Sayyab Translation Studies Series (STSS), Book # 4

Series Editors
Said Faiq, American University of Sharjah (UAE) & University of Exeter (UK)
Rifaat Ebied, University of Sydney, Australia

Associate Editors
Alya’ Al-Rubai’i, University of Baghdad (Iraq)
Allen Clark, University of Mississippi (USA)

Series Founder
Ali Al-Manna’, University of Durham (UK)

Advisory Board
Roger Allen, University of Pennsylvania (USA)
Rasoul Al-Khafaji, Middle East University (Jordan)
Mohammad Farghal, Kuwait University (Kuwait)
Ovidi Carbonell, University of Salamanca (Spain)
Abdullah Shannaq, Yarmouk University (Jordan)
Hasan Ghazala, Umm al-Qura University (Saudi Arabia)
Dinha Gorgis, Jadara University (Jordan)
Raymond Chakhachiro, University of Western Sydney (Australia)
Zouhair Maalej, King Saud University (Saudi Arabia)
Kadhim Al-Ali, Basra University (Iraq)
Abdulfattah Al-Jabr, Bahrain University (Bahrain)
Kadhim Bakir, Al-Ain University (UAE)
Mustapha Taibi, University of Western Sydney (Australia)
Jamal Gaber, Academy of Graduate Studies (Libya)
 Sayyab Translation Studies Series (STSS)
The aim of Sayyab Translation Studies Series (STSS) is to present a series of books on
central issues of intercultural communication through translation and/or interpreting. Based
on input from various linguistic and cultural contexts, each book in the series offers a
comprehensive study of topics pertinent to the work of translators and interpreters as
intercultural communicators/agents. The books in the series are intended for researchers,
practitioners and students of translation studies, language and intercultural studies.

Sayyab Translation Studies Series (STSS) invites submission of proposals and manuscripts
concerned with critical discussions of translation and interpreting from multi- and
interdisciplinary perspectives. For further information, please contact the publisher:

Sayyab Books – London

Publishing, Distribution & Translation

3 Lower Teddington Road

Kingston upon Thames
Surry KT1 4ER
London – UK

www.sayyab.org
www.sayyab.co.uk
contact@sayyab.co.uk
COGNITIVE STYLISTICS AND THE TRANSLATOR

(English<>Arabic)

Hasan Ghazala

Sayyab Books – London

Publishing, Distribution & Translation
Published by Sayyab Books Ltd
3 Lower Teddington Road
Kingston upon Thames
Surry KT1 4ER
London – UK
www.sayyab.org
www.sayyab.co.uk
contact@sayyab.co.uk

© Sayyab Books Ltd, 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record of this book is available from British Library

ISBN 978 1 90 6228 966

Cover design by Jawad al-Mudhaffar

Typeset by Al-Junub Typesetters, Basra.
To everyone who taught me
or did a favour to me
Figures

1: A model of narrative discourse 28

2: Interrelationship of stylistic approaches 38
3: Points of focus of stylistic approaches 39
4: Halliday’s original Transitivity Model (1971) 86
5: Burton’s Transitivity Model of material processes 90
6: Discordant relationships of Antonyms 162
7: Concordant relationships of antonyms 163
 CONTENTS
Acknowledgements

Introduction 11

Part One: Cognitive Stylistics

Chapter One: Stylistics … a Survey
1.1 Introduction: Defining Stylistics 17
1.2 Classical Stylistics: Major Approaches: 18
1.2.1 Linguistic Stylistics 18
1.2.2 Literary Stylistics 19
1.2.3 Affective Stylistics 20
1.3 Classical and Contemporary Stylistics: 22
1.3.1 Evaluative Stylistics 22
1.3.2 General Stylistics 23
1.4 Contemporary Stylistics: New Developments in Stylistics: 23
1.4.1 Pedagogical Stylistics 23
1.4.2 Discourse Stylistics 24
1.4.3 Feminist Stylistics 26
1.4.4 Narrative Stylistics 28
1.4.5 Cognitive Stylistics 29
1.5 Arabic Stylistics 34
1.6 Summary 37
Suggestions for Further Work 39

