CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Concrete is produced by mixing of cement, sand, coarse a
ggregate and water to produce a material that can be mouled into almost any shap
e. The technology of concrete has traversed a long way from conventional normal
strength concrete
Concrete made with Portland cement has certain characteri
stics. It is relatively strong in compression but weak in tension and tends to b
rittle. The weakness in tension can be overcome by the use of conventional reinf
orcement and to some extant by the inclusion of a sufficient volume of certain f
ibres. The use of fibres are also alters the behaviour of the fibre-matrix compo
site after it has cracked, thereby improving its toughness.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The idea that Concrete can be strengthened by the inclusion of fi
bres was first put forward by porter in 1910, but little progress was made in th
e developmentof this material till 1963, when ROMUALDI and BASTON published thei
r classical paper on the subject. Since then, there has been a wave of interest
in steel, fibre reinforced Concrete.
In 1964, pioneering work on the use quarry dust in cement and conc
rete was carried out by KRENCHEL in Denmark and by BIRGUKOVICH in the USSR. In t
he latter work, the problem of the attack by alkalis on the E Glass fibres has bee
n overcome by the use of alumina cement of low alkaline content. Polymer fibres
such as nylon, polypropylene were investigated in the early 1960 s as reinforcemen
t for concrete subject to explosive loading and in driven pile segments to incre
ase impact resistance of concrete.

CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVE OF THE INVESTIGATION

The main of objective of this investigation is to examine the pr

operties of quarry dust Concrete, which is produced by adding in the Concrete in
various proportions. M25 of concrete is designed as per IS 10262-1982. Conventi
onal concrete is taken as control mix. Quarry dust is to be added in 0%, 1%, 2%,
3%, and 4% in the fibre reinforced Concrete. Conventional concrete specimens ar
e also to be casted for comparision. Various tests for hardened Concrete such as
,

Compressive strength.
Split tensile strength.
Impact strength.
 Are to be performed.

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEE

3.1 D.I. GIUSEPPE & T.G. PERSONO ADORNO (2004)

They aimed to light-weight composite components made of qu
arrydust Reinforced Concrete are able to withstand to structural loads. There wo
uld also be indirect benefit of social or environmental nature.

The conclusions were reached through the structural applications of quarry d

ust as,
For quasi structural elements.
For voided or ribbed slabs the use of quarry dust can be resulted.
Concerning the rehabilitation of existing structures the use of quarry dust can
be resulted in shotcreted mortars and cracking control.

CHAPTER 4
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Materials and their Properties used in FRC as follows.
 PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT

There are two intrinsic requirements for any cement in the design of Concretes.
Compressive strength development with time and
Attainment of appropriate rheological characteristics proper selection of the ty
pe and source of cement is one of the most important steps in the production of
concrete. Variation of the chemical composition and physical properties of cemen
t affect the compressive strength more than variation in any other single materi
al. Portland pozzolana Cement is manufactured by the intergrinding of OPC clinke
r with
10 25 percentage of pozzolanic material (as per the latest amendment it is 15 35
%). The pozzolanic materials generally 89used for calcined clay or fly ash spec
ific gravity of PPC = 3.08.

FINE AGGREGATE
Locally available free of debris and nearly river bed sand is use
d as fine aggregate. Among various characteristics, the most important one is it
s grating coarse sand may be preferred as fine aggregate, increases the water de
mand of concrete and very fine sand may not be essential as it usually has large
r content of thin particles in the form of cement.
The sand particles should also pack to give minimum void ratio, higher
voids content leads to requirementof more mixing water.
Properties such as void ratio,gradation specific surface and bulk denisk ha
ve to be assessed with optimum cement content and reduced mixing water the prese
nt study the sand used, conforms to zone II (as per IS 383-1970). The specific g
ravity of sand is 2.63.

