Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Discussion Papers on
Sustainable Forest Management NO2
United Nations
New York, Geneva, 2005
This is a publication of the UNECE Trade Development and Timber Division project "Capacity building
to improve trade finance and investment prospects for the Russian timber sector". This project has been carried out
with the support from the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries and the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (MATRA FuncUProgramme International Nature Management) of the Netherlands.
ISSN: 1020-9697
The views expressed and the designations employed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat nor do they express any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.
This Publication has been formatted with minor editorial changes, and has been reproduced in the'form in which it
was received by the Secretariat.
All material may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the
publication containing the quotation or reprint (to be sent to the following address: Director, Trade Development and Timber
Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, Geneva 10,CH-1211 Switzerland).
Abstract
The UNECE publication "Sustainable Development and Certification in the Russian Forest Sector" provides
information on the most recent developments in the area of sustainable forest management and certification in the forest
industry in the northwestern region of the Russian Federation.
Contributions to the publication were made by high-level experts from the federal and regional governmental
structures, forest enterprises, research institutes and universities, environmental non-governmental organizations, and
international organizations.
Foreword
This publication is the first of a series of discussion papers on sustainable forest management published by the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The series is a result of the workshops and expert meetings on
sustainable development that are taking place in the context of the UNECE Trade Division project "Capacity building to
improve trade finance and investment prospects for the Russian timber sector". The focus of this project is on sustainable
development of the forest sector at the regional level of the Russian Federation.
Since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, many activities have been launched to improve sustainable forest
management. Many of these activities are undertaken in parallel and there is a clear need for coordination and exchange of
information. The UNECE project responds to this need and offers a platform for Russian and other experts to exchange
information on best practice.
The present publication contains the papers that were submitted for discussions held in St. Petersburg, Russian
Federation, in early 2001. These papers are a valuable contribution to an unbiased discussion on all aspects of the
sustainable development of the Russian forest sector.
There is a clear need for information on this important subject and by reaching a wider public through our
publications I am confident that this series will help to make the Russian forest sector better known.
Brigi ta Schmognerovii
Executive Secretary
United Nations
Organizers of the Conference
O6b~HHeHHbleHauHH ~ ~ ~ B H T ~ neHHHrpa~~K0ii
~ ~ c T B o C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~ P ~ Y ~ ~ C K
~ K O H O M W W C K KOMHCCHFl
~FI o6nac~n ~ O C ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I
m Eeponbl Government of the Leningrad ~ e x ~ o n o r n ~ lyHnBepcnTeT
ec~~i
United Nations Region PaCTHTenbHblX nOnHMepOB
Economic Commission Saint Petersburg State
for Europe Technological University of Plant
Polymers
Chairman:
I. Grigoriev, Vice Governor of the
Leningrad Region
Deputy Chairmen:
E. Akim, M. Dedov, H. Jansen
Committee Members:
A. Benin (LEMO)
V. Goncharov (Government of the Leningrad
Region)
S. Myakov (Government of the Leningrad Region)
S. Naryshkin (Government of the Leningrad
Region)
V. Musinsky (Ministry of Industry, Science and
Technologies)
0 . Terentiev (SPb STUPP)
V. Suslov (SPb STUPP)
V. Onegin (SPb FTA)
B. Vorobeichik (NTO Bumprom)
Ycmoiiwsoe pmsumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable development and biofuel itse as a way townrds
6uomomusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u dze Kyoto protocol iinplernentation and enhanced complex
n o e b ~ ~ l eKoMnneKcHocmu
~u~) ucnonb3osa~mdpesecu~bru mopqba utilization of wood raw material and peat
O r n a s n e ~ 1~Table
e of Contents
L.P. Sovershaeva
Vice Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the
North-Westem Federal Area in Economic Development, Fiscal Control
and Social Points .....................................................................................................................................
I.N. Grigoriev
Energy Problems of the Leningrad Region .................................................................................. 11 -17
vii
Ycmoziwsoe pa36umue u ucnonbsoeatiue Sustainable development and biqfuel use as a way towards
6uomomusa - nymb K peanmayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complrx
nO6blUleHUlO KO.~MWleKCHOCmUUCnOJlb308UHU11 dpe6ec~liblU mopqba utilization ofwood raw material and peat
M.A. a e ~ o ~
A c I I ~ K TyTIInII3aI@iII
~I ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB B PeIIIeHWH BOIIPOCOB KOMIIJIeKCHOrO
~ ~ a pecypcoB B n e ~ ~ ~ r p a ~O ~c J~I ~oC iT............................................
a c n o n a 3 o ~ a necabIx iH
M.A. Dedov
Some Aspects of Wood Residue Utilization while solving the problems of
complex use of Forest resources in the Leningrad Region ....................................................
E.L. Akim
International and regional aspects of Biofuel use ......................................................................
A.A.Benin
The tapping of Biofuel In North West Russian Federation .....................................................
B.~.C~JI~HHOB
......................................
Top@- K ~ ~KI I O T O I I ~ I I B OH ero 3anaca1 ~a ce~epo-3ana,qePOCCIIII
C.M. I I I ~ C T ~ K O B
KoMIIJI~KcHo~ ~ c n o n b 3 o ~ necmIx
a ~ ~ e pecypcoB c VenbIo nonyYeHm Tenna H
~ J I ~ K T ~ O I~I H ~ ~~K ~T ~
H H
~ ~H , ~~ JXI H ~ ~.............................................................................
PC ~K I ~ I X 65 - 72
B.K.Tennrr~o~
KIIOTCKII~~
npo~o~a s e .....................................................................................
o np o c c ~ i i c ~ neca 72 - 79
Victor K. Teplyakov
Kyoto Protocol and Russian forests ............................................................................ 72 - 79
...
Vlll
Ycnzoiiwsoe passumue u ucnonb306a~ue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
6uomonnusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
t'lO8blUleHUH)KOMFlJZeKCHOCmU UCnORb306aHW dpe6ecllHbl U m0p&l utilization of wood raw material andpeat
m . A . PYHA~II'HH,
K.A. TpHrOpbeB, B.E. C I C ~ ~ H ~A.n.
I C TOWHOB,
H~~,
A.H. Ll[Hsane~
C X N T a H H e A p e B e C H b I X OTXOAOB C HCIIOJIb30BaHNeM BNXpeBbIX T ~ x H o J I o ~ H ~ ~ ................
Y a s s a ~ a n 3 eE.K., U ~ ~ M H KB.H,
N HMunnep B.H, K a p a n e ~ oA~. 3 ,
C X N r a H N e TOIIJIHB ~ H O ~ O ~ H Y ~ CIIPONCXOXAeHHX
K O ~ O B KNnRII(eM CJIOe .....................
C.A. YHCTOBHY
I l e p c n e ~ ~p~al s~mb m
~T K pacnmpeme
~ U ~cno~1~3osa~ns
HkI3KOCOPTHbIX BHAOB TOIIJINBa ..........................................................................................................
O.B.IIanan~o,
KOM~OH K O~M~M IY H ~ T ~ ~ H O - ~ ~ I T O
OTXOAOB
B ~ I X KaK ~ H O T O ~ ~ ~ B O ...............................................
The participants point out that the time has come to go from
individual pilot projects on the wide use of biofuel to a
common economically efficient strategic policy on the wide
use of renewable energy sowces such as wood and peat.
This will contribute considerably to the implementation of
the Kyoto Protocol on prevention of global climate change.
Y C I ~ I O Lpussirmue ~YL~~O u ucnonbsosa~ue
~ Sustainable develop~prnetztand biofuel use as a way towards
o'uon2onnlrsa- nymb K peanz43alpu K U O ~ C K npOmOKOna O~O u the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhanced con~plex
~ 0 6 b l U l ~ H 1 1 1KOJZlnJleKCHOCnlU
0 UCnOJlb306UHUII dpe6ecU~blU m0p$a utilization of wood raw material and peat
n e ~ ~ ~ r p a ~ 06nac~u
c ~ o i i M Ceuepo-3ana~~oro As to the Leningrad Region and the North-Western Fedeml
CDenepanb~orooKpyra B qenoM 6 u o ~ o n n ~He~ TonbKo
o Area as a whole, biofuel not only can become the most
MOXeT CTaTb BaXCHehefi ~TaTbefi 3KCnOpTa, H 0 M important export but also opens a new page in the
OTKpOeT HOBYIO CTpaHMuy B pa3BMTMA development of the Regional Forest-Industrial Complex.
neconpoMbiuIneHHoro KoMnneKca M necHoro x o 3 ~ f i c ~ s a
perwoHa.
YS~CTHMKM CSMTaKIT qenecoo6pa3~oft pa3pa60~Ky The participants in consider it advisable to draw up a
perMo~anbH0fiK O M ~ ~ ~ K CnPOrpaMMb1
H O ~ ~ < < ~ ~ M o T o ~ J ~ M BMo Regional integrated Programme on 'Biofuel and
6M03~eprMm. Bioenergy".
L.P. Sovershaeva
Vice Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian
Federation in the North-Western Federal Area in
Economic Development, Fiscal Control and Social
Points
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Participants and Guests,
Pocc~fic~ Qenepaq~rr
a~ 06na&ae~ 25% MMposbrx 3anac0~ The Russian Federation has 25% of the global
neCa M ee MOXHO Ha3BaTb JerKMMM ~ B P O ~ ~ ~ ~ C K O - ~ ~ M ~TCK
standing O ~ Ovolume and it may be called the
timber
KOHTMHeHTa. CeBep0-3ana~Hblfi @e&epmbHblfi OKpyr lungs of the Eurasian Continent. The
P o c c ~ f i c ~ o fQ
i e ~ e p a u o~6~n a ~ a e 6onburefi
~ YacTbm North-Western Federal Area possesses the largest
3anac0~ neca, pacnonoxemoro B e~ponefic~ofiracm portion of fosest reserves of European Russia. The
CTpaHbI. 3anacb1 neCa neHMHrpa&~Koft O ~ ~ ~ C T M standing timber volume of the Leningrad Region is
COCTaBnHKlT npMMepH0 600 MMJUlMOHOB K ~ ~ O M ~ T M~ O B as much as 600 million cubic metres; this is one of
HBnHmTCR OAHMM M3 OCHOBaHblX PeCypCOB, the main resources, and engines of growth of the
0 6 e c n e ~ w ~ a m qnoc7ynaTenbHoe
~x pammue ee X O ~ H A C T B ~ . regional economy. Market economy principles are
B ne~MHrpa~cK0fio 6 n a c ~ YCneWHO ~ HPMMeHHmTCH being successfully applied in the Leningsad Region
PbIHOYHble MeXaHM3MbI BeAeHMH ~ ~ c o I I ~ o M ~ I L L I ~ ~ H H o ~by ~ the forestry sector and active work is conducted
AeHTenbHOCTM M aKTMBHO IlPOBOAMTCH p a 6 0 ~ a no to transfer forests to a long lease. Thus, this makes
nepeAare necoB B Aonrocpowym apeHny, rawM 06pa30~, it possible to form a forest user that has long-term
@ o p ~ ~ p necononb3o~a~enn,
yn MMemqero ,qonrocporHbte interests and responsibility for concrete forest
MHTepeCbl M OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha KOHKPeTHblX YYaCTKaX blocks.
necHoro @ o ~ ~ a .
Sustaitzable develop~nentand biofiiel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol inzplenzentation and enhanced conzplex
utilization (J'wood raw tnaterial and peat
MHO~M M 3 ~ BXOARuMX B PerMOH rOCyAapCTB C Many of our Member States with economies in
nepexoflH0fi ~ K O H O M W K OCTNIKMBaWTCR
~~ C CePbe3HbIMM transition are confronted by major challenges in
TPyAHOCTIlMM B M3BJleYeHMM n p ~ 6 b 1 nM ~ 3 CBOMX JIeCHblX developing economic gains from their forest
PeCypCOB. B YaCTHOCTM, nepeA P o c c H ~ ~KOTOpaA ~, resources. Russia, in particular, hosting the world's
0 6 n a ~ a He ~~ M ~ O ~ ~ U I 3allaCaMM
M M M eCTeCTBeHHblX JeCHblX most extensive natural forests, faces particularly
peCypCOB, CTORT O C O ~ ~ H HCnOXHbIeO 3aAaYM 0 6 e c n e ~ e ~ m difficult problems in promoting the sustainable
~ C T O ~ ~ Y M B O ~pa3BMTMR
O TOrO, YTO nOTeHUMNIbH0 MOrJlO development of what potentially could be one of its
6b1 CTaTb OAHMM M 3 ee rJIaBHb1X BMAOB ~ K C ~ O P T M P Y ~ M O ~ ~principal renewable export products.
B O ~ O ~ H O B . J I R ~ MIlP
OOAYKUMM.