Chapter Two: Stylistic Analysis and Levels of Language

2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Style and Choice 40
2.3 Stylistic Features 44
2.4 Stylistic Functions 45
2.5 Stylistic Analysis 48
2.6 Contemporary Stylistic Analysis 50
2.7 Stylistic Interpretation 51
2.8 Stylistic Evaluation 52
2.9 Summary 53
2.10 Samples of Cognitive Stylistic Analysis 53
2.10.1 Lexical Repetition 53
2.10.2 Relationship of Synonymy 54
2.10.3 Relationship of Antonymy 55
2.10.4 Textual Cohesion 58
2.10.4.1 Cohesion as Deixis 59
2.10.5 Rhyme and Alliterative Language 60
Suggestions for Further Work 62
Chapter Three: Cognitive Stylistics
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Words, Context and Style 63
3.3 Word Combination: Collocations 65
3.4 Metaphor 70
3.4.1 A Cognitive Stylistic Perspective of Metaphor 72
3.5 The Stylistics of Words, Ideology and Attitude: 'The Power of Words
as Loaded Weapons' 78
3.6 Clause Structure and Cognitive Stylistics 85
3.7 Transitivity 85
3.8 Modality in Cognitive Stylistics 92
3.8.1 Modality as Modals 93
3.8.2 Modality as Point of View 93
3.9 Styles of Speech and Thought Reporting and Presentation: DS, IS,
FDS, FIS vs. DT, IT, FDT and FIT 97
3.10 Passive vs. Active Forms 101
3.11 Verbalization vs. Nominalization 102
3.12 Sentence Structure: Simple and Complex Sentences 105
3.12.1 The Style of Simple Sentences 105
3.12.2 The Style of Complex Sentences: Complex Subordination 106
3.13 Summary 107
Suggestions for Further Work 108

Part Two: Cognitive Stylistics and the Translator

Chapter Four: Stylistics and Translation … Theoretical Issues

4.1 Introduction: Matters of Defining 111
4.2 The Relevance of Style to Translation: Stylistic Choices and
Translation 111
4.3 Translation Process, Style and the Intentional Theory vs. Reader-
Response Theory 113
4.4 Translation Process, Style and Relevance and Text World Theories 116
4.5 Contemporary Translation Studies and Cognitive Stylistics: A
Cognitive Process of Translation 121
4.6 The Writer's Style and Translation 128
4.7 The Reader's Style and Translation 129
4.8 The Translator's Style and Translation: Translator as Writer 130
4.9 The Translator's Responsibilities 134
4.10 The Translator's Style and Bias in Translation 137
4.11 Stylistics as the Source of Creativity in Translation: A Cognitive
Stylistic Perspective 143
4.12 Relativity of Translation: Toward a Freer Cognitive Stylistic
Translational Practice: Direct and Indirect Translation 147
4.13 Summary 151
Suggestions for Further Work 151
Chapter Five: Cognitive Stylistics and the Translator
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Translating the Style of Dialects 154
5.3 Translating the Style of Ambiguity 159
5.4 Translating the Style of Simplicity and Complexity 164
5.5 Translating the Style of Passive vs. Active 168
5.6 Translating the Style of Transitivity 170
5.7 Translating the Style of Lexical Repetition vs. Variation 174
5.8 Translating the Style of Periphrasis and Redundancy:
Elaborate Variation 180
5.9 Translation of Word Combination: Collocations 183
5.9.1 Creative Collocations 185
5.10 Translating Metaphors 189
5.11 Translating the Style of Irony 192
5.11.1 Types of Irony 194
5.11.2 Literary Style of Irony 197
5.12 Translating the Style of Expressivity: Show of Muscles' Style 198
5.13 Translating the Style of Authority: 203
5.13.1 Verbalization vs. Nominalization 203
5.13.2 Legal Authority 205
5.14 Translating Political Style: The Power of Words, Ideology 210
5.15 Summary 221
Suggestions for Further Work 221

CONCLUSIONS 226

REFERENCES 229

AUTHOR INDEX 242

SUBJECT INDEX 246

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank first all writers and publishers whose material has been used in
this book, especially Professors Ron Carter, Walter Nash and Peter Emery who thankfully
granted the author a personal permission to quote freely from their works. Every effort has
been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked,
the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity.

Special thanks go to all friends, referees, editors and proofreaders whose academic
suggestions, notes and comments have been really constructive to the arguments and
discussions of the book.

I owe a special debt of gratitude to my publisher, especially Ali Al-Manna’, who triggered
the idea of writing a book on stylistics and translation. He has proved to be academic and
persevering in his handling of the daunting process of publishing the book.

My final word of gratitude is due to my patient wife who as usual has borne with me
unremittingly and silently throughout my hard work on the book. I am really indebted to
her.