4.2.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

Table Sieve analysis results of fine aggregate

Sieve size mm Retained sand Gm % in retained sand gm Cumulative % Ret

ained % passing

Fineness modulus = Cumulative percentage retained /100 = 2.45

Fine aggregate confirms, to grading zone II
4.2.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE FINE AGGREGATE
Weight of empty Pyconometer W1= 641gm
Weight of Pyconometer +sand W2 = 1046gm
Weight of Pyconometer +sand +water W3 = 1782gm
Weight of Pyconometer + water W4 = 1534gm
Specific gravity = (W2-W1)(W4-W1)(W3-W2)=2.63
4.2.3 BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
The bulk density of an aggregate gives valuable information regarding th
e shape and grading of aggregate. The parameter of bulk density is also used in
concrete mix design for converting the proportions by weight into proportions b
y volume when weight batching equipments is not available at the site.
Weight of empty container W1 = 1.45kg
Weight of container +sand (loose state) W2 = 9.65kg
Weight of container +sand (rodded state) W3 = 10.90kg
Weight of container+ water W4 = 7.35kg
Volume (W4-W1)/1000 = 5.86*10-3m3
Bulk density(loose state) (W2-W1)/1000 = 1393.16kg/ m3
Bulk density(rodded state) (W3-W1)/1000 = 1686.84kg/ m3
4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregate is chemically stable material in concrete. (in contrast
, cement is continuously in a chemically active state as the hydration reaction
goes on for a very long time; sometimes it takes the years to complete the hydra
tion). Presence of coarse aggregate reduces the drying shrinkage and other dimen
sional changes occurring an account of movement of moisture. Coarse aggregate co
ntributes to the heterogeneity of the cement concrete and there is weak interfac
e contributes to the heterogeneity of the cement concrete and there is waek inte
rface between cement mix and aggregate surface in conventional concrete. By rest
ricting the maximum size of aggregate and also by making the transition zone (in
terface between cement mix and aggregate) stronger cement concrete becomes more
homogenous and there is a marked enhancement in the strength properties as well
as durability characteristics of concrete.
For a given type of aggregate, the physical properties such as angularity number
, flakiness index, voids ratio, etc. are important as these properties affect th
e water requirement of the mix and therefore, work ability of mix. The water abs
orption of coarse aggregates measured over a shorter period (say 30-60min) would
be important in adjusting the quantity of mixing water. The water absorbed by a
ggregates before the mix is placed in the moulds, affects considerably the overa
ll work ability of the mix as thus water may amount to significant portion of th
e mixing water.
The properties such as moisture content, water absorption etc. would help in adj
usting the quantity of mixing water. The strength properties of coarse aggregate
such as aggregate abrasion value, aggregate impact value, modulus of elasticity
, compressive strength, aggregate crushing value (10% fines value) etc. would de
termine the limits of strength of concrete which could be achieved with a given
aggregate.
For the present study 20mm size blue granite size aggregate having specific grav
ity 2.83 was used.
4.3.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS
The maximum size of aggregate is fixed based on sieve analysis. This inf
luences the requirement of sand and water in concrete and also the spacing betwe
en the reinforcement.
The sample is brought to an air dry condition before weighing and sievin
g condition. This is achieved by drying at room temperature. The air dry sample
is weighed and sieved on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest at the
top. Each sieve is shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than.
Coarse aggregate confirms to maximum size of 20mm.