~~
Sustainable development and biofirl use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol bnplemenrarion and enhanced ~:otuPlex
utilization qf' wood raw nlaterial arld peat
IIOHBM~ OM
C OC
~ ~~H, HBO E ~ p o n e ,rpynnb1 no~yna~enefi, Particularly in Europe, Buyers' Groups have
HacTamamqMe Ha ocyuecmnewiu c e p ~ ~ @ ~ ~ a q ~emerged, u, which insist on certification as a proof of
KOTOPYK) OHM PaCCMaTPMBaIOT KaK AOKa3aTenbCTBO well managed sources for their supplies. Since
xopouro ynpasnReMbrx MCTOYHMKOB n o c ~ a ~ n ~ e MM ~oii 1993, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has
npoAyKqaa. C 1993 roAa n m m n e c ~ o f Ii I o n e r ~ ~ e n b c ~ ~ f i provided the only label that is currently well
C O B ~ T 3aHMMUICH o n p e ~ e n e ~ ~ o f Mi ~ P K M P O B K O ~ ~ established in the marketplace; but this is changing
npOAyKuMM, KOTOPaR ~ e f i Y anpOzIHO
~ YKOpeHMnaCb Ha because of the emergence of the Pan-European
PbIHKe, OAHaKO CMTYalJMR M3MeHReTCH BCneACTBMe Forest Certification (PEFC) as well as national
BO3HMKHOBeHMR KaK I I ~ H - E B ~ o I I ~ ~CXeMbI ~ c K onec~0fi
~~ schemes in many countries. The field is still
cep~kiq>ki~alJMki
(PEFC), TaK M Pa3nMYHbIX HaqMOHaJIbHbIX evolving and it is uncertain which schemes will
cxeM. 3 ~ o6nac~b
a Bce ewe ~ ~ ~ B M B ~ ~M T H Ce RHGHO,
, survive and what their relationships will be.
KaKMe CXeMbI c ~ ~ T M ~ M K BbIXWBYT,
~ I & ~ M M KaKOBO 6 y ~ y T
MX COOTHOUIeHMe.
P o c c a f i c ~ anecHafi
~ npoAyKqm 6 y ~ uer p~a n Bce 6onee Russian forest products will play an increasingly
BaXHyK) POnb Ha Me~YHapOAHOMPbIHKe, R H ~ M ~ ~ ~ X H O , importantrole on the international market and
YTO Ha P O C C M ~ ~ C K M neCa
~ MeXAyHapOAHOe c o o 6 w e c ~ ~ o inevitably the attention of the international
6 y ~ 06pauaTb
e ~ AWe 6onee npMCTaJlbHOe BHMMaHMe. community will be focused even stronger on the
IIO~TOMY BBOA HOBO^> ~ P O A Y K ~ MTaKme
M AonmeH 6 y ~ e ~ Russian Forests. For that reason the introduction of
OCyueCTBnXTbCR C MaKCMMUIbHbIM YYeTOM ee BnMRHMR Ha "new" products will also have to be developed with
oKpyxamwym cpeAy. the utmost consideration of environmental
consequences.
As you know, one of these new developments as a
result of our close cooperation in the "Timber
Project" is the sustainable use of biomass in the
Leningrad Oblast.
Biomass is largely defined as organic matter
available on a renewable basis, including forest
residues, wood and wood waste.
KMOTCKHA nPOTOKOn (1997 r.) KOHB~HUHMB PaMKaX The Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the UN framework
OOH no M3MeHeHMtO KnMMaTa (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Convention on Climate Change) coAepmi-r contains legally binding, quantified commitments
KOnMYeCTBeHHbIe 06R3aTenb~TBa AJlR npOMbIurJleHH0- for industrialized countsies to limit or reduce
pa3BMTblX CTpaH OTPaHMYMTb MnM CHM3MTb B ~ I ~ P O C ~ I Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
naPHMKOBblX Ta30B.
Thank you.
Ycmoijwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable development and biojuel use a.v a way towards
6uomoiuru6a - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol itnplementatiorz arzd erlkarzced cwrrp1t.s
U mop&
n06bllUeHUK) KOM~JleKCHOCmUUCYlOJlb308aHw dpe8eC~~bl utilizatiotl of wood raw material arrd peal
I.N. Grigoriev
Ha ~ ~ O B O A H M H OaM~M K O H @ ~ ~ ~ H K~ M
PaCCMOTpeHMIO
M The Conference focuses primary attention on one
BbIAWIeH OAMH M 3 aCneKTOB, OAHO, H 0 OYeHb BaXHOe most important aspect, one line of work, which is
HanpaBneHkie pa60Tb1 H 0 IIOBbIIIIeHHW ~ @ @ ~ K T W B H O C T I ? related to increasing efficiency of the use of fuel
MCllOnb30BaHWH TOnnMBHO-3HepTeTHSeCKMX PeCypCOB, resources. This is linked to optimization of fuel
CBH3aHHOe C o ~ T H M M ~ CTPYKTyPbI ~ ~ M ~ ~ TOllnMBHOrO balance structure, namely, with the extended use of
Gana~ca,a MMeHHO, C UIMPOKMM IIpMMeHeHMeM MeCTHbIX local fuels (wood residue and peat) at heat
BMAOB TOnnMBa (OTXOAOB ApeBeCMHbI M TOP@^) Ha generating enterprises of the Leningrad Region.
~ e n n o n p o w s ~ o ~ l i q anpeAnpmTarrx
x JTe~a~rpa~c~oii
06nac-r~.
nepex0~1l K O C H O B H O ~ ~WCTH AOwIaAa, H ~ O ~ X O ~ M M O While coming to the main part of the paper, it is
OTMeTMTb, qTO B Gnlwcaiirueii nepCneKTMBb1 npeACTOMT necessary to note that we can expect a certain
nomrrremie qeH Ha ra3 (K 2003r. B 2,5 pma, a K 2005r. increase in prices for gas in the immediate future
e q e B 1,4 pa3a). Y A ~ ~ H H OMC eCTT ~~06bIWi ymH, (2.5 times - by 2002 and a further increase by the
COKpaqeHMe npOM3BOACTBa MiUyTa, BBMAY y m y 6 n e ~ ~ x factor of 1.4 - by 2005). Because of remoteness of
nepepa60TKM H ~ @ T M COXpaHMT
, BbICOKMMM UeHbI Ha 3TM the coalming areas and reduced fuel oil production
BMAM Tonnma Anrr J I e ~ a ~ r p a g c ~oo6i n
i ac~~. (because of extended oil refining), the prices for
these fuels remain high in the Leningrad Region.
IIO~TOMY ~ a ~ 6 0 n e e qenecoo6pa3~b1~ Anlr Because of this, orientation of the municipal power
ne~MHrpa~cK0ii o6nac~u HBnReTCH OpMeHTaqHH industry and of boilerhouses of industrial
K O M M Y H ~ J - I ~ H O ~ ~ 3HepreTMKM W KOTen b H bIX enterprises to local biofuel grades such as lump and
npOMbILUJleHHbIX npe,QlTp~HTkifi, Ha MeCTHbIe BWAbI milled peat, unmerchantable chips as well as forest
6tlo~onnkfsa: K Y C K O B O ~ ~W @pe3ep~b1iiTOP+; qeny ~3 residue and woodworking waste, sawdust, bark
HWIMKBMAHO~~ ApeBeCMHbI, a TaWe OTXOAbI from the available clumps with a storage life of no
n e c o 3 a r o ~ oM ~~~e~p e ~ o n e p e p a 6 0onMnKM;
~ ~ ~ ; ~ o p y~3 more than 5 years would be most appropriate for the
MMelouMXCH OTBmOB, CO CPOKOM XpaHeHMH He 6onee 5 Region.
neT.
0 rnop@e, o6yue d a ~ ~ b z e . Now about peat (general information).
B n e ~ k i ~ r p a ~ c ~o6nac~u
ofi MMeeTCH OKOnO 2300 There are about 2,300 peat beds whose total area
TOP@HHMX M ~ C T O P O W ~ H M o6uefi
~~ nnouaAm 6onee exceeds 10,000 sq. km. Fuel peat reserves are as
10000 KB. KM. 3anacb1 TO~nMBHOrO TOP@^ COCTaBJIH~T much as 1.3 billion tons. The Regional peat raw
OKOnO 1,3 MnpA. TOHH. Cb1pbe~aHT O P @ R H ~ H6a3a O ~ ~ ~ C T M material base could meet the demand for
cnoco6aa 06e~neWiTb ~ O T ~ ~ ~ H O CB T KOMMYHUIbHO-
M municipal-consumer peat fuel and for peat over a
~~ITOBOM TOP@HOM Tonnme M ~ o p @ Hae 500 ne-r npM period of 500 years at their annual consumption of
exeronHoM n o ~ p e 6 n e ~AOm 2-X MnH. TOHH. up to 2 million tons.
A H ~ I TM @ R H ~ I X PeCypCOB o 6 n a c ~nOKa3bIBaeT,
O P~ ~ rT0 It follows from analysis of the regional peat
OHM B COCTOHHMW 3HaqMTeJlbHO YMeHbWUTb reserves that they are capable of significantly
HanPRXeHHOCTb TOI1JlMBHOrO 6 a n a ~ c aB KOMMYHmbHO- weakening the fuel balance tension in the
~~ITOBOM CeKTOpe. O C H O B HIlpeMMyueCTBO
O~ TOP@RHO~O municipal-consumer sector. The main advantages
TOnnMBa nepen KaMeHHbIM YrneM - CpaBHMTeJlbHO HM3KaH of peat fuel over coal are its comparatively low
er0 C ~ ~ ~ C T O M M ~O~CHT ~~ J, I U X ~ H H K O MeCTaM
CT~ cost, proximity to the places of consumption, and
n0Tpe6JleHMH, BbICOKMe 3KOnOTMYeCKMe C B O ~ C THM B3~KO
:e high environmental properties such as low ash and
conepxawie sonbr M cepbl. sulphur content.
Peat extraction was initiated in the Region in 1798
at the Alexander-Nevsky Monastery and there for
the first time it was used as fuel.
Ycmoiilrusoe pa3sumue u ucnonbsosa~ue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
6uomonnusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomo~onau the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
~ O B ~ Z I U ~ HKo~nneKcHocmu
UH) ucno~b306a~ux
ijpe~ecu~bz
U mop& utilization of wood raw material and peat
B AOBOeHHble I'OAbl Ha TOP(&! B o 6 n a c ~pa6o~ano ~ In pre-war years several large water-power stations
HeCKOnbKO KPYnHbIX r P 3 C M T3I4 r P 3 C N25-111 TbIC. and power-and-heating plants such as
KBT, TP3C N28-310 T ~ I CKBT, . T 3 u N215, 6onbruoe water-power stations No.5 (111 thousand kW),
KOJlMYeCTBO KOMMYHanbHblX KOTenbHbIX. B TOnnUBHOM No.8 (310 thousand kW), the power-and-heating
6ana~ceo6nac~u 1960 rona TOP@ coc'raunm 24,3%, plant No.15 as well as a number of municipal
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B o B ~ 23
U I O ~0p+0npeflnpkiRTPf5l C II~o~KTHo~~ boilerhouses had operated on peat. In 1960 the
MOuHOCTbIO OKOnO 4 MnH. TH B rOA. B HaYWIe 70-X rOAOB contribution of peat to the Regional fuel balance
B 06nac~w~06b1~aJIocb no 2,0 - 2,3 MnH. T H TOnJlUBHOrO was as much as 24.3%; 23 peat enterprises of
~ o p @ aB. n a n b ~ e h e c~yeenuqeHkfeM
, o 6 a e ~ ~o6b1rw
o~ design capacity of about one million tons a year had
YfJlR, H@TM kf ra38, TOP@,KaK TOnnBBO He3aCnyXeHHO been functioning. Early in the 1970s, annual peat
CTaJl TepRTb CBOA n03MqMki B CTPYKTYPe TOnnMBHOrO output had been as high as 2.0-2.3 million tons.
6 m a ~ c a , ycTynaR Memo neperwneHHbIM mrue Subsequently, with increasing volumes of coal
3HeproHocwenaM. B HacToHuee BpeMH TOP@ B CTpymype mining, petroleum and gas production, the position
TOIlnWBHOrO 6 m a ~ c o6nac~ua COCTaBJIReT OT 1,7% A 0 2%. of peat as fuel had been falling unfairly in the fuel
balance structure, giving way to the energy
resources mentioned above. Presently the peat share
is 1.7 - 2% in the Regional fuel balance structure.
C~I'O~~HR, B CBR3M C A ~ @ M ~ U T O MHa3BaHHblX BblLUe Today, because of the deficit in these energy
3~epro~ocw~eneii M POCTOM qeH Ha HMX, ponb ~ o p + a Km
, resources and the increase in their prices, the role of
KOMMYHUlbHOrO TOllnMBa, CHOBa BO3paCTaeT. T ~ 6onee, M peat as a municipal fuel is increasing again.
