Photovoltaic System with Voltage-based Maximum Power
Point Tracking using Support Vector Machine
Nabil A. Ahmed
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Technological Studies
Shuwaikh 70654, Kuwait 42325
e-mail: na.ahmed@paaet.edu.kw
Abstract—A novel approach for maximum power tracking of
photovoltaic power systems is presented in this paper. This
maximum power point tracking controller is based on the theory
of support vector machine (SVM) to estimate the solar insolation
without any outdoor measurements. The inputs of SVM
estimator are chosen as the photovoltaic output voltage and
power. The proposed controller is robust to environmental
changes of solar insolation and load variations. During the off-
line training, a specified function relates the inputs to the output
is obtained. Then, solar insolation is determined on-line from the
predicted off-line function and the instantaneous inputs. The
performance of the controller is verified through simulation
results at different insolation conditions. It is demonstrated that
the proposed approach can be implemented effectively and
economically. Simulations have been carried-out using PSIM
software and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified
through simulations under various weather conditions.
Keywords—Photovoltaic, DC-DC converter, maximum power
point tracking, support vector machines
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, interests of renewable energy such as wind
energy, solar energy, fuel cell and geothermal power have been
attracted since the fossil energy will be exhausted and is use
causes environmental issues. Photovoltaic (PV) generation is
being increasingly important as a renewable energy since it
offers many unique advantages such as incurring no fuel costs,
no pollution, little maintenance and emitting no noise among
other alternatives of conventional and renewable energy
sources. Moreover, PV systems can be designed for a variety of
applications and operational requirements. The high cost of PV
modules and equipment (as compared to conventional energy
sources) and its relatively high conversion efficiency are the
primary limitation factors for the technology. Therefore, the
control of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar
array is essential in PV systems.
Many MPPT techniques for PV systems are well
established in the literature. The most commonly known are
hill-climbing [1], fractional open-circuit voltage control [2],
perturb and observe (P&O) [3] and incremental conductance
(IncCond) [4]. There are lesser known, but sometimes very
appropriate, methods such as maximizing load current or
voltage [5], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [6], Fibonacci
search algorithm [7], array reconfiguration [8], linear current
control [9], ripple correlation control (RCC)[10], limit-cycle
Nabil A. Ahmed, Elec. E Dept., College of Technological Studies,
na.ahmed@paaet.edu.kw
978-1-4244-5046-6/10/$26.00 2010
c IEEE
A. K. Al-Othman,
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Technological Studies
Shuwaikh 70654, Kuwait 42325
e-mail: ak.alothman@paaet.edu.kw
control, fractional short-circuit current control, array
reconfiguration, fuzzy control [11], neural network, dc link
capacitor droop control [12], pilot cells, current sweep and
limit-cycle control. Only one early example of each technique
was given in the above list, even though we are aware of more
than hundred and seventy papers on different MPPT
techniques, dating from 1968. These techniques are reviewed
and compared in [13]. Most of these techniques have been
refined, adapted for digital signal processor (DSP) control,
analyzed, etc. in many subsequent papers [14]. The techniques
vary in many aspects, including simplicity, speed of
convergence, digital versus analog implementation, sensors
required, and need for parameterization.
Generally, it is preferable to build a solar array using same
panels and to keep them away from any shading. However, it is
not easy to avoid shading in residential installations because of
the change in sunlight throughout the day. Furthermore,
obstacles, such as trees, birds, and other constructions, etc., can
cause partial shading. Non ideal conditions refer to some
specific situations where solar cells reach their limits and
cannot provide specified power. Common nonideal conditions
include partial shading, low solar radiation and dust collection.
Studies have revealed that minor shading can cause a major
reduction in solar power output of the photovoltaic array [15]-
[17].
In most of voltage-based MPPT of PV energy generation
systems, indirect measurements of solar insolation by
measuring the voltage of non working cell are used in order to
get the voltage reference [2]. These measurements may be a
source of inaccurate measurements, needs calibration and
measurement accuracy, as well as increasing the initial cost of
the energy generation systems. For large scale PV systems, it is
obviously unpractical to measure the open circuit voltage at
one place for several tens of meters of the PV system. Several
non-working cells are placed at some locations to measure the
solar insoltaion. The use of this method raises the problem of
calibration and measurement accuracy, as well as increasing
the initial cost of the PV generation systems. For these reasons,
it is desirable to replace this method by a digital solar
insolation estimator to avoid measurements error.
Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of
research papers on the topic of support vector machine (SVM)
and related kernel methods. SVMs has been successfully
applied to a number of applications such as particle
2264
identification, pattern recognitions, electricity price forecasting
and data mining tasks such as classifications, regression and
detection[18]. The support vector machine (SVM) is a non-
linear technique based on a new constructive learning
methodology. The approach is systematic, reproducible and
properly motivated by statistical learning theory. Training
involves optimization of a convex cost function: there are no
false function local minima to complicate the learning process.
SVR determines a continuous-valued function that defines a
given input and its corresponding output in the training data.
This function then can be used to predict outputs for a given
inputs that are not included in the training set. This is similar to
a neural network. However, a neural network solution is based
on empirical risk minimization, while SVM introduces
structural risk minimization into the regression and thereby
achieves global optimization while a neural network achieves
only a local minimization.
In this paper a novel SVR-based solar insolation estimator
is proposed to achieve MPPT for PV energy generation
systems without any outdoor measurements. In this approach,
SVM estimates a function that defines the relation between the
given inputs based on off-line training data from the used PV
system characteristics. The inputs of SVM estimator are chosen
as the PV output voltage and power. Then, this function is used
to predict outputs for a given inputs that are not included in the
training set. The estimated solar insolation is then used to
calculate the reference voltage for MPPT. The proposed
controller is robust to environment changes and load variations.
The robustness and the performance evaluation of the
pn junction material factor, T is the cell temperature; Rs is the
series resistance of the cell.
Rs
IL
I
λ
Rsh
V
ID I sh
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of PV cell.
The voltage-current and voltage-power characteristics of
the used ELR615 160Z, 750-W, Fuji electric solar module at
different insolation conditions are shown in Figs. 2 and 3,
respectively. From Fig. 2, it is depicted that the PV output
current varies dramatically with insolation conditions and
there is an optimum operating point such that the PV system
delivers its maximum possible power to the load. The
optimum operating point changes with the solar insolation,
temperature and load conditions. Therefore, on-line tracking
of the MPPT of a PV system is an essential issue for any
successful PV system. A variety of MPPT methods are
developed. These methods vary in implementation complexity,
sensed parameters, required sensors, convergence speed and
cost.
3.5
1.0 KW/m2
3