Sieve size mm Retained sand Gm % in retained sand gm Cumulative % Ret

ained % passing
4.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Weight of empty container W1 = 220g
Weight of (Wet CA + container) in air W2 = 2480g
Weight of (Wet CA + container) in water W3 = 1610g
Weight of container in water W4 = 150g
Specific gravity = (W1-W2)/ (W2-W1)-(W3-W4) = 2.75
4.3.3 BULK DENSITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Bulk density is weight of material in a given volume. It is normally exp
ressed in kg/m3. The parameter of bulk density is also used in concrete mix desi
gn for converting the proportions by weight into proportions by volume when weig
ht batching equipments is not available at the site.
Weight of empty container W1 = 1.5kg
Weight of container + coarse aggregate (loose state)W2 = 11.40kg
Weight of container + coarse aggregate (rodded state)W3 = 12.85kg
Weight of container + water W4 = 7.35kg
Volume (W4-W1)/1000 = 5.85*10-3m3
Bulk density (loose state)(W2-W1)1000 = 1692.31kg/ m3
Bulk density(rodded state)(W3-W1)/1000 = 1966.17kg/ m3
4.4 WATER
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates
in the chemical reactions with cement. The strength of cement concrete comes ma
inly from the binding action of the hydration of cement get the requirement of w
ater should be reduced to that required chemical reaction of un hydrated cement
as the excess water would end up in only formation undesirable voids (or) capill
aries in the hardened cement paste in concrete.
It is important to have the compatibly between the given cement and the
chemical material admixture along with the water used for mixing.
It is generally stated in the concrete codes and also in the literature
that the water fit for drinking is fit for making concrete. This may not be true
always. For example, some water containing a small amount of sugar would be sui
table for drinking, but they are good for cement concrete, as the sugar would ad
versely affect the hydration process.
The limits of the content of water have to be determined form the follow
ing consideration.
High content of cement is susceptible to a rapid loss of workability on account
of higher amount of heat of hydration generated. Therefore, attention is require
d to see that the initial hydration rate of cement should not be significantly a
ffected.
The salt in water would not interface with the development of strength of later
ages.
apart from the strength considerations, the durability characteristics such as p
orosity, degree of resistance to diffusion of co2, caso4 moisture, air oxygen, e
tc. should also be investigated after specified curing period.
PRECAST PRODUCTS
precast products made out of FRC includes precast roofing and flooring e
lements, pipes, piles, manhole covers, etc., Precast thin elements such as folde
d plates and shells, wall panels, have great advantage over plain cement concret
e.
REFRACTORY APPLICATIONS
FRC has been successfully used for refractory applications. Specific app
lication include stirring devices, lances and plugging bells for desulphurizatio
n of iron, doors and lining for furnaces and coke ovens, and roof for electric a
re furnaces FRC was found to perform well under the high temperature shock and m
echanical loading.
BRIDGE REHABILITATION
One common technique to control the deterioration of bridge decks has
been to increase the thickness of concrete cover over the top reinforcing bars
in combination with the use of epoxy coated bars. If FRC is used as the topping
material the thickness can be reduced to half that of cover concrete and also t
he epoxy coating of the bars may not be necessary. Due to the reduction in the d
epth of the topping material dead load may be reduced considerably. Future the i
ncrease crack resistance and durability of FRC would reduce the future maintenan
ce cost and extend the overall life of the structure.
OTHER APPLICATIONS
It can be used as a concrete overlay for roads, airfields, industrial floors and
bridges.
In the construction of structures such as Bank Valuts, blast resistance structur
es, seismic resistance structures and machine foundations.
In the repair of hydraulic structures, tunnels support, rebuilding of eroded spi
llway crests and slope protection.
Due to this improved properties FRC can be used advantageously on places where t
he performance of ordinary concrete is poor.

FORMATION
Quarry dust is formed when thin strands of silica- based or other formul
ation glass is extruded into many fiber with small diameters suitable for textil
e processing. Glass is unlike other polymers in that, even as a fiber, it has li
ttle crystalline structure (see amorphous solid). The properties of the structur
e of glass in its softened stage are very much like its properties when spun int
o fiber. One definition of glass is an inorganic substance in a condition which i
s continuous with, and analogous to the liquid state of that substance, but whic
h, as a result of a reversible change in viscosity during cooling, has attained
so high a degree of viscosity as to be for all practical purposes rigid.
The technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been kno
wn to exist for thousands of years; however, the concept of using these fibers f
or textile applications is more recent.
CHEMISTRY
The basis of textile grade glass fibers is silica, siO2. In its pure for
m it exists as a polymer, (siO2)n. It has no true melting point but softens up t
o 2000°C, where it starts to degrades. At 1713°C, most of the molecules can move abo
ut freely. If the glass is then cooled quickly, they will be unable to form an o
rdered structure. In the polymer it forms siO4 groups which are configured as a
tetrahedron with the silicon atom at the center, and four oxygen atoms at the co
rners. These atoms then form a network bonded at the corners by sharing the oxyg
en atoms.
PROPERTIES
Quarry dust are useful because of their high ratio of surface area to we
ight. However, the increased surface makes them much more susceptible to chemica
l attack.
By trapping air within them, blocks of quarry dust make good thermal insulation,
with a thermal conductivity of 0.04 W.mK.
Glass strengths are usually tested and reported for virgin fibers which ha
ve just been manufactured. The freshest, thinnest fibers are the strongest and t
his is thought to be due to the fact that it is easier for thinner fibers to ben
d. The more the surface is scratched, the less the resulting tenacity. Because g
lass has an amorphous structure, its properties are the same along the fiber and
across the fiber. Humidity is an important factor in the tensile strength. Mois
ture is easily adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic cracks and surface defects,
and lessen tenacity.
In contrast to carbon fiber, glass can undergo more elongation before it
breaks. The viscosity of the molten glass is very important for manufacturing s
uccess. During drawing (pulling of the glass to reduce fiber circumference) the
viscosity should be relatively low. If it is too high the fiber will break durin
g drawing, however if it is too low the glass will form droplets rather than dra
wing out into fiber.
AFFORDABILITY
This design freedom and the easiness to mould make Fibreglass an economi
cal alternative for the manufacture of any component or finished product in any
quantity.
VERSATILITY
The lightweight strength of Quarry dust has always made it a popular cho
ice for designers and manufacturers alike, Quarry dust offers distinct advantage
s for a wide range of products, its reduced weight and maintenance make it attra
ctive on architectural projects, and more industries are discovering the benefit
s of its versatility, these industries include, construction, leisure, marine, a
utomotive, aerospace, transport, ministry of defence, and more!