YTO B IlOClIeAHee BpeMH, KpOMe TpaflRqMOHHbIX BMAOB Especially as in the last years, in addition to the
TOnnMBHOrO TOP@^ (KYCKOBO~~ TOP@ U +pe3ep~blfi),HaWUl usual fuel peat grades (lump and milled peat), so
OCyueCTBJlReTCR ~ ~ B O A C K BbInyCK O~~ TaK Ha3bIBaeMOrO called "composite fuel" is coming into industrial
~'KOM~O~M T o IT
I J IH ~ " ~ -OCMeCb TOP@ C IlpOAyKTaMM
M BO production (this is a mixture of peat with oil
~ e @ ~ e n e p e p a G oc~ oTxoaaMu
~u, cnaeqa, onMnoK M ~ p . refining products, shale waste, saw dust, etc.).
T ~ ~ J I o T B oC~~ H O C~OR~ H O CTaKOrO
T~ TOnnMBa- OT 4000 A 0 Calorific power of this fuel is in the range of 4,000
6000 ~ ~ a n /a ~qeaa r , 6onee reM B Ass pa3a MeHbrue yrnx to 6,000 kcallkg, and its price is half that of coal.
There are 14 peat enterprises in the Region now. In
recent years peat output varied through the range
from 60 thousand tons to 200 thousand tons. It is
TH. B 2001 rOAy 3annaHUpOBaHO 3arOTOBMTb OKOJIO 170 planned to store up about 170 thousand tons of fuel
TblC. T H TOnnkiBHOrO TOP@ flax 0 6 e c n e r e ~ w ~ peat in 2001 to meet the demand of municipal
I I o T ~ ~ ~ H o c TKOMMYHaJIbHblX
~ ~ ~ KOTenbHblX M KMPOBCKO~~boilerhouse and the Kirovskaya Water Power
TP3C-8. Station No. 8.
~ ~ ~ B M T ~ ~ ~ 0C6 Tn a
B cO~ ~B npeAWIaX CBOMX The Government of the Leningrad Region makes all
B O ~ M O X H O C T ~npMHMMaeT
~~ BCe Mepbl no nO,44epXKe possible efforts to support the peat enterprises.
T~p@~npe~flp~RTMfi. Haqw~artC 1995 rOAa ~POM3BOAMTCH Since 1995 advancies in fuel peat extraction have
aBaHCUpOBaHUe ~ 0 6 bMl TOnnMBHOrO ~ TOP^^, e X e r 0 ~ ~ b l h been made. The annual amount of financing has
o 6 a e ~@ M H ~ H C M ~ O B ~ H M HBblpOC C 2890 TblC. py6. B 1995 increased from 2,890 thousand Rubles in 1995 to
roAy no 9000 T ~ I C py6.
. B 2001 roAy. 9,000 thousand in 2001.
Cpea~Mk ~ ~ C Y ~ kT H C ~pO
IK OKynaeMOCTM, npM When converting the boilerhouses to biofuel
OAHOBPeMeHHOM eXerOAHOM nepeBOAe (H0 M O ~ H O C T M burning simultaneously and every year (as to their
50% Ma3YTHbIX M 50% Y T O ~ ~ H KOTenbHbIX ~IX) Ha capacity - 50% of fuel oil boilerhouses and 50% of
~ M O T O ~ ~ M B -2,2
O rOAa. O A H O B P ~ M ~3T0
H Hn03BOnMT
O coal ones), the average period of recoupment is
n0nyY MTb M PRA AOnOnHMTenbHbIX IIOJlOXMTenbHbIX estimated to be 2.2 years. This would result in a
a a ~ ~ o p Bo uenoM
s no o6nac~w: number of complementary positive factors in the
whole Region:
Better environmental situation.
YXe B 1999 rOAy Ha TePPMTOPHM 06na~~1.1 6b1no In 1999 alone, the felling volume on the territory of
s a r o ~ o s n e ~ApeBecmbI
o 6onee qeM 1990 roAy. 0 6 ~ e ~ the Region was as much as 6 million 730 thousand
3aTOTOBKM COCTaBMn 6 ~nH.730TbIC. K Y ~ . M ~ T PBOMB ~. C T ~ cubic meters, which is more than in 1990. At the
C TeM, CJIeAyeT OTMeTMTb, YTO pe3epBbI MMeI-OTCR,TaK KaK same time, it should be noted that certain reserves
A O ~ Y C T R M ~no I ~ JIeCOBOACTBeHHbIM
~ HOPMaM eXCero~Hb1fi are available because an annual felling that is
o 6 ~ nOnb30BaHMX
e ~ COCTaBJIXeT 12.3 MnH. ~ y 6MeTPOB.
. allowable according to the forestry regulations in
force is equal to 12.3 million cubic meters.
The mechanical processing of wood is progsessing
rather intensively in the Region. During the year
2000 regional enterprises have processed more than
600 thousand cubic meters of sawlog. Besides
private small-sized rural stock gangs were estimated
to process about 200 thousand cubic meters of
sawlog in the last year. However, the products these
enterprises manufactured were of poor quality.
O A H ~ KCneAyeT
O MMeTb B BMA)', 9 T O PeUIbHO A O C T Y ~ H ~ I ~ ~ However, it is well to bear in mind that the volume
AnR MCnOJlb30BaHMR 0 6 - b e ~ ApeBeCHblX OTXOAOB, of wood residue, low-liquid and non-liquid wood
HM~KO~MKBMAH ApeBeCMHbl
O~~ M H ~ ~ M K B M ApeBeCMHbl
~ H O ~ ~ that could be available is more limited because the
MeHbUle, IlOCKOnbKy PaCYeTHaR neCOCeKa OCBaMBaeTCR He annual cut is not fully mastered. About 250
IlOnHOCTbW, OKOnO 250 TbICRY K Y ~ O M ~ T P O BKOPbl C thousand cubic meters of bark from the raw
Ilepepa6a~blBaeM0r0 CblPbR MMemT B03MOXHOCTb material to be processed can be utilized by the mills
YTMnM3HPOBaTb CaMM UGK, 0npe~eneHHblfio 6 a e ~KOPbl themselves, a certain volume of bark is exported
YXOflMT C ~peBecMH0fiHa 3KCnOpT, YaCTb J I ~ C O ~ ~ ~ O ~ H together ~ I X with wood. There is no way to transport a
OCTaTKOB HeB03MOXHO BblBe3TM C AeJlRHOK M3-3a portion of felling waste from logging blocks
OTCYTCTBMR ~ p e 6 y e ~ b M r xaWMH M MeXaHM3MOB, KaKMe-TO because of the lack of machines and mechanisms
06-be~b1 n e c o p y 6 0 ~ ~ bOCTaTKOB
lx ~ 0 0 6 w eHenb3H required and certain volumes of felling waste
Ycmofiw~oepa3sumue u ucnonb3o~a~ue Sustainable development and biojkel use as a way towards
6uomomusa - nymb ~peanu3ayuuKuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
nOGbllUeHU/O KOMWleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHUII dpe8ecuHbl U mop&l utilization of wood raw material and peat
nOBbIUleHMe YPOBHR 3aHHTOCTM, CO3AaHMe HOBbIX employment level, creation of new jobs and
p a 6 o ~ ~ x MecT M yBenmeme n o ~ y n a ~ e n a ~ o f i increase in buying power of population, higher
C ~ O C O ~ H O C T M HaCeneHRH, B03MOXHOCTM OCBOeHMII potential for mastering of new products in the
BblnyCKa HOBbIX BMAOB nPOAYKuMM B MaUIMHOCTPOeHkiM, machine industry, expansion of existing enterprises
PaCuIMpeHMe MMeIOuMXCH M CTpOMTenbCTBO HOBbIX and construction of new ones such as greenhouse
nPOM3BOACTB, TaKMX KaK IlapHMKOBbIe X O ~ R ~ ~ C Tl.I B ~ and drying systems at sawmills, rise in an export
CYUlMJIbHbIe X O ~ H ~ ~ CHa T BJleCOnMJIbHbIX
~ IlpeAnpMHTkiIIX, potential of the Forest-Industrial Complex, creation
IlOBbIUleHMeM 3KCnOPTHOTO nOTeHuMaA nnK, CO3AaHMe of the conditions which would allow to eliminate
ycn0~Mfi AJIH MCMIOYeHMH Ce30HHOCTM p a 6 0 ~B JIeCy, seasonal work in forests, higher productivity and
nOBbl WeHMIO nPOAYKTMBHOCTM M KaSeCTBa neCOB, quality of forests, creation of facilities for electric
IlOBbILUeHMiO ~ ~ H T ~ ~ W ~ H~ ~OCCO TX M O ~ R ~ ~ C T B M~ H H O ~power
~ generation at the sites which are suitable for
J ~ ~ c o ~ ~ o M ~ I U ~AeHTeJlbHOCTM,
J I ~ H H O ~ ~ C03AaHMK) O ~ % ~ K T O B location of production capacities, weaker
npo~3~om ~ ce ~~ ~~ ap o s ~ Be MecTax,
p r ~ ~ YAO~H~IX dependence of a demand level on the foreign
p a 3 ~ e t q e ~ ~ nPOM3BOACTBeHHblX
~ MOUJHOCT~~~, market of certain forest-based products.
o c n a 6 n e ~ ~3aB
eMCMMOCTM OT CnpOCa Ha BHelIlHeM PbIHKe
onpeAeneHHbrx BMAOB neconponyKuMM.
Wood fuel is not a competitor to such traditional
energy sources as for example coal. If the Kyoto
Protocol mechanism is put into effect a system of
trade in quotas will be introduced. In this case
development of the large Russia' S coal-based power
industry will require buying quotas and the small
power industry based on wood residue will be able
to help significantly in this matter. It is no
coincidence that a concept of "concerted
implementation" exists in connection with the
Kyoto Protocol, that is, when a developed country
wishes to earn the quotas it can carry out
environmentally safe energy projects in other
countries and it takes the quotas caused by
operation of the installations built in the course of
implementation of these projects. This mechanism
is not yet worked through but it should be kept in
mind.
E C TAM~ nPMMePbl UlMPOKOrO MCnOJlb30BaHMH ApeBeCHbIX Are there any examples of wide use of wood
OTXOAOB B KOMMyHUIbHOM X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B M~ residue in municipal facilities and in industry? Yes,
~ ~ O M ~ I U ~ J ~ ~Aa. HHO TOC TU MB ?~ ~ M- HH ~ C O M H ~ H H ~ I ~ ~there are. This is Sweden which is undoubtedly a
JlMAep B MCnOnb30BaHMM ~ W O T O ~ ~ M LBU~B. ~ A C K ~ H leader in the use of biofuel. The Swedish energy
3 ~ e p r e ~ ~ M~ 3e ~co~n ao ~r ~ r e cnonMTMKa
~a~ HanpaBneHa and environmental policy is directed towards
Ha CO3,QaHMe ycJl0~MfiAJlH ~ @ @ ~ K T M B H O TMCnOnb30BaHMH
O creation of conditions for the efficient use of
3~epni1.1, yAemeBneHMe ee C ~ ~ ~ C T O M M O C T MnpM energy, reduction in its cost along with decrease in
OAHOBpeMeHHOM COKpaueHMM ~ e 6 J I a r o n p ~ H ~ ~ b l x unfavorable environmental impacts. In 1997 in
B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ CH TaB OKPYXaIOUYK)
M ~ ~ CpeAy. B 1997 rOAy B Sweden a complex energy program has been
~ B ~ U M HaYUIOCb
M OCyueCTBneHMe K O M I - I J ~ ~ K C H O ~ ~ initiated. It was oriented to development of
nPOrpaMMb1 B O ~ J - I ~ C T M3~epreTMYec~ofinOJlMTMKM, processes based on biofuel. As early as 1991, a part
KOTOpaH OpMeHTMpOBaHa Ha pa3BMTMe T ~ X H O ~ O H~a M ~ ~ of usual taxes has been changed in the country by a
OCHOBe ~ M O T O ~Ewe ~ M BB 1991
~ . rOAy B CTPaHe YaCTb tax on carbon dioxide emissions and, for the use of
~ ~I JXI O ~ O 6b1na
O ~ ~ I Y H H B 3 a ~ e ~ He ~~ ~a O ~HaO ~b16pocb1
M certain fuels, a tax on sulphur emissions has also
ABYOKMCM YmepOAa, a 3a COOTBeTCTBytO~Me BMAbl been imposed. More recently, a tax on emissions of
TOnJlMBa 6b1n BBeAeH HaJIOr <<3a B ~ ~ ~ P OCepbl>>. C nitrogen oxides has also been imposed.
