ 192.60.130.0/24 – send to router of third net
¾ 192.60.131.0/24 – send to router of fourth net

RA

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• Routers always do longest prefix

match. If two entries match, longest
match is taken.
¾Example:
ƒ two entries in table: one for 192.65.0.0/16
and one for 192.65.128.0/24.
ƒ If address is 192.65.128.4, second entry will
be used even though it matches both.

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 Recent Trend

• Move on to CIDR addressing.

¾Existing classful networks can also be
represented using this notation.
ƒ Class A: W.X.Y.Z / 8
ƒ Class B: W.X.Y.Z / 16
ƒ Class C: W.X.Y.Z / 24
• Recent routers support CIDR.

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