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY

High strength to weight ratio and high flexural strength make Fibre glas
s an attractive lightweight material, additional reinforcement can be added in s
pecific locations to build in extra strength where load and stress points requir
e it. When used for external applications, Quarry dust can offer a high resistan
ce to environmental extremes, so pound for pound Quarry dust components can prov
ide a better performance over other construction materials!
APPEARANCE
Quarry dust components are gel-coated in their moulds with a choice of f
lat, semi-gloss or high gloss colour eliminating the need for painting. In highl
y corrosive environments gel-coats are much more durable than most paint. Quarry
dust products can be manufactured in numerous finishes, textures, and colours,
so various surface appearances can be achieved in the mould.

MOULDED LOOK
With sheet steel or wood, you get a plain component; Quarry dust compone
nts have a sleek contour and a superior moulded appearance complete with require
d colour.
CORROSION CNVIRONMENTAL TOUGH
Quarry dust is non- corrosive and has a much longer life expectancy when
compared to a variety of other construction materials, in highly corrosive envi
ronments; Quarry dust is the perfect choice over metal, wood, or plastic. A popu
lar choice where exposure to harsh environments is a concern, quarry dust can pr
ovide resistance to ultra violet light, extreme temperatures, salt air, and a va
riety of chemicals, because Quarry dust is chemically inert and corrosion resist
ant if offers an economical alternative to stainless steel.

SOUND DEADENING
Quarry dust provides superior acoustical properties when compared to pla
stic or metal, various types of sound deadening material can be laminated in bet
ween high strength layers of Quarry dust matt to achieve the preferred level of
sound deadening. Quarry dust exhibits a great deal of dimensional stability and
the least amount of expansion and /or contraction when compared to other materia
l.
DURABILITY
Quarry dust structures have an exceedingly long life span, coupled with
low maintenance requirements; the longevity of quarry dust is a benefit in criti
cal applications, in a half-century of composite development, well designed quar
ry dust structures have yet to wear out.
LOW MAINTENANCE
Quarry dust components require very little or no maintenance as they do
not rust, rot, or fall to pieces, so if you are tired of costly maintenance asso
ciated with repairing or replacing expensive components.
CHAPTER-5
MIX DEXIGN
GENERAL
Mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredient of concrete a
nd determine their relative proportions with the object of certain minimum stren
gth and durability as economically a possible.
The objective of concrete mix design as follows.
the first objective is to achieve the stipulated minimum strength.
the second objective is to make the concrete in the most economical manner. Cost
wise all concrete s depend primarily on two factors, namely cost of materials and
cost of labour. Labour cost, by way of formworks, batching, mixing. Transportin
g and curing is namely same for good concrete.
Therefore attention is mainly directed to the cost of materials. Since the cost
of cement is many times more than the cost of their ingredients, optimum usage o
f cement is sought for by designing the mix.
MIX DESIGN AS PER IS: 10262-1982
The following basic data are required for design of a concrete mix.
Characteristics compressive strength of concrete
Degree of workability desired
Max water cement ratio of coarse aggregate
Type and max size of coarse aggregate
Standard deviation-based on concrete control
Statistical constant accepted
Grade of cement used
Target mean strength is determined as
Fck= fck+t*s
The water /cement ratio for the target mean strength is obtained fro fig.2 of IS
:10262 1982 and is limited as per table 3 of IS:456-2000
The air content is estimated as per table 3 of IS 10262-1982
Appropriate sand and water content per m3 of concrete are selected as per table
4 of 5(depends on grade of concrete) from IS:456-2000
Adjustments in sand percentage and water content are made as per table 6 if the
condition given for table 4 or 5 differs in IS:456-2000
Collected water quantity is computed and hence content from w/c ratio.
The quantity of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete
can be calculated from the following equations.
V = (W+(C/Sc)+((1/p)*(fa/Sfa)))*(1/1000)
Ca = (((1-P)/P)*fa*(Sca/Sfa))
The mix proportions by weight are computed by keeping the cement as one
unit.
DESIGN STIPULATIONS
For M25 grade pf concrete characteristic
Strength of 28 days : 25MPa
Maximum Nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
Compaction Factor : 0.9
Degree of quality control : Good
Type of Exposure : Mild
TEST DATAS
Cement Material
Type of cement : OPC(53 grade)
Specific gravity of cement : 3.08
Bulk density of cement : 1440 kg/ m3
Fine Aggregate
Specific Gravity : 2.63
Bulk density of Fine Aggregate : 1686.14kg/ m3
Fineness Modulus : 2.45
Coarse Aggregate
Specific Gravity : 2.75
Bulk Denisty : 1966.13kg/ m3