H ~ C K O ~nO3AHee ~ K O 6b1n BBeAeH HUIOr Ha B ~ I ~ P O C
o ~ ~ c ea3o~a.
ii
Ycmoikusoe pmsumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable developnzerzt atzd biojuel use as a way rowanis
Guomonnusa- nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol irrlplernentationatzd enhatzced c.orryde.~
n06bllUeHUK)KOMnJleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306UHUII dpe6ecuHbl ll m0p&l utilization of wood raw rrzater-ial and peat
B HacToxwee BpeMrr B L U ~ e q m70% ~ e n n o ~ o3~ep1-MM fi Presently 70% of heat energy is being generated in
Bb1pa6a~b1Bae~CR TennOCTaH~MRMM Ha ApeBeCHbIX Sweden by thermal power stations which operate
oTxoAax. B HaceneHHoM nyHKTe H o p p ~ e n a ~p ra 6 o ~ a e ~ with wood residue. There is a boilerhouse of 375
KOTenbHaR MOuHOCTbIO 375 MeraBaTT, MX KOTOPbIX 250 MW power in the settlement of Norrcheping, with
Bb1pa6aTbl~aeT~R M 3 ApeBeCHOrO TOnnMBa, B TOM YMCne M 3 250 MW being generated on the basis of wood fuel
CTPOMTenbHbIX H ~ ~ I T O B ~ApeBeCHblX ~ X OTXOAOB including construction and domestic wood waste of
~ B ~ o I I ~ ~ ~ c KCTpaH.
M x 3 ~ 0 ,KOHeYHO, OYeHb 60nb~uoe European countries. Of course, this is a very large
X O ~ X ~ ~ COTABH OO . B ~ ~ MHa~ HCKnaAaX
HO 3 ~ 0 f iK~TenbH~fi facility. Up to 180 thousand cubic meters of wood
6b1BaeT A 0 180 TbICR9 K Y ~ O M B T P O B B BMAe KpyrnOrO neCa raw material such as round wood and chips can be
M qenbI. stores simultaneously at storehouses of this
boilerhouse.
The boilerhouse which operates in the settlement of
Jonchoping has the capacity 80 MW as to heat
energy and 20 MW as to electric energy.
E. L. Akim
Professor, Head of Department
Saint Petersburg State Technological University of
Plant Polymers, Member of the UN FAO Advisory
Committee on Paper and Wood Products
International and regional aspects of biofuel uses
E s p o n e g c ~ ~Cf iO K )npmnn
~ perrrewe Y A B O M T ~K 2010 r. The European Union decided to double the use of
MCnOJlb30BaHMe B O ~ O ~ H O B ~ R ~ MCTOLIHMKOB
M ~ I X 3HePTMM RES for electric power generation and to treble the
AnII npOM3BOACTBa 3JIeKTP03HePTMM M B TPM pa3a use of biofuel by 2010. This can cause significant
yeenMrwn n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ a6uo~onnMsa.
e B pe3ynb~a~e structural changes in wood uses in West Europe,
PeYb MAeT 0 CTOnb CyueCTBeHHOM M3MeHeHMM CTPYKTYPbI which give serious concern to forest-based
MCnOnb30BaHMR ApeBeCMHbI B 3anaAHofi Espone, LIT0 3TO associations. Under these conditions forests of
BbI3bIBaeT Cepbe3HOe ~ ~ C I I O K O ~ C T B O~ c c o ~ M ~ ~ M G ,Russia and, first of all, of its North-West can and
npeAcTasnmaqMx MHTepecbr o~pacneii MHAYCTPMM, must be the focus of attention not only of the
6a3~pyrn1q~xcrrHa MCnOnb30BaHMM ApeBeCMHbI. B 3TMX European Forest Industry but of the whole
ycnoBwrrx m e m o neca POCCMM M, npexAe Bcero, ee European economy as well. The trivial truth that
CeBep0-3ana&3, MOrYT M AOJlXHbI OKa3aTbCH B UeHTpe Russia possesses almost a fourth of the world's
BHMMaHMH He TOJIbKO e ~ p o n e f i c ~ onecH0fi
ii MHAYCTPMM, forest reserves takes on a new meaning and
H 0 M B C ~ G3KOHOMMKM E~ponbl. T ~ M B M ~ J M IC~TH
MH~a,R development of the Russia's Forestry Complex.
YTO B POCCMM COCPeAOTOYeHa YeTBePTb MMPOBblX 3anaCOB especially, of in-depth mechanical and chemical
neca, n p ~ o 6 p e ~ a eHoBoe ~ ~ B Y L I ~ H M ~M , P ~ ~ B M T M ~
wood processing becomes an international rather
poccMtic~oro necHoro KoMnneKca, npexAe Bcero, than a national target.
m y 6 0 ~ 0 f i~ e x a ~ ~ q e c M~ oxM~Mrec~oii
ii nepepa60~~~
ApeBeCMHbI, CTaHOBMTCR He H ~ ~ M o H ~ U I ~ Ha O ~ ~ ,
M ~ X A ~ H ~ ~ O 3AaH~ Oa ~~ ~e i .
Sustainable development and biofitel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced conzpleJx
utilization of wood raw rnaterial and peat
MRpo~b1eneca - s a x s ~ e i i m ~@
i i a ~ ~ npeAoTspaueHm
op World forests play a key role in preventing global
m06a.JIbH0~0A3MeHeHMH KnWMaTa, TaK KaK MMeHHO B HWX climate change as it is they which absorb the main
nOrnOuaeTCR OCHOBHaR YaCTb YmeKMCnOTbI. ~ O ~ T O M Y portion of carbon dioxide. That is why these issues
3TM BOnPOCbI 6bIn1.1 IIpeAMeTOM O ~ C Y W ~ H M I I Ha were discussed at sessions of the UN FAO
3aCeAaHMRX KOHCYJI~T~TMBHO~O KOMMT~T~ @ A 0 OOH H 0 Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products
6 y ~ a r Me ApeBeCHbIM np0AyKTaM ( C ~ H - b 0 n 0Ep2i3kinM5I,
, (Sao Paulo, Brazil, April 1999, Rotorua, New
anpenb 1999 r, Po~opya,H O B ~3Re n a ~ ~anpenb ~ x , 2000 r, Zealand, April 2000, Rome, April 2001). At the
PMM, anpenb 2001 . Ha 3TMX 3aCeAaHMHX sessions a number of aspects was considered which
PaCCMaTpMBUICR pHA aCIIeKTOB, HeIIOCpeACTBeHHO have a direct bearing on the Kyoto Protocol
C B I I ~ ~ H H ~ CI Xpemmaqaefi KMOTCKO~O I l p o ~ o ~ o n aB implementation in the Forestry Complex and in the
neCHOM KOMnJIeKCe M, B YaCTHOCTM, B uennton03HO- Pulp and Paper Industry, in particular.
6yMaIKH0fi IIPOMbIUlneHHOCTM.
The Confederation of European Paper Industries
(CEPI) issued a special Environmental Report
devoted to Kyoto Protocol implementation in the
pulp and paper sector. In 2000 CEPI coordinated a
joint brochure on climate change entitled "Meeting
the Challenge of Global Climate Change" in which
the American, Canadian, European, Japanese and
New Zealand paper associations set out their views
and messages.
B T O P ~ I M B ~ X H ~ ~ ~ U I M MITyTeM HBnHeTCX POCT The second important factor is the increased use of
MCnOnb30BaHMII ~ M o T o ~ J I M B~ ~~. ~ ~ I ~ J ' I o ~ H o - ~ biofuel. ~ M ~ xTheH ~Pulp
F I and Paper Industry is one of the
OTpaCnb RBnReTCR OAHMM M3 ~ p y l l ~ e f i u ~ ~ x largest producers and consumers of green energy:
n p o ~ 3 ~ o ~ ~ r e n e fMi no~pe6~~enefi3~eprw~, almost 50% of the thermal energy consumed by the
r e ~ e p ~ p y e ~3ao f c.ieT
i 3KcnnyaTaum B O ~ O ~ H O B J - I R ~ M ~ I X industry is based on biofuels whose emissions are
MCTOYHMKOB CblPbR: nOYTM50% n o ~ p e 6 n ~ e ~OTpaCnbK) ofi carbon dioxide neutral.
~ e n n o ~ osf i~ e p r ~6wa 3 u p y e ~ cHa
~ npoqeccax cropaHm
~ M O T O ~ npM ~ M 3TOM ~ I 3TMX npOUeCCOB
B ~ , B ~ I ~ P O COT
HefiTpUIb~b1B OTHOIIIeHMM AMOKCMAa YmepOAa.
The third most important factor is the increased use
of recovered paper in the papermaking processes.
Besides providing a balanced use of the industry's
raw material, recycling of used paper is a key
element of the industry's carbon cycle since it
prevents considerable emissions of methane from
landfilling of used paper. This positive impact can
further be improved by increased recycling of used
paper providing of course that this recycling as a
part of paper life-cycle remains technically and
economically viable.
POCCMII,0 6 n a ~ a m u a a n0YTM reTBepTbE0 MLlPOBbIX Possessing about a quarter of the global wood
3anaCOB ApeBeCMHbI, MMeeT PeanbHbIe B03MOXHOCTI.I AnFI reserves, Russia has real opportunities for
Cy4eCTBeHHOrO 3KCnOpTa ~ M O M ~ C C ~ I H~CMOTPR . Ha significant exports of biomass. Despite considerable
n p o ~ 3 o r r r e ~ r u3a
~ inocneAHwe
i roAbI C Y U ~ C T B ~ H HcnaA
~I~~ economic recession in the Forest - Industrial
B neCOnPOMbIUIneHHOM KOMnneKCe, HaYMHaII C 1998 - Complex, since 1988-1999 one can speak about its
1999 rr. M O X H O rOBOPMTb 0 er0 PeWIbHOM BO3pOweHMH. real recovery.
The role of the North-Westem Federal Area in
cooperation of its Regions and Republics in the
field of biomass use and export.
3Ha~MTenbHaH YaCTb neCHbIX PeCypCOB P o c c u ~ The North-Western Federal Area possesses a
pacnonomeHa B C e s e p o - 3 a n a ~ ~CDeAepanb~o~
o~ oKpyre. considerable portion of Russia's forest reserves. Its
P a c q e ~ ~necoceKa
a~ no C e s e p o - 3 a n a n ~ o ~ yperuoHy annual cut is equal to 82.9 million m3 including
COCTaBnHeT 82,9 MnH.M3, B TOM YMCne n0 nMCTBeHHOMY 32.14 million m3 falling on deciduous forests.
XO~IIECTBY- 32,14 MnH.M3. @ ~ K T R ~ ~ B C1999
K M r. no According to the data of logging enterprises, there
AaHHblM neCXO3OB ~ b l p y 6 n e ~36,5 0 MnH.M3 MnM 44% OT were 36.5 million m3 of timber felled in 1999 or
p a c r e ~ ~ o fnecocew,
i B TOM w c n e no nMcTBeHHoMy 44% of the annual cut including 10.8 million m3 of
X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B COOTBeTCTBeHHO
Y 10,8 MnH.M3. Ha~6onee hardwood species. The annual cut was being
nonHo pacqeTHaA necoceKa ocBansanacb B p e c n y 6 n ~ ~ e mastered most efficiently in the Republic of
Kapenm. B TO x e s p e m B p e c n y 6 n ~ ~ eKOMM Karelia. At the same time, there are large reserves
coxpaHmoTcH 6onbrrr~ep e s e p ~ b-~ pacqeTHalr necoceKa in the Republic of Komi where only 30% of the
MCllOnb3OB2UlaCb nMWb Ha 30%. (K1.C. K O M ~ ~ AOwIaA OB, annual cut are utilized (Yu.S. Komarov,
Ha MHBeCTMuMOHHOM @ O P Y M ~B C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~TOT P ~ Y P ~ presentation
~). at the Saint Petersburg Investment
nOTeHlJMWI HBnHeTCH O C H O B O ~AnII ~ pa3pa60~~M IlpOeKTOB Forum). This potential is a basis for working out
U I M P O K O M ~ C L L I T ~ ~ H O T OMClTOnb30BaHMFI 61.10~onn~sa projects on large-scale biofuel utilization
HenOCpeflCTBeHHO B PerMOHaX M 3KCnOPTa ~ M O M ~ C CB ~ I immediate in the regions and on biomass exports to
3 a n a n ~ y wEspony. West Europe.
The Russia's Pulp and Paper Industry as well as the
Forestry Complex as a whole became
export-oriented. Today more than three fourths of
the manufactured market pulp and approximately a
half of paper and board made in Russia are
exported.