controller are addressed and verified through simulation results 0.75 KW/m2
at different insolation conditions using PSIM software. It is 2.5

demonstrated that the proposed approach can be implemented

2
Current [A]

effectively and economically. 0.5 KW/m2

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

1.5
II.
The solar cell is the basic building of the PV power system; 1
0.25 KW/m2
it produces about 1 W of power. To obtain high power,
numerous such cells are electrically connected in series-parallel 0.5
0.1 KW/m2
combination to perform a solar module. The solar array or
panel is a group of a several modules connected in series and in 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
parallel to generate the required output power. The electrical Voltage [V]

characteristics of the PV cell are generally represented by the Figure 2. I-V characteristics of one PV module.
current vs. voltage (I-V) and the power vs. voltage (P-V)
60
curves. Due to the physical phenomena inside the solar cell, the
PV systems are regarded as a nonlinear device and its
generated power depends on the characteristic of the material, 50
1.0 KW/m2
solar insolation and temperature. Using the equivalent circuit of
solar cells shown in Fig. 1, the solar insolation dependent V-I 40

characteristic of ns series cell and np parallel modules can be 0.75 KW/m2

power [W]

represented by: 30

n p I sc − I + n p I D ns
V = n s ( AkT
q ) ln[ ] − n p IRs (1) 0.5 KW/m2
np ID 20

where V and I represent the output voltage and current of PV 0.25 KW/m2
module, respectively; I sc is the light-generated current per 10

0.1 KW/m2
cell; I o is the diode saturation current; q is the electron charge
0
(1.6e-19C ); k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38e-23 J/oK); A is 0 5 10
Voltage [V]
15 20 25

Figure 3. P-V characteristics of one PV module.