MIX DESIGN
Target Mean Strength of Concrete
Fck = fck+t*s
= 25+(1.65*4)
= 31.60MPa
Water / Cement Ratio
For fck = 31.60 MPa, the W/C ratio is 0.45.
0.45<0.55, Hence prescribed for Mild exposure.
Selection of Water and Sand content
Aggregate Size = 20mm
Sand Zone = II
Water Content /m3 = 186 kg
Sand Content = 35%
Corrections:
TABLE 5.1 CORRECTIONS OF WATER AND SAND CONTENT

Change condition Percentage Adjacent Requird

Water Content % Sand in total aggregate
1. For decrease in W/C ratio by 0.6- 0.45
i.e., 0.15. 0 -3
Increase in Compacting factor 0.9-0.8
i.e., 0.10 +3 0
Sand Zone II 0 -1.5
+3 -4.5
From the corrections,
The required Sand Content as % of total aggregate by absolute volume = 30.50%
The required water content = 191.58kg /m3
Determination of Cement Content
W/C ratio = 0.45
Cement = 191.58 / 0.45 = 426 kg / m3
This cement is adequate for Mild exposure.
determination of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate
For the specified agg. Size 20mm, amount of entrapped air in the wet concrete is
2%, V= 0.98 m3 & P=0.315
V = (W+ (C/Sc)+((1/p)* (fa/Sfa))) * (1/1000)
Ca = ((( 1-P)/P)* fa* (Sca/Sfa))
From the substitution of the values we get,
Fine Aggregate = 534.13kg/ m3
Coarse Aggregate = 1175.03kg/ m3
MIX PROPORTION:
TABLE 5.2 MIX PROPORTION

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

191.6
0.45

The Mix for percentages of Quarry dust in quarry dust is tabulated on the follo
wing table.