A ~ a n ~ s ~ perMoHanbHym
py~ c n e u ~ @ l . i ~npennpw~~wfi
y While analyzing regional features of Forestry
neconpoMbrruneHHoro KoMnneKca Ce~epo-3ana~~o1-o Complex enterprises in the North-Western Region,
PerMOHa, MOXHO OTMeTMTb, q T O OHa BbIrOAHO OTnHYaeTCR one can note that they differ advantageously from
OT CMTYauMM B APYrMX @e~ep2UlbHb1~ OKpyraX. B those of other Federal Areas. Presently, the
OTnMqMe OT JIeCOnPOMblUIneHHblX KOMnneKCOB North-Western Federal Area has all necessary
60n ~ L L I M H c T B ~ c y 6 x e ~ ~ o s@e~epalJMM M ApyrMX conditions for rapid and unconventional
(DeflepWIbHblxOKPYTOB, CeBep0-3ana~HblfiOKpyr MMeeT B development of the Pulp and Paper Industry, of the
HaCTORuee BpeMH BCe YCnOBMH An54 6blcTpor0 M Forestry Complex as a whole and of bioenergetics,
HeOp,QNHapHOrO pa3BMTHII lJenJllo.JI03~0-6y~a~~0fi in particular.
npoMblwneHHocTM, B UenoM necHoro KoMnneKca M, B
qaCTHOCTM, ~ M O ~ H ~ P T ~ T M K M .
Ycmoikusoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable developnzent and bi~fueluse as a way towards
Guomonnusa - nymb ~peanu3ayuuKuomc~ozonpomo~onau the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
~ O ~ ~ ~ U L KoMnneKcHocmu
~ H U K ) ucnonb306a~u~
dpesecu~blu mop@ utilization of wood raw material and peat
H ~ A O C T ~ T O ~pa3BkiTkie
HO~ CMCTeM nec~ofi Poor development of forest certification
cep~a@u~aqss, a Tame cep~a@u~aqas systems as well as of certification of enterprises
npe~npMHTkifi Ha COOTBeTCTBWe CHCTeMaM as to their conformity with the IS0 9000 and
MeX,QyHapOAHbIXCTaHAapTOB Cepkiki kZCO 9000 W I S 0 14000 series of International Standards
MC0 14000, CHkDKaeT ee K O H K ~ ~ ~ H T O C I I O C O ~ H O C T ~reduces the competitiveness of their products,
npoAyKqm, O C O ~ ~ H H O Ha 3~onorasec~a especially on the environmetally sensitive
YYBCTBATenbHbIX PbIHKaX. market S.
The most important factors offering prospects for
stable operation of the Forest-Industrial Complex
enterprises are unconditional compliance with
sustainable forest management and as a
consequence, development of forest certification as
well as extended mechanical and chemical
processing of wood. The processing, coupled with
production and use of biofuel, would allow due
solving of global climate change problems and
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
T ~ KCTpOMTeJIbCTBO
, Ha OAO < < C B ~ T O ~ OKOpbeBOrO ~CK>> For example, construction of the bark boiler of the
KOTJIa (YCK HaMeYeH Ha C ~ H T I I ~ P 2001 ~ r.) capacity 150 t. steamlhour at the Svetogorsk Mill
~ ~ O ~ ~ B O ~ ~ M T ~ J -150 H O C napa
I ~ TOHH T ~ I ~B .rat peruaeT He (the target date for putting it into operation is
TOnbKO CerOAHRLLIHI-OIO n p o 6 n e ~ y yTMnM3auMM September 2001) not only solves today's problem
ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB, H 0 I? 06e~Ile9M~aeT nepCneKTMBb1 of wood residue utilization but also creates
MClTOnb30BaHMR ~ M o T o ~ J I M BHa
~ KOM~MH~T~. prospects for further use of biofuel at the Mill.
Presently, in the settlement of Elizavetin ka, the
Lemo Concern proceeds to construction of a major
lumber enterprise. The use of the enterprise residues
both for manufacturing pulp and paper products and
as biofuel will make the use of wood more extended
and will increase its in-depth processing in the
immediate region of tree growing.
r nulub 8,5 MnH. M'ApeBeCHHbI. COOTB~TCTB~HHO, B in 1999. There are correspondingly as much as 2.2
O ~ J I ~ C T06pa3ye~cH
H 2,2MnpA. IlnOTHbIX M3 KOPb1, WenbI U million solid m' of bark, chips and sawdust
onanoK. Ilpa ysenarema o 6 a e ~ a~ ~ ~ O T O BAO
O K10 MnH. appearing in this connection in the Region. When
M3 KOnHYeCTBO OTXOAOB O ~ P ~ ~ Y W U I ( X C HTOnbKO OT increasing annual logging up to 10 million m3, the
A ~ ~ ~ B O O ~ ~ COCTaBHT
~ ~ O T K2,5
H - 3 MJIH. M3/r. K ~ o M ~ amounts of waste resulting from woodworlung
TOTO, B 06nac~H B OTBlUIaX HaXOAElTCH 14 MIIH. T operations only will range from 2.5 to 3 million m3
r a ~ p o n m ~ onaraaaa.
ro per year. In addition, there are 14 million tons of
hydrolysis lignin in the Region.
PM 3TOM AnR 06ecnese~ax 1300 HHAHBMHyaJIbHbIX To provide 1300 individual boiler-rooms with
KOTeJIbHbIX B 06na~Tb eXerOAH0 BB03HT 990 TbIC. T. fuels, 990 thousand tons of coal, 250 thousand tons
KaMeHHOrO ymH, 250 TbIC. T TOllOYHOrO Ma3yTa, 60 TbIC. T of furnace fuel oil and 60 thousand tons of diesel
AH3enbHOrO TOnJIkiBa. fuel are delivered to the Reional annually.
B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~kiCllOJlb30BaHMH 6ao~onnasa The opportunities for using biofuel in the immediate
HelTOCpeACTBeHHO B PerHOHaX npOH3paCTaHHH IIpH region of tree growing in connection with in-depth
ocyWecTsneHas m y 6 0 ~ o f i ~ e x a ~ a r e c ~ o Gana mechanical and chemical processing of wood must
X M M E I S ~ C K O ~ ~ llepepa60T~Pl ApeBeCllHbI AOnXHbI be evaluated with due regard to the whole variety of
OUeHHBaTbCR C YreTOM BCWO ~~0r006pa3aH environmental and economic consequences. The
3KOnO~A'IeCKHX I? 3KOHOMIIYeCKIIX n p o 6 n e ~ , KOTOPbIe questions of biomass export and of the use of wood
npI4 3TOM B03HMKaIOT. Oco6oro PaCCMOTpeHElH residue in production of exportable and
3aCnyXMBaeT BOnpOC 3KCnOpTa ~ H O M ~ CB C YaCTHOCTII,
~I, transportable high-calorie biofuels deserve special
kiCllOnb3OBaHaH ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB AnH npOM3BOACTBa consideration.
nPMrOAHbIX AJIH TPaHCllOPTMPOBKM M 3KCIIOpTa,
B ~ I C O K O K ~ J I O ~BRAOB
M~~H ~HoToII~MB~.
~IX
A K T M B HHayYHble
~I~ pa60Tb1 B 06nac~k-i reHH0fi Active research into genetic engineering in the
MHxeHepMM B necHoM KoMnneKce noKa ewe Forestry Complex is still aimed mainly at more
HanpaBneHbI, B OCHOBHOM, Ha n o m m e m e intensive growth of trees, at changing the
MHTeHCMBHOCTM POCTa AepeBbeB, M3MeHeHMe lignin: cellulose ratio, at increasing content of
CooTHomeHm nMrHCiHa M qennmnom, yBenMzieHMe high-strength fiber in wood (similar to
COAepXaHMR B APeBeCMHe BbICOKOnPOYHbIX BOnOKOH so-called "pulling" fiber of abnormal wood).
( ~ H W I O T M Y HTaK ~ I X Ha3bIBaeMbIM <<TRrOBbIM>> As applied to biofuel, the lines in genetic
BOnOKHaM B K ~ ~ H O BAO~~ ~~ B ~ C ~MP H M ~M )~ . H M T ~ ~ ~ H O engineering are expected to appear such as
K ~ M O T O ~ ~ M BM Y O X H O OXMAaTb M IIORBneHMR TaKMX increasing content of the wood components,
~ a n p a s n e B~r~e i~ ~ oMHxeHepm,
ti KaK yBenweHMe which are convertible into liquid fuel by
COAepXaHMH B APeBeCMHe KOMnOHeHTOB, C ~ ~ O C O ~ H ~ I X technologically acceptable techniques, creation
TeXHOnOrMYeCKM npMeMneM0 IIpeBpauaTbCR B of biofuel of higher calorific value, etc.
>KMAKOe TOWlMBO, CO3AaHMe 6wo~onn~~a
~ ~P M ~ ~ H O CMT T.A.
~ o B ~ I L U ~ H HK O~ O M
l l e p ~ o ea3 sTax ~ a n p a ~ n e ~CaBi Hi ~ ~ HcO n p o 6 n e ~ a ~ ~ The first line is directly related to sustainable forest
yc~ofiwsoro n e c o n o n b 3 0 s a ~ ~ ~IIpa . pacse~~oi? management. While Russia' S annual cut is about
BeCOCeKe B POCCBHnOpHAKa 540 MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P O B 540 million cubic meters, logging volume has never
3arOTOBKa ApeBeCMHbI HMKOrAa He llpeBbILIIaJla 300-350 been more than 300-350 million cubic meters. As a
MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P BOpe3ynbTaTe
B. 3KOHOMAYeCKOrO CnaAa result of the economic recession of the nineties,
90-X I'OAOB o 6 x e ~3arOTOBKB APeBeCMHbI CHM3MnCH B logging dropped to 82 million m3 in 1997 and to 75
1997 a0 82 MAH. K Y ~ O M ~ T PBO 1998 B , - A 0 75 MnH. million m3 in 1998. In 2000 it approximated 100
K Y ~ O M ~ T aP BO2000
B , rOAy OKOnO 100 MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P O B .million m'. Thus, no more than 15% of the
T ~ K H06pa30~,
M MCllOJTb30BaHMe ~ ~ c ~ ~ neCOCeKM
T H o E He allowable cut is really being used at present. Russia
npeBb1ruae.r B HacToHuee BpeMx 15%. POCCMH He TonbKo not only possesses a quarter of the world's forest
o 6 n a ~ a eYeTBepTbm
~ M M P O B ~ I X 3anac0~ neca, HO M resources but in addition, it is located
r e o r p a @ u ~ epacnonoxer-la
c~~ B C ~ B ~ ~ nonymapkiu,
HOM B geographically in the Northern Hemisphere, where
KOTOPOM ~ O T P ~ ~ ~ H ~ T OCHOBHOe
C R KOnMYeCTBO the greater part of fossil fuel is consumed (West
McKonaeMoro Tonnwsa ( C T ~ ~ 3anag~oii H~I Esponb~, European countries, U.S.A., Japan). So, Russian
CLLIA, IIno~kia). JIeca POCCMM w p a m oYeHb 60nbLuyI-0 forests play a vital part in maintaining atmospheric
POnb B IlOAAepXaHMM ~ C T O ~ Y M B O C T M ~ T M O C @ M ~ ~3T0
I. sustainability. This is one most important factor of
- OAMH A 3 B ~ X H ~ ~ ~ U I MaCneKTOB X UHT~HCM$UK~~MM intensifying forest management in Russia.
~ ~ C O ~ O ~ ~ ~B OPOCCMII.
B ~ H M H
B HaCTOHqee BpeMH MHTeHCUBHOCTb POCTa ApeBeCMHbI B Currently the intensity of tree growth in Russian
p o c c ~ ~ c ~ w x n e c a x c o c ~ a ~ nc ~r e ~ ~0~a p1 a, 5~ r A
-nH
OA forests is 1.5 m3 per hectare per year for coniferous
X B O ~ ~ H ~nOpOA
IX A 0 2,5-3,o - AnH nMCTBeHHbIX nOpOfl, T.e. species and 2.5 - 3.0 m3 - for leaf species that is
B HeCKOnbKO pa3 MeHbLue, W M B C K ~ H A M H ~ B M considerably M smaller than in Nordic countries under
aHaJlOrMYHblX KnMMaTMYeCKMX YCnOBMHX. K ~ M3BeCTH0, K B similar climatic conditions. As we know, in recent
nOCneAHMe AeCHTMneTMH B MMpe yAenHnOCb AOCTaTOqHO decades considerable attention has been focused
6onbrrroe BHMMaHMe PaCUIMPeHMIo HnaHTaqMfi - B worldwide on developing tree plantations, in
WCTHOCTM, n n a ~ ~ a q ~YCKOpeHHOrO
fi POCTa. 16blnM particular, the healthy growth plantations.