2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applicationsis 2265

 Ref. [2] shows that, the photovoltaic current value at MPP individual module is able to work at its optimal operating point.
is close to about 86% of the short-circuit current at the same To limit the scope of this paper, only the interface of the DC-
operating conditions. For most PV modules, the ratio of the DC MPPT converter module is considered.
current at the maximum power point for different insolation
levels to the short circuit current (Imp/Isc) is approximately
constant [2], [14]. Fig. 4 indicates the linear relation Imp =
0.89Isc with the computed (almost linear) dependency shown
by “*” signs for the used PV array. Current or voltage based
MPPT methods require direct measurements of insolation or
sometimes an unloaded cell is installed on the array and kept in
the same environment as the power producing cells, and its
short circuit current are periodically measured. The operating
current of the power producing array are then set to the
required values, which corresponding to maximum power as
shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 5. Grid connected PV system with a dc bus and a storage system.

Non isolated buck and boost dc–dc converters are widely

Figure 4. Imp and Isc of PV module.
The above direct measurements of solar insolation may be a
source of inaccurate measurements, needs calibration and
measurement accuracy, as well as increasing the initial cost of
the energy generation systems. Instead of direct measurements
or the assumptions that allow referring to the unloaded cell
without problems in practice. An alternative approach is
proposed in this paper to estimate the solar insolation using
SVM without any outdoor measurements taking into
consideration the dynamic aspect of the solar insolation
avoiding the aforementioned disadvantages of direct
measurements. The inputs of SVM estimator are chosen as the
PV output power and voltage rather than, as traditionally, the
converter voltage and current, and base the controller operation
on these readings.
III. PV CONVERTER TOPOLOGY
Fig. 5 illustrates one of the PV grid-connected topologies.
The DC-DC converter is used as the power interface between
the photovoltaic module and the dc load or dc voltage bus. This
converter is controlled by the algorithm of MPPT to generate
the maximum possible PV power and delivers this power to the
dc bus. The energy is eventually transferred to the grid via a
DC-AC inverter. This configuration has the flexibility to be
added to an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) function when
some storage devices such as batteries and/or super capacitors
are installed, as shown in Fig. 5. During blackouts, the
electricity can be continuously supplied to the critical loads by
both the storage units and the PV system. As shown in Fig. 5,
the configuration ensures that any defective photovoltaic
module will not influence the overall array so that each
used in stand-alone PV systems because of their simplicity and
efficiency. The boost converter topology shows some
advantages over the buck converter for the PV MPPT
application. The features include cheaper implementations and
better dynamic response and better conversion efficiency when
compared to the buck converter.
The topological circuit of Fig. 6 is the context in which the
investigation of the PV MPPT using SVM approach is
examined. In this Fig. a PV array is connected to a boost
converter that provides a stepped-up voltage to the load. The
PV voltage is adjusted by appropriate switching of the boost
converter to maximize the average power output of the array.
At a given irradiance conditions, the PV voltage is adjusted and
the power flow from the PV varies. The goal of the SVM
controller is to force the boost converter to track the PV
maximum power as quickly as possible, irrespective of
irradiance or other variances.
iL
VPV Vdc
Figure 6. PV array connected to DC-DC boost converter
IV. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE REGRESSION
To understand the power of the SVM approach, one must
grasp the key of margins and kernel. In the following, the
concept of SVM for the simple linear regression and
classification will be addressed and then show how it can be
extended to the MPPT of the PV system.
The main objective of regression analysis is fitting
equations to observed variables. To illustrate the concept,
simple linear regression examples are used throughout as in:

2266 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applicationsis

 y 1 = x 1θ1 + θ 2 planes), whereas Θε ( y i ⋅ f ( x i )) is called epsilon- insensitive
y 2 = x 2θ1 + θ 2 (2) loss function or more formally ε -insensitive that correspond
# # # the empirical risk. Typically, the loss is zero if the regression
coefficients θ i (unknowns) lie within the ε - tube. C and ε
y m = x m θ1 + θ 2
are pre-specified values where C signifies the tradeoff between
where yi are the observation or the measurements, xi are the first and the second term and ε represents the width of the
tube.
the explanatory variable, or the index of the observations and
m is the dimension of the measurements set. The main In the context of regression, if the deviation between the
objective in regression analysis is to estimate the regression actual and predicted (unknowns) is less than ε , then this
coefficients θ i (unknowns) that can best fit yi and xi which implies that the regression function is not in error. This may be
would eventually makes it possible to obtain estimated seen as a band of width 2ε around the regression function, and
therefore, any point situated outside that band is considered as
measurements yˆ , i.e. yˆ i = x i θˆ1 + θˆ2 , with residual
training error. Geometrical depiction is shown in Fig. 8. The
e i = y i − yˆ i = 0 . training error is accounted for by introducing the slack
variables ζi and ζ'i one to account for overestimating and the
Many techniques have been proposed in literature to carry
out the task of finding the best fit among which is the well- other is for underestimating the loss function and, as
known Least Square (LS) regression technique that minimizes mentioned, the loss is zero if the point lies within the ε - tube
the sum of the residual squared. An alternative method is the according to the loss function used. An illustration of that is
Least Absolute Value (LAV) which was proposed by shown in Fig. 8.
Edgeworth [18]. The objective is to minimize the least
absolute value of the residual. This paper describes a new
method called SVM that can be applied in regression.
ζ
x ε
The SVM was first developed and as a promising tool for
data classification and pattern recognition. The formulation of
SVM relies on structural risk minimization principle (i.e. upper x
x x
bound on the expected risk is minimized) which has been x
−ε
shown to be superior to empirical risk minimization (i.e. the x
error on the training data is minimised) principle adopted by
other prominent methods such as traditional neural network. x
Alternately, due to further development, the capability of SVM
has been extended to cover regression analysis. SVM will only
be employed and described in context of regression in this
paper.
Let's assume that there exists a measurements set of size ζ
m along with its corresponding explanatory variables, i.e.
training set { y i , x i }m . The general function of SVM
i =1
(hypothesis function) is as in the following:
f ( x ) = ( W ⋅ φ( x )) + b (3)
where W ∈ℜ (higher dimensional), b ∈ℜ is a bias term
nh n
0
and φ denotes a nonlinear mapping, or transformation, of the Figure 7. İ-intensive and slack variables.
input data set from the n -dimensional space to the higher The main purpose of SVM is to find the optimum hyper
dimensional feature space φ(⋅) : ℜn → ℜnh . Normally W and plane where the major objective is to minimize the training
error between the training points and the ε - insensitive loss
b can be computed by minimizing the following regularized
function. This may be explained mathematically as in the
risk function:
following:
N 1 N
1 2 C (4) minw ,b , ζ ,ζ. W 2 +C ¦ (ζ i + ζ 'i )
R (f ) = W + ¦ Θ (y ε i ⋅ f ( x i )) 2 i =1
2 N i =1
subject to
where
− y i +W ⋅ φ( x i ) + b ≤ ε − ζ i
°­ 0 , f (x ) − y ≤ ε (5) y i −W ⋅ φ( x i ) − b ≤ ε − ζ 'i
Θ ε ( y ⋅ f ( x )) = ®
°̄ f ( x ) − y − ε, f (x ) − y ; ε ζ 'i ≥ 0, ζ i ≥ 0
(6)
The first term in eq. (4) represent the flatness of the risk The dual formulation of the optimization problem in eq.5
function (i.e. the distance, or margin, between the supporting can be derived as [2]:

2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applicationsis 2267

 n

( )
f ( x ) = ¦ β i − β i* .k ( x i , x ) + b 800
i =1 (7)
700

where β i and β are the solution of the dual problem,

i
*
600
Lagrange multipliers, b follows the from the complimentary
Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) and k ( x i , x ) is a kernel function 500

power [W]
which facilitates the conversion of the non-linear problem in 400
the original input space into a linear problem in the future
space. There are a number of kernel functions among which 300

Gaussian radial basis function (RPF), Sigmoidal and the

Polynomial kernel function . 200

100
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
0
To adopt the concept of the SVM to estimate the solar 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

insolation and consequently the MPPT of the PV system, the Voltage [V]

training samples for input and output, kernel function, and the Fig. 9 Estimated V-P characteristics.
parameters C and İ should be first decided. Thereafter, offline
training samples are obtained from the PV output 1

characteristics shown in Figs. 3 at different insolation 0.9

conditions. For each sample, the PV voltage and power are 0.8
combined as a pair for the inputs of the SVM estimator. The
0.7
SVM estimator should eventually compute/find the solution for

Insolation (kw/m2)
each training set by calculation the bias and Lagrange 0.6

multipliers ( b , β i and β i* ) for each set of input set of training 0.5

data. It is well known that for a certain PV panel, the voltage- 0.4
power characteristics are fixed for each insolation without 0.3
intersection, as shown Fig. 3. Hence, for any given PV voltage
0.2
and power, the corresponding insolation can be estimated by
the previously obtained offline SVM solution. 0.1

The flow chart of the proposed SVM estimator for the solar 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
insolation is shown in Fig. 9. The off-line training is carried Training Set

out by using five training sets that correspond to different
2
insolation levels from 0.1 to 1.o kW/m in a step of 0.25. Each
set consists of 41 samples.
As an effort to test the proposed SVM estimator, randomly
selected samples from the training sets have been selected as an
input for the estimator. Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate estimated P-V
characteristics and estimated solar insolation for various input
samples. The outcome of the SVM estimation algorithm
appears to be very accurate corresponding to an exact fit.
Fig. 10 Estimated solar insolation.
The block diagram of the PV system under investigation is
shown in Fig. 11. The PV power system will be modeled using
PSIM. The SVM algorithm for PV MPPT will be written as
C++ code and converted to DLL file to be used in the PSIM
environment. Key specifications pf the 750 W used PV panel
are summarized in table I. Sample of simulation results are
given in the following.

½
°
°
¾
°
¿°

Fig. 11 Block diagram of the PV system under investigation.

Fig. 8 Flow chart of the proposed SVM insolation estimator.

2268 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applicationsis

 TABLE I. KEY SPECIFICATION OF PV PANEL.
Parameter Symbol Value
Maximum power of each cell Pmax 50 W
Short circuit current I sc 3.28 A
Open circuit voltage Voc 21.6 V
No. of cells connected in series ns
No of cells connected in parallel np
The simulation results of the dynamic performance which
validates the efficient MPPT of PV system when the
irradiation changes dramatically are shown in Fig. 12. Fig.
12(a) shows the solar insolation and Fig. 12(b) shows the PV
maximum power and the maximum extracted power. It is clear
to notice that the proposed SVM solar insolation estimator is
efficiently able to capture the maximum PV power
corresponds to each insolation condition.
(a) Solar insolation on (kw/m2)
(b) PV power and extracted maximum power
Fig. 12 PV system characteristics under MPPT.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
A new solar insolation estimator using the SVM algorithm
has been proposed for MPPT of PV systems based on offline
training. This estimation algorithm requires only measurements
of PV voltage and power without the need for any
environmental measurements. The offline training is achieved
using the PV array output voltage and current as an input
samples, the insolation as an output sample and consequently
the maximum PV output power can be achieved. A relevant
function between system inputs and output is deduced by
offline training, and the insolation can be estimated directly
online knowing the PV output voltage and current. The
proposed estimation algorithm offers different advantage as
good tracking efficiency, high accuracy, relatively high
convergence speed and well control for the extracted power.
2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applicationsis
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was financially supported by Kuwait Foundation
for Advanced Research (KFAS) through the project # 06-1508-
2007.
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