TABLE 5.3 MIX FOR 0% OF QUARRY DUST

S.NO Name of the Mould Quantity of Material

Cement

kg Fine
Aggregate

kg Coarse
Aggregate

kg Water

lts Quarry dust

gms
1 Cube
TABLE 5.4 MIX FOR 1% OF QUARRY DUST

S.NO Name of the Mould Quantity of Material

Cement
kg
Fine
Aggregate

kg
Coarse
Aggregate

kg Water

lts
Quarry dust

gms
1 Cube
TABLE 5.5 MIX FOR 2% OF QUARRY DUST

S.NO Name of the Mould Quantity of Material

Cement

kg
Fine
Aggregate

kg
Coarse
Aggregate

kg Water
lts
Quarry dust

gms
1 Cube
TABLE 5.6 MIX FOR 2% OF QUARRY DUST

S.NO Name of the Mould Quantity of Material

Cement

kg
Fine
Aggregate

kg
Coarse
Aggregate

kg Water

lts
Quarry dust

gms
1 Cube
S.NO Name of the Mould Quantity of Material
Cement

kg
Fine
Aggregate

kg
Coarse
Aggregate

kg Water

lts
Quarry dust

gms
1 Cube
2 Cylinder
3 Small cylinder

EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON CONCRETE

CASTING AND CURING OF SPECIMENTS
For ordinary concrete, fine aggregate and cement were weighed and mixed
thoroughly, the coarse aggregate was then added and mixed with the above. The re
quired amount of water was added and mixed the thoroughly to get uniform concret
e mass.
For preparing the specimens for determining the compressive, tensile and
impact strength, permanent steel modulus, of standard size were used. The fresh
concrete was filled in the mould. Care should be taken to see that the concrete
was compacted perfectly. The compaction was carried but by means of vibrators
and the top surface was leveled and finished. All the moulds were demoulded afte
r 24 hours of casting and cured. They were tested on28th day, as per IS 456-2000
.
SPECIMEN & TESTING DETAILS
The following specimens were casted in the Quarry dust Reinforced Concrete.
15 nos of cube of size 150mm*150mm*150mm were casted for the determination of Co
mpressive Strength of Quarry dust.
15 nos of Cylinder of size 150mm Dia &300mm Height were casted for the determina
tion of Split tensile Strength of Quarry dust.
15nos of Small Cylinder of size 150mm Dia & 70mm Height were casted for the dete
rmination of Impact Strength of Quarry dust.
TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
Fresh concrete (or) plastic concrete is frehly mixly materials, which c
an be moulded in to any shape. The relative quantities of cement, aggregates and
water mixed together control the properties in the wet state as well as in hard
ened state.
Workability is the important quality of fresh concrete, workability is d
efined as the ease with which a given state of material can be mixed into concre
te and subsequently handled, transported, placed and compacted with loss of homo
geneity. The word workability or workable concrete signifies much wider and dee
per meaning than other terminology consistency often used loosely for workabilit
y. Consistency is the general term to indiciate the degree of fluidity or the de
gree of mobility.
MEASURMENT OF WORKABILITY
The following tests are commonly employed tomeasure workability.
SLUMP TEST
The mould for the slump test is in the form of frustrum of a cone of bot
tom diameter 20cm, top diameter 10cm and height 30cm. The mould is filled with f
resh concrete in four layers, each approximately one quarter of the height of th
e mould. Each layer shall be tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the ta
mping rod. After the top layer has been rodded and top surface leveled, the moul
d is removed form the concrete by raising it slowly in vertical direction. The c
oncrete subsides and the slump is measured immediately by determing the differen
ce between the height of themould and of the highest point of the specimen being
tested. The test determines the consistency of the fresh concrete and given com
parable results in the case of wet mixes.
TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
The following tests are as conducted.
Compressive strength
Split tensile strength
Impact strength
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important and useful pro
perties of concrete. In most structural applications concrete is used primarily
to resist compressive stress. In those cases where strength in tension or in she
ar is of primarily importance, the compressive strength is frequently used as a
measure of these properties.
Compressive strength is also used as a qualitative measure for other pro
perties of hardened concrete. No exact quantitative relationship between compres
sive strength and flexural strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity wea
ring resistance, fire resistance have been established nor are they likely to be
. However, approximate stastical relationship; in some cases, has been establish
ed and these give much useful information ot the engineers. For practically the
compressive strength increases as the specimetn size decreases.
At least three cubes of 15cm * 15cm*15cm are cast foreach age, usually 7
and 28 days. The specimen are air cured for one day and in water for rest of th
e days. Specimen are tested in saturated condition. Cubes are placed in such a m
anner in testing macnine that the line of loading is perpendicular to direction
it was cast.consant load of140kg/cm2/min is applied till failure.
Compressive stress = Ultimate load / bearing area.
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
The test specimens shall consists of concrete cylinders of 150mm in diam
eter and 300mm long. The same compression test machine is used for finding tensi
le strength also.
The specimens should be kept in dry condition for 24 hrs before testing.
Plywood strip of size 12mm +3mm is centered along the center of the lower patte
rn. The wet cyclinder specimen is placed on the strip horizontally with its axis
perpendicular to the loading direction. The second plywood strip is then placed
lengthwise on the cylinder centrally. The load is then applied without shock an
d increased continuously at a rate to produce approximately a splitting tensile
stress of 14 to 21kg/cm2/ min until failure.
The split tensile strength is calculated from the following formula.
Tensile strength
µ

where,
P = maximum load.
D = diameter of the specimen
1 = length of the specimen.

IMPACT STRENGTH
Total height of impact testing machine = 82cm
Height of the pipe = 72cm
Diameter of the circular base plate = 30cm
Diameter of steel ball = 5.5cm
Weight of steel ball = 0.65kg
Diameter of hammer = 6 cm
Height of fall = 53cm
Diameter of impact specimen mould = 16cm
Height of impact specimen mould = 6.5cm
The impact specimen is placed exactly at center of circular bse plate at bottom.
The steel ball is placed on specimen. The hammer is raised to its top position
and dropped freely. The procedure is repeated until failure is noticed. The numb
er of blows required to make the failure is taken. Cumulative energy imparted to
the specimen to cause ultimate failure is calculated as follows.
Cumulative impact energy in N.m = mgh* avg number of blows.
Where,
M = mass of hammer.
G = acceleration due to gravity
H = height of fall.
CHAPTER -7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
INTRODUCTION
In the present investigation Compression test, Split tensile strength te
st & Impact strength tests are carried out for Plain Concrete and Quarry dust of
M25 grade.
TEST RESULTS
Compressive Strength, Split tensile strength test & Impact strength of P
CC and QUARRY DUST for 28 days are shown in tables 7.1 to 7.5. Comparison betwe
en Compressive Strength of PCC and quarry dust ofr 28 days are shown in tables 7
.1 to 7.5. Comparison between split tensile strength of PCC and quarry dust for
28 days are shown in tables 7.6 to 7.10. Comparison between Impact strength of
PCC and Quarry dust for 28 days are shown in tables 7.11 to 7.15 respectively.
TABLE 7.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PCC (28 DAYS)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3

TABLE 7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 1%)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3

TABLE 7.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 2%)
Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3

TABLE 7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 3%)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3
TABLE 7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 4%)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3
TABLE 7.6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PCC (28 DAYS)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3
TABLE 7.7 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 1%)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3
TABLE 7.8 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 2%)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3
TABLE 7.9 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 3%)

Specimen No.
 Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3

TABLE 7.10 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 4%)

Specimen No.
Ultimate Load (in tones)
Ultimate compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mean Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

2
3

TABLE 7.11IMPACT STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS )

Specimen No.
No.of blows at failure
Average no of blows
Cumulative impact energy Nm

2
3
TABLE 7.12IMPACT STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 1% )

Specimen No.
No.of blows at failure
Average no of blows
Cumulative impact energy Nm

2
3

TABLE 7.13IMPACT STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 2% )

Specimen No.
No.of blows at failure
Average no of blows
Cumulative impact energy Nm

2
3

TABLE 7.14 IMPACT STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 3% )

Specimen No.
No.of blows at failure
 Average no of blows
Cumulative impact energy Nm

1
2
3

TABLE 7.15IMPACT STRENGTH QUARRY DUST (28 DAYS FOR 4% )

Specimen No.
No.of blows at failure
Average no of blows
Cumulative impact energy Nm

1
2
3
CURING RESULT:
7 DAYS CURING RESULT:
0% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
1 450 20
20.59
2 460 20.44
3 480 21.33
10% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 455 20.22
21.55
2 485 21.55
3 515 22.88
20% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 480 21.33
22.81
2 520 23.11
3 540 24
30% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 505 22.44
23.62
2 540 24
3 550 24.44
40% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 440 19.55
19.55
2 450 20
3 430 19.11

28 DAYS CURING RESULT:

0% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 550 24.44
25.52
2 580 25.77
3 600 26.66
10% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 605 26.88
27.33
2 615 27.33
3 625 27.77

20% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 605 26.88
29.18
2 615 27.33
3 625 27.77
30% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 655 29.11
29.81
2 675 30
3 700 30.636
40% OF CONCRETE:

Sl. NO. ULTIMATE LOAD

(KN) ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MEAN COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
1 540 24
26.07
2 600 26.66
3 620 27.55