AOCTHrHYTbl @ ~ H T ~ c T M ~ ~ c K M ~ pe3ynbTaTbl no Extraordinary results have been achieved in
~OBblLueHIIK, MHTeHCMBHOCTM POCTa ApeBeCMHbl. T ~ K , increasing intensity of tree growth. For example, the
cpenHm ~ P O A ~ K T M B H O CCOCHH
T~ B Gpas~nmicocTaBncleT average productivity of pine in Brazil is 28.5 m' per
28,5 Ky60MeTpa C reKTapa B rO& a 3BKaJlMnTa - 37 hectare per year and of eucalyptus - 37 m' per
KY~OM~TPOBC reKTapa B rOA. Ha HeKOTOPblX hectare per year. On certain experimental
3KCnepMMeHTaJlbHblX YWCTKaX B Epa3MnMM ~ O ~ O B O ~ plantations in Brazil, the annual increment of
npMpOCT 3BKaJlIInTa AOCTMf 119 ~y60~eTpoBfra B rO& eucalyptus was as much as 119 m' per hectare per
O A H ~ KaHaJlM3
O 3TMX AaHHblX nOKa3bIBaeT, YTO OHM year. However, analysis of these figures shows they
OTHOCHTCH, B nepByIo OYepeAb, K K)XHOMY nonyLuapMIo. are primarily applicable to the Southern
Yctnoiiweoe paseumue u ucnonb3oea~ue Sustainable developtnetlt and biojiel use as a way towards
o'uonlonnuea - nynlb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol itnpletnentation and etzhatzced conlplex
n06blUleHUK)KOMtlJleKCHOCmU UCnOflb306UHUIIdpe8ec~HblU m0p&l utilization of wood raw tnaterial atzd peat
P ~ ~ B MnJIa~TauM6
TM~ YCKOpeHHOrO POCTa B ~ X H O M Hemisphere. The development of healthy growth
nonywapww n o 3 ~ o n ~ B ecTpaTermecKoM
~ nnaHe p e w a n plantations in the Southern Hemisphere makes it
npo6ne~br y c - r o f i ~ ~ ~ o r on e c o n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ ~M~ possible, at least strategically, to solve the problem
o 6 e c n e ~ e ~ ~M~M P O B O ~ ~ I & ~ I J - I K ) ~ o ~ H o - ~ ~of M sustainable
~ H o ~ ~ forest management and thereby to
nPOMblUIneHHOCTM BOnOKHMCTbIM CblPbeM Ha AnMTenbHYK) guarantee long-term supplies of fibrous raw
nepcneKTmy. material to the world's pulp and paper industry.
In the context of global climate change, increasing
productivity of Russian forests and the more
efficient use of their wood in manufacturing both
pulp and paper products and biomass is of no lesser
importance than the development of healthy growth
plantations in Latin America or in the Asian-Pacific
Region.
Uenecoo6pa3~0 el4e pa3 OCTaHOBMTbCH Ha OHHOM It is worthwhile to consider here one more aspect of
acneKTe KMOTCKOI-o npo-rolcona. C nos~uMiirno6anb~oro the Kyoto Protocol. In the context of the global
6 a n a ~ c a yrneKMcnoro rasa M npeAorBpaweHm carbon dioxide balance and prevention of the
<cnapHMKOBOrO 3@$eK~a>> ~ a ~ 6 o n e ~ene~006pa3~blM
e "greenhouse effect", it makes more sense to process
mnHercH He 3 ~ c n o p r ~3 POCCMM Kpyrnoro neca, a wood as close as possible to the place where it is
r n y 6 o ~ an~e p e p a 6 0 ~ ~ApeBeCMHbI
a MaKCMMaJIbHO 6 n ~ 3 ~ 0 grown rather than to export roundwood from
K MeCTY ee HpOM3paCTaHMH. B 3TOM CnyYae pe3KO Russia. In this case, transport costs and power
COKpaU&3loTCHTpaHCnOpTHble 3aTpaTbl M PaCXOA 3HePrMM consumed to transport the timber are sharply
Ha TpaHCnOpTMpOBKy ApeBeCMHbI, a Tame c 6 n ~ x a m ~ c ~ reduced. Besides, the place where carbon dioxide is
MecTa nornoueHwcr M BblaeneHm yrneKMcnoro rasa - nec emitted - a processing plant - approaches as near as
M 3aBOA. TO nPMBOAMT K u e n e c o o 6 p a 3 ~ o c ~ ~ possible to the place where these emissions can be
3 ~ o n o r ~ r e c ~ ooueHKM
fi CTPYKTYP~I nemoro 3~cnopra absorbed - to a forest. This points to the
POCCMMM MHTeHCMBHOrO pa3BMTMH B POCCMM advisability of making environmental estimation of
u e n n ~ n 0 3 ~ 0 - 6 y ~ a ~ ~ o fnPOMbILIIneHHOCTM
i M Russian timber exports structure along with
n p e ~ n p m ~ u t i no ~ e x a ~ w ~ e c ~ onepepa60r~e
fi intensive development of the Russia's pulp and
ApeBeCMHbI. paper industry and of the mills where wood is
subject to mechanical processing.
C ~ O ~ M U M Gp e a n ~ 3 a w i ~ ~ O T C K O ~ O npoToKona In the context of Kyoto Protocol implementation it
~ e n e ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~.rtsnHeTcH
bl~ He npocro yBenMreHMe is advisable not only to increase felling volume in
061,e~a 3arOTOBKM B POCCMMApeBeCMHbl, H 0 M Russia but also to achieve better wood processing in
IIOBblLLIeHMe r n y 6 ~ ~ eeb l n e p e p a 6 0 ~HenOCpeflCTBeHHO
~~ the places where it is grown. In so doing, we obtain
B Pe~MOHaXnpOM3paCTaHMH. flpM 3TOM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, increasing wood residue output at the woodworking
Ycmofivusoepa3sumue u ucnonb3o~a~ue Sustainable development and bic!fuel use as a way towards
Guomonnusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol irlzplerlzerztatiorl and enhanced cornp1r.r
n06bllUeHUK)KOMlIJleKCHOCmU UCnOnb306aHUZ d p e 6 e c ~ ~ Ub lmop@a utilization uf wood raw material and peat
~ P O M ~ B O A C T B OkiCIIOnb30BaHMe
, ki 3KCnOpT Only when any disintegrated wood residue
~ P M K ~ T M P O B ~ H H ~ I XkinM rpaHynMpOBaHHbIX ApeBeCHbIX (sawdust, wood powder, etc.) undergo processing,
OTXOAOB onpaBAaH TonbKo B cnyrae, ecnu n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~ e would production, utilization and exports of
IlOABepramTCR M3MenbYeHHbIe ApeBeCHbIe OTXOAbI briquetted and granulated wood residue be
(o~MJIKM,ApeBeCHaR MyKa M T.D.).O A H ~ KYYMTbIBaR, O, YTO worthwhile. However, taking into account that
Ha ~epe~oo6pa6a~brsam~qkix npeAnpMHTMRX woodworking enterprises produce these waste types
@ o ~ M M ~ ~ ~ T6onbwoec R KOJIMYeCTBO TaKMX OTXO,QOB, 3TO in large quantities, there is a good reason to develop
HanpasneHue ~ e n e c o o 6 p a 3 ~ o p e a n m o ~ b r ~ a ~ npM b this line of export in conjunction with the
M ~ X ~ H H Y ~ ~ C K n eO p~e~p a 6 0 ~ ~ e ApeBeCkiHbI. C e ~ e p 0 - mechanical processing of wood. The
3 a n a ~ ~ b 1 GPerMOH HBnReTCR OCHOBHbIM 3KCnOPTePOM North-Western Region is the major exporter of
J I ~ c H o G npOAyKL&iM. K ~ K yXe OTMeYaJOCb BbILIIe, C forest products. As noted above, in the context of
n o s ~ i ~ ~ wKMOTCKO~O n p o ~ o ~ o n a ~ a ~ 6 o n e e the Kyoto Protocol it is most advisable to process
~ e n e c o o 6 p a 3 ~OCyHJeCTBnRTb
0 MaKCMMUbHO my60~ytO wood most intensively close to where it is growing.
n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~ y ApeBeCkiHbI B~JIM~M MeCTa ee Because of this, a change in the regional Forest
npOM3paCTaHMR. ~ O ~ T O M YCTPYKTYPHaR nepe~~p06Ka Complex structure would result in increasing
necHoro KoMnneKca peruoHa npMseAeT K YBenmeHMtO amounts of potential raw material suitable for this
O ~ % ~ M O B IlOTeHsMUbHOrO CblPbR AnR TaKOrO line of export. A pilot project on wood residue
HanpaBneHm. B J I e ~ ~ ~ r p a A co~6oni ia c ~ ~ Hanpmep,
, B briquetting is presently being carried out in the
HaCTO5Iqee BpeMR OCy~eCTBnReTCRllMn0~~blfi npOeKT no Leningrad Region.
~ P M K ~ T M P O B ~ H MApeBeCHblX
K) OTXOHOB.
PbIHKe CPaBHRIOTCH C MHPOBbIMEI. Y~enk19e~kle and will soon be at the world level of prices. The
BHYTPMPOCCP~~CKEIX IJeH Ha ra3 CYIlJeCTBeHHO MeHIIeT increase in domestic prices for gas fuel results in
KOHK~~~HTOC~OCO~HO ~~~oToIUIMB~,
CT~ Pi yXe B considerable changes in biofuel competitive
Gnamaiiruee BpeMH MOXHO 6 y ~ pea.JIbH0
e ~ rOBOPHTb 0 capacity and just in a short time wood will be quite
TOM, 9 T O ApeBeCMHa CTaHeT BHOnHe KOHKYPeHTHbIM a competitive type of fuel in the North-Western
BHAOM Tonnma B C e ~ e p o - 3 a n a ~
perMoHe
~ o ~ Poccm. Region of Russia.
IIPMBOAMBUM~~CH Ha C ~ H K T - I ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ The
~ ~ forecast
C K O ofM development of the Russia's Energy
~ K O H O M E I Y ~ C K O M@ 0 p y ~ e HIO OH^ 2000 r.) npOrHO3 Sector presented at the Saint Petersburg Economic
~ ~ ~ B M T M H mepreTwrecKoro cemopa Poccww Forum (June 2000) provides for an eight- to
npeAycMaTpPisaeT npa ~ J - I ~ ~ O I I ~ I - I R T H ~ycnomxx
IX twenty-fold increase in the utilization of
y ~ e n ~ 9 e ~ ~RCIIOJlb30BaHMH
e HeTPaAMqHOHHbIX unconventional renewable energy resources under
B O ~ O ~ H O B ~ X ~3HeprOpeCYPCOB
M~IX B 8-20 pa3. O A H ~ K
MO favourable conditions. However, in our opinion,
3TM YPOBHM, no HaIIIeMy MHeHMIo, He OTBeWIoT pea.JIbH0 these figures are inadequate to the biofuel potential,
CyIlJeCTByIoueMy llOTeH~AaJIy6 a o ~ o n n w ~Ba Poccww Pi, which is really available in Russia, and especially in
n p e w e Bcero, B ee C e ~ e p o - 3 a n a ~ perlloae.
~o~ its North-Westem Region.
In this connection it makes sense to analyze global
data as to the use of wood as a fuel. Presently, wood
fuel figures prominently in the energy balances not
only of developing countries but also of developed,
with 59% of the wood harvested worldwide being
used as a fuel. Wood accounts for more than 7% of
the global energy balance. This percentage is
significantly lower in developed countries (about
2% - in U.S.A., 3% - in Canada) in comparison
with a developing part of the world (15%). In the
last years, because of the target of preventing global
climate change, the trend is evident towards a
drastic increase in a biofuel share in the total energy
balance. For example, in Sweden the biofuel share
approaches 8% and it is planned to be doubled or
tripled in the next years.
Bce ~ T npo6ne~b1,
M TeM He MeHee, BnonHe pa3perumb1 M, Nevertheless, all these problems are quite tractable.
KaK nOKa3bIBaeT OnbIT m~eL@lIl, ApeBeCHOe TOnJIMBO Referring to the Swedish experience, we can
MOXeT YCneUHO MCnOnb30BaTbCH KaK Ha CpaBHMTenbHO conclude that wood fuel can be successfully used
KPYnHbIX 3JleKTPOCTaHUMHX, nepepa6a~b1~aK)~Ilx B rOA both at comparatively large electric power stations
CBbILLIe 1 MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P O BApeBeCMHbI, TaK M B and at the small fully automated settlement
MLiAeHbKMX nOnHOCTbK) aBTOMaTM3MPOBaHHbIX boilerhouses, which provide several tens of houses
nOCenKOBbIX KOTenbHbIX, 0 6 e c n e . 1 ~ ~ a m u ~TennOM
x with heat.
HeCKOJIbKO AeCHTKOB AOMOB.
Ycrnoiivusoepa3sumue u ucnonb3osanue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
Guomomusa - nymb ~peanu3ayuuKuornc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
~06bllUeHUH)KOM~eKCHOCmUUCilOnb306UHUII C ) P e 6 e ~ ~U~mop&
bl utilization of wood raw material and peat
B s u ~ ~ e f i m 3KOHOMkIWXKkIM
i~ aCneKTOM HporpaMM The most important economic aspects of the
I I B ~ R ~ T C I I MaKcwMa.JIbHoe
corcpameakie TpaHcnopTHbIx Programmes suggest a maximum reduction in
sa~pa~ B ,TOM w c n e s a ~ p a~a~ nepesan~y~ P Y ~ O B , transport costs including transhipment costs and
OnTPiManbHoe c o r e ~ a ~~~ ~~ Oe T O B K~ Ee In o ~ oApesecMHbI,
fi optimum combination of industrial wood, pulpwood
~ Z U I ~ HnCpOoB~, ~ ~ApesecwHbI.
ofi and firewood to be logged.
no-BWAUMOM~, qenecoo6pm~o conoc~a~neakie It would seem to be expedient well to compare
pa3nHrHbrx BapMaHToB KaK perMoHanbHoro different options of both regional biofuel uses and
~ ~ C ~ I O ~ ~ ~ O Gkio~onnki~a,
B ~ H H R TaK ki 3 ~ c n o p ~ ca biofuel exports not only in terms of volume or
nepecreToM He TonbKo Ha eAkiHEiUb1 o 6 a e ~ akinU MaccbI, weight units but also in terms of Gigacalories of the
HO W C nepecreToM Ha r ~ a n ~ p a ~ c n o p ~ u p y e ~ o f i transported biomass or products of its processing.
~ U O M ~ C Cm~ I npoAyIcToB ee n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~K~ pt .o ~ e~ o r o , Besides, account must be taken of expenses for
H~O~XOAMMO yrliTbIsaTb s a ~ p a ~ bHa
r npenoTapamesse preventing any negative transportation impacts on
oTpasaTenbHoro B O ~ A ~ ~ C T B UHaI I OKpyxammym cpeny the environment.
npU TpaHCnOpTkipOBKe.
B O ~ M O ~ IBapEianTbI
CH~I~ EI ~ T ~ I InporpaMMbI
~ I EI Options and milestones of the Programme and
IILlnOTHbIX IIpOeICTOB Pilot Projects
Implementation of a number of pilot projects on the
basis of the available production equipment and
transport flows can be thought to be expedient. For
example, conversion to wood chips (as an
alternative fuel) of a number of boiler-houses
located in rural districts can be made during a rather
short time with small capital costs providing any
centralized system of fuel chip preparation and
transportation is established. It seems to be
advisable for pilot projects on biofuel exports to be
oriented to Scandinavian countries and to the
Netherlands. For example, the pilot project of
charcoal export from Russia and the pilot project of
briquetted or granulated biomass export from
Russia can be suggested for Russian biofuel
utilization at the electric power stations, which are
currently available in the Netherlands.
The first stage of all pilot project options must
incorporate a preliminary feasibility study of
biomass production costs while calculating possible
prices ruling both at a port of shipment and at a port
of discharge or within an electric power station site.
The main task of the second stage is an analysis of
actual costs for every stage of biofuel production
and transportation. The most important task of the
third stage is an analysis of costs in the case of
expanding exports and determination of reasonable
prices for biofuel when implementing the
large-scale project, i.e. when proceeding from pilot
and pilot-industrial scales to the industrial one.
Y c m o i i ~ u ~pa36Umue
oe U ucnonb30sa~ue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
Guomonnusa - nymb K peanu3a yuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona U the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
no~m~uenu~o KomnneKcnocmu ucnonmoeatiwz dpeeecunbr U mop$a utilization of wood raw material and peat
A.A. Benin
General Director of ZAO
<<ConcernLEMOD
THE TAPPING OF BIODUEL IN RF NORTH
WEST
Energy supply lays the foundation for progress in
science and technology, and sustainable vital
functions: economic growth is unfeasible unless the
issues energy supply are resolved. Currently
strained fuel balance therefore determines the
pressing issues or evaluating available energy
resources, and developing new, non-polluting
sources of energy and energy-saving technologies.
C e ~ e p o - s a n a ~ ~peraoH
b ~ f i (H . J I e ~ ~ ~ r p a 06nacTb
~ c ~ a aB The North West (including Leningrad Region) is
er0 C O C T ~ BIIpaKTHWCKH
~) IIOnHOCTbIO 3aBHCHT OT almost totally dependent on imported energy
~PHBO~H~IX 3HepropecypcoB. T ~ K , exeroAHo B resources. Thus the region imports annual 800
~ ~ H H H ~ ~ ~ A06nac~b c K ~ I O~PHBO3RTCB OKOnO 800 TbIC. thousand ton coal as fuel for almost 40% regional
TOHH YIXR, RBnBIorrJerOCRTOnnMBOM npH6nEi3H~enbHoAn2 boiler houses. Annual black oil consumption
46% BCeX O ~ ~ ~ C T HKOTenbHbIX.~ I X ~ O A O B On~o ~ p e 6 n e ~ ~ e amounts to 400 thousand ton.
Ma3yTa B o 6 n a c ~n~p ~ 6 n ~ x a eK~ 400 c ~ TbIC. TOHH
exeroAHo.
Hpki 3TOM Ce~ep0-3ana~Hb1fiPerMOH o6na~ae~ Meanwhile the North West possesses immense
OrPOMHbIMH JIeCHbIMM 3anaCaMl-l - B HeM COCpeAOTOYeHO forest resources: over a half of those in European
6onee nOnOBHHb1 JIeCHbIX PeCypCOB e~poneficK0fiW C T H Russia. At the same time, the contribution of
POCCHH. B M ~ CCTTeM, ~ AOJI5I ApeBeCHOrO TOnnl-lBa, KaK firewood as a primary energy resource to the
nepsaworo 3~epropecypca,B s ~ e p r e ~ l - l r e c6ana~ce~o~ national fuel balance is over modest. Boiler houses
PerMOHa 6onee .IeM CKPOMHa. % C ~ O KOTenbHbIX,
using firewood as biofuel are very rare. Examples
kicnonbsyrn~~~ax ApesecHoe ~ H O T O ~ ~ HcwcnReTcrr
~IBO,
eAHHHuaMH. B KaLIeCTBe IIpHMepOB MOXHO IIpHBeCTH of such boiler houses are found in Leningrad
KOTenbHbIe B n e ~ l l ~ r p a0 ~6 n~ a~c ~~(Bf~n0C.
i ~ I I C H H OH Region (in Lisino estate and in Beloostrov near
B 5enooc~po~ 6 en ~ Cecpopeq~a),
3 Pecny6nH~eKapenua Sestroretsk). Karelian Republic (Priazhka and
(nocen~wn p m a H A ~ P ~ B ~ HKHaO n u~~)u, ~ r p a n c ~ o f i Dereviannoe estates) Kaliningrad (Pravdisk town)
Ycmoiilrueoepmeumue u ucnonmoeatiue Sustainable development and biopel use as a way towards
6uomonnusa- nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
nosbnue~u~) dpesecu~blU mop4a
KomnneKcHocmu ucnonb30sa~u~1 utilization of wood raw material and peat
PM BnaXHOCTM 40% TennOTa CrOpaHMR ApeBeCMHbI With 40% humidity, wood combustion heat is 2.44
COCTaBnReT 2.44 TbIC. K K ~ K T (An% CpaBHeHMR: tho kcaVkg (to compare: coal from Boksitogorsk
MCnOnb3yeMble B ~ ~ ~ H H H T P ~ A C K OO~~~J I ~ C T M used in Leningrad Region has the heating capacity
~OKCMTOTOPCKMGyrOnb XapaKTepM3yeTCR T ~ I I J I o T B o ~ H o ~ ~ of 4 to 4.5 tho kcaVkg, that from Inta 4.2 tho
C I ~ O C O ~ H O~C~TB~HKO~ 4-4.5
G, T~Ic.KK~LJI/KT,EIHTMHCKBG - kcalkg, and that from Kuzbass 4.5 to 6.15 tho
4.2 T ~ I c . K K ~ U Ky36acc~kifi
~/K~, - 4.5-6.15 T ~ I C . K n KpM~ K ~ kcalkg , with higher prices and considerable
6onee B ~ I C O K O ~ ~CTOWMOCTM M 3~aY~Tenb~0fi transport costs). Considering the efficiency of
T~~HC~~O~TO~M . KnpMO C T KIIA
H) COBpeMeHHbIX available domestic firewood boilers between 75%
OTeqeCTBeHHbIX KOTJIOB, pa60~amwsx Ha ApeBeCHOM and 80% and the 219-day heating season in the
TOnJlMBe, PaBHOM 7540% M ~ ~ o ~ o ~ x M T ~ ~ ~ H o c T M Region, this would be sufficient for aggregate boiler
OTOnMTenbHOrO Ce30Hl.a B O ~ ~ ~ C- T219 H ~Hefi3TOrO capacity of 480 GcaVhr, exceeding total heat
KOJlMqeCTBa TOnJIMBa AOCTaTOYHO AnR O ~ ~ C ~ ~ Y ~ H Wcapacity H of all boilers in Leningrad Region - as per
pa60~b1KOTnOB C Y M M ~ P H OTenn0~0fi
~~ MOwHOCTbH) OKOnO 0.1.O3.2OO1. Leningrad region operates 62 1 boiler
480 r ~ m / ~ a cYTO . , npeBbIuIaeT CyMMapHyIo TennoBym houses, including 48 1 and 140 institutional ones
MOuHOCTb BCeX TBePAOTOnnMBHbIX KOTenbHbIX using:
neHMHrpa~CK0fio 6 n a c ~-~no AaHHbIM Ha 01.03.2001 r.
BCerO B ~ ~ H M H T P ~ A C K OO~~J I ~ C T Mp a 6 0 ~ a e ~621
KOTenbHaR, M 3 HMX MYHMuMlllLJIbHbIX 481 ki
BeAOMCTBeHHbIX 140, B TO 9MCJle:
Ycmoiilrueoepmsumue u ucnonb3oea~ue Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards
6uomomusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol in~plenzen ration and enhanced contplex
no8bimemro KoMnneKcHocmu ucnonb30eau~1
dpeeecunbl U mop$a utilization of wood raw material and peat
1. Economy
Evaluation involved comparison of cost prices for 1
Gcal heat produced by a boiler plant of 3.6 Mw t
heat capacity (3.1 Gcal), using:
> coal;
> blackoil;
> natural gas;
> fuel wood (fiiewood chips).
HSeriesl
5 0.006 Series1
0.002
0.002
50
Ycmoiiwsoe pmsumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable developtnent and biofuel use as a way towards
Guomomusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
n06btULeHUH)KOMl7.0eKCHOCmU UCnOJlb308UHUFI C ) P ~ S ~ C UUHm0p&l
~~ utilization of wood raw material and pent
2. Recoupment
nep~b1fiK P M T ~ P M ~b16opa
~~ - 3KOHOMMYHOCTb TOnJ'lMBa The first guideline for selection - fuel economy
(C~~~CTOMM 1 OrKan
C T ~ Tenna, sb1pa6a~b1~ae~o1-o (cost price per 1 Gcal heat produced by the boiler
~0~enbH0fi) n03BOJlReT COnOCTaBMTb TeKyUMe house) allows comparison of typical current
( ~ K C ~ J I ~ ~ T ~ ~ 3aTpaTb1,
M O H H ~XapaKTepHbIe
I~) An2 (operating) costs for minor-capacity boiler houses
KOTeJIbHbIX ~e60nbuofiT ~ ~ J I O BMOOU ~H~OCTM npM p a 6 o ~ e using different fuel types. Since comparison
Ha pa3HbIX BMAaX TOnnMBa. ~ O C K O J I ~ KnP YM CPaBHeHMM analysis involves total costs, the second guideline
BapMaHTOB H ~ O ~ X O ~ M MYrMTbIBaTb
O BCe 3aTpaTb1, B represented the pay-off period (as a value showing a
KaYeCTBe BTOpOrO KPMTePMR ~b16paHCPOK OKynaeMOCTM linear relationship with capital costs).
( K ~n0Ka3aTenb7
K H ~ X O A R ~ M ~ B~ nMHefiH0fi
CR 3aBMCMMOCTM
OT BenMSMHbI 3aTpaT KanMTaJl bHOr0 x a p a ~ ~ e p a ) .
T ~ K H06pa30~,
M ra3 no B ~ I ~ ~ ~ HKPHMT~ePM I R
MM OUeHKM This means that, using the criteria of our choice
BapMaHTOB (~KOHOMUYHOCTM (economy
M CPOKY O K Y ~ ~ ~ M O C T U ) and rate of return), gas is only superior to
npmneKaTenbHee uenbI TonbKo B cnyrae, ecnw chips where the nearest gas main is not farther than
6n~xafillr~i3 ra30npOBOA HaXOAMTCR Ha paCCT0RHMI-i OT 1.5-2 km from the boiler house. This is true with
KoTenb~ofi, COCTaBnRIoueM He 6onee 1.5-2 KM. 3 ~ a effective domestic prices for natural gas for the 15t
OueHKa CnpaBeAJIMBa B OTHOLUeHMM BHYTPeHHMX 4eH Ha quarter 2001. In the nearest future (within 3 to 5
~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ c T B Y I ~ L I JBM Ix KBapTae 2001 r. B
I ~ P M P O A H ~ I ra3, years), with gas prices rising at the rate specifies in
~pa~qafiruwfi nepMoA (3-5 n e ~ )npM pocTe qeH Ha ra3, Russia's TEK strategy, the advantages of chips over
COOTBeTCTByIoueM TeMnaM, OIlpeAeneHHbIM B CTpaTerMM natural gas (using the guidelines described here)
~ ~ ~ B M T M T3K R POCCMM, npeMMyuecTsa WenbI nepeg will be obvious in any other context.
IIPMPOnHbIM Ta30M (no B ~ I ~ ~ ~ HB pH a~6 oI ~MeKPMT~PMHM)
6 y ~ y THeCOMHeHHbI IlpM n1o6b1x npOYMX yCnOBMRX.
Ycmoiiw6oe pmsumue u ucnonbsosa~ue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
6uomomuea - nymb K peunzuayuu Kuomc~ozonpomorcona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
n06bllUeHUK)KOMnJleKCHOCmU UCnOnb306aHUR dpe6ecu~blU m0p@a utilization of wood raw material and peat
B o 6 q e ~~ o ~ o n o ~ p e 6 nB eP@
~ ~ AonH
u npe~npua~~fi TEK enterprises are responsible for 30% of total
T3K COCTaBJlHeT 30%, a B npOMb1LLIneHHOM CeKTOpe - water use in the RF, and over 60% in industry. At
6onee 65%. M3 06qero 0 6 ' b e ~ a c6pacbl~ae~blxB the same time, the TEK is responsible for almost
nOBepXHOCTHble BOAOeMbI 3aTPH3HeHHblX CTOYHblX BOA Ha 26% of surface wastewater discharge.
Aonm T3K npMXOAMTCH OKOnO 26%.
Adverse environmental effects of TEK enterprises
involve discharge or emission of organic and
inorganic (including radioactive) substances, waste
disposal, storage and transportation losses, as well
as land and soil withdrawal or degradation due to
waste warehousing or pumping, under-flooding,
under-working, changing seismological and tectonic
conditions, etc.
B TereHMe nocneawix 25-30 neT ApesecHoe 6 ~ o ~ o n n ~ ~ Ino the past 25-30 years, firewood as biofuel has
UIMPOKO MCnOJlb3YeTCR pa3BMTbIME.I CTpaHaMR An% been much used in well-developed countries in heat
B ~ I ~ ~ ~ OTenna
T K WM 3 n e ~ ~ p o s ~ e p r k i ~ . and electric power generation.
Among the examples of biofuel use in power
engineering is the McNeil electric power station, a
major biopulp-fed plant brought into service in
Burmington (Vermont, US) over ten years ago. The
station has electric power capacity of 50 MWt.
3a IlepMOA C 1970 no 1997 rr. IlPOB3BOACTBO 3HePTMM B Between 1970 and. 1997, energy generation in
~ B ~ ~BbIpOCnO
M M Ha 36%; 3HaWiTenbHbIe M3MeHeHMR Sweden increased by 36%; the energy structure was
npeTepIIeJIa 3a 3TO BpeMH CTpyKTypa npOM3BOACTBa modified significantly: in 1970 oil and oil products
3 ~ e p r m- ecna B 1970 roAy 3a cveT ~ c n o n b s o s a ~ m were responsible for 77% of national energy
H ~ @ T H Pi H ~ @ T ~ ~ ~ O A ~ 6b1no
K T O BBb1pa60TaH0 77% Bcefi generation, by 1997 the share amounted to 33%
3~ep1-mB cTpaHe, TO B 1997 roAy 3 ~ qa@pa a cocTaBnna only, while the share of energy generated with
nurub 33%, B TO me s p e m B TeyeHMe 3 ~ o r onepMoaa firewood as biofuel increased from 9% in 1970 to
~ospocna AonR ~ H ~ P ~ Msb1pa6a~b1sae~oii
M, c 15% in 1997, and is still growing.
MCnOJIb3OBaHMeM J(peBeCHOr0 6 ~ o ~ o n n k i sC a9% B 1970
rosy ~o 15% B 1997 r. M TOT n o ~ a 3 a ~ e nnpoAonxaeT
b
pacTM.
E c n ~rOBOPMTb 0 ~ b l p a 6 0 T ~~ee n n 0 ~ 03HePTMM,
fi TO AOnR As regards heat generation, the share of firewood
ApeBeCHOrO TOnnMBa B COCTaBe APYTMX, MCnOnb30BaHHbIX among other types involved exceeded 33% (for
AnR nonyyeHm Tenna, npesbrcMna 33% cnpamu: B reference: in 1980, oil comprised over 90% of fuel
1980 rosy 6onee 90% Tonnma, ~ c n o n b s y e ~ o rAnrr o used in heat generation). Between 1990 and 1997,
the amount of firewood used by heat plants
increased by a factor of four. By 1998 the use of
firewood biofuel increased by 7%, as compared to
1997.
0 6 0 6 ~ tCKaaHHOe,
~ MOXHO CAenaTb HeIIpenoXHb~fi To summarize, we can state with assurance. that for
BbIBOA 0 TOM, 'IT0 AnIl PeTROHOB, 06na~amt41ix much forested areas conversion to firewood unusual
3Ha'INTeJlbHbIM neCHbIM @OHAOM, IIepeXOfl Ha in Russia, with gradual and partial substitution for
HeTPaAMqPiOHHOe WIl POCCMHApeBeCHOe TOHJlklBO C traditional fuel types, Is one of the few feasible and
H oC~T~M Y H 3
I I o c T ~ ~ ~ HW Oa~~
~ e ~ 0 MM
f i TPaAMUHOHHbIX efficient ways to an integrated solution for problems
BkIAOB TOnJIMBa RBJIReTCR OAHkIM M 3 HeMHOrHX of energy supply and sustainable forest
B03MOXHbIX M ~au6onee~ @ @ ~ K T M B H ~rry~efiIX PeLLIeHkiR management.
3 ~ e p r e ~ ~ r encp o
~ 6mn e ~ a n p o 6 n e ~ y c ~ o f i r a ~ o r o
neCOnOJIb30BaHMR OAHOBpeMeHHO.
To test the feasibility of the program to convert
municipal boiler houses to firewood as biofuel, the
LEMO Concern, at its own expense and inviting the
collaboration of key organizations in heat and
energy generation, developed a pilot project for a
3.6 MW t capacity boiler house using firewood
chips. The project involves construction of a
municipal boiler house in Shpankovo village
Gatchina District Leningrad Region, with
subsequent circulation.
B HacToxrqee s p e m K o ~ s e p<<J]CEMO>>
~ Tame 3a creT The LEMO Concern is currently engaged, likewise
C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ ICpeACTB
X OCyueCTBnReT PeKOHCTpyWHlO at its own expense, in reconstructing the boiler
~ o ~ e n b ~Bocene f i Kpac~oosep~oe llpwosepc~oropafio~a house in Krasnoozernoe village Priozersk District
~ ~ H F I H ~ ~ ~ A c oK 6o n~ a~c ~ ~ C WeJIbm 3aMeHb1 Leningrad Region, replacing the existing boilers
yCTaH0BneHHbIX TaM KOTnOB Ha pa6o~am1q~ie Ha with those using firewood chips; reconstruction
T O ~ J I M B H O ~uelle;
~ B PaMKaX peKOHCTpyKL(FiM nnaHklpyeTCIl plans also involve a new fuel feeder device and a
ycTaHoma TonnsBonoAamuero y c ~ p o i i c ~s~ca o 3 ~ a ~ ~ e timber yard.
cwrana Tonnma.
Ycmoiiwisoe passumue u ucnonb30sanue Sustainable developiizent and biofuel use as a way towards
6uomonnusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol inzplenzentation and enhanced cornplrs
n06blUieHUH)KOMiUleKCHOCmU UCnOflb306aHMBd p e ~ e ~U~mop&
~bl utilization of wood raw rnaterial and peat
B.r.Cenenno~
A.T.H., YReH-KOPP. AEH P@, r e ~ e p a J I b H b 1 f AMpeKTOp
i OAO "BHHH T O ~ @ X H OIIpOMbIIUneHHOCTM"
~~
l1 I I 1 P a 3 p a 6 a ~ ~ ~~a e b- H ~ e
rho~anb l
i I 3aKOHCepBHpO
06nac~b i Mec~opome- 3 a n a c b 1 , MIIH. T '
I
I HUG T ~ I C .ra I i
BaHHbIe 3anaCb1,
MIIH. T
~ ~ M ~ T Mr T
M 0 , rOAOBaR ~ O T ~ ~ ~ Hn O
e ~CMT~ ~r p a ~ c K O
0 ~f iI I ~ C T B
M KYCKOBOM TOP@€! COCTaBIIHeT IIOpRAKa 500 TbIC.
TOHH, YTO n03BOIIMT IIpaKTMYeCKM n O n H O C T b I o OTKa3aTbCR O T 3 a B 0 3 a K a M e H H O r O YrIIR H a K O T e n b H b I e X=.
Ycmoklrusoepa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards
6uomonnusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
n06bIl44eHUW KOMnJleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306UHUR dpe6ec~~bl
U m0p&l utilization of wood raw material and peat
T o p @ ~ b ~ PeCYPCbI
e no TePPMTOPMH, n03BOnRIOT n p M pa3yMHOM
P e r M O H a , MX KOnMYeCTBO, KaYeCTBO, P a C n O n O X e H M e
M C ~ O ~ b 3 0 B a H M CYIQeCTBeHHO
M CHM3MTb HallPHXeHHOCTb TOnJIMBHOTO O B O M 6e3
6ana~caB K O M M Y H U I ~ H O - ~ ~ I TCeKTOpe
yuep6a A n g A p y r m ~ a n p a ~ n e ~~ucfni o n b 3 o ~ aO~ C
~Oa .~ ~ H H OTOP@IIH~IX
C T M p e c y p c o B p e r R o H a 3awr1o~1am~caB TOM,
B ~O~~UIIIHCU ~ a e B ~POM3BOACTBO OAHOrO M3 BMAOB nPOAyKqMM H e B 0 3 M O X H O 6e3 BbIIIyCKa K ~ K O ~ O - ~
T IBy Y M ~ O
A p y r O r O . ~ ~ ~ K T M Y ~ Bc CKe rMA a CTOMT BOnPOC 0 KOMnneKCHOM MCnOnb30BaHMM TOP@IIH~IXM ~ c T o P o X J @ H M ~ ~ .
icropaaun
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i 4900 i 4400 i ........................................................................
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3900 1 3400 1
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Sustainable development and biojkel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol irnplernentation and enhanced complex
utilization of wood raw rnaterial and peat
Top(!? . - ............. - 1 ._ ..
105,7 ..... . 100
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.
B 3TOM pafio~e,B 1980 roAy, 6b1no BBeneHO B 3KCIIJIyaTaI.WFO KpynHOe M e C T O p O ~ e H N e" & ' ~ o ~ M c K M ~ ~Mox", Ha
~ a c ~ o ~BpeMH,
K O T O ~ O M ,B ~ q e eTOP$ ~ ~ O ~ ~ I B H~ a~nnoLqam
T C I I Bcero 330 ra (1438 346 ra).
C.M. ILIec~arco~
npoa. A.T.H.
H a y r ~ b ~CfOiBeT no ropeHwm M B3PbIBY PAH,
C ~ H K T - I I ~ T ~ O~ C ~~ ~
A ~~ ~~C ~T C
T ~~K
B XH H~HM~ ~I ~~ CYHMBePCMTeT
~K M ~ ~
C e ~ e p o - s a n a ~ ~ bpreiriu o H Poccuu r i ei ~ e p a n b ~ b r oi i~ p y r ) B
( C e ~ e p o - s a n a ~ ~ b@ , ~ o ~ o p b BXOAHT
~ f i n e ~ u ~ r p a M~ c ~ a
o6nac~w,
A p x a ~ r e n b c ~ a ~ AocTaTowro 6 o r a ~n e c H b I M u pecypcami. O p a e ~ ~ c i p o ~ pacrenrarr o r ~ o n e c o c e K a peruor-ra
COCTaBnHeT OKOnO 86 MnH. M3/r0A, a @ a K ~ ~ Y e c K & i f io 6 5 e ~P Y ~ O K - 30 ...35 MnH. M ~ I ~n o p M~ BbIXOne
, nen0~0fi
npeBeCkIHb1 A 0 80%. H e c ~ o ~ p H a H a 6 n K ) ~ a e M o e B IIOCneAHkie rOAbI AOCTaTOriHO c ~ a 6 k i n b ~ opa3BHTMe e nec~0fiH
neco11epepa6a~b1~a~)ru,eii ~POMbIIIIJIeHHOCTM, KOMWIeKCHOe HClTOnb30BaHHe ApeBeCHHbI ( ~ b I p a u M ~ a H 3arOTOBKa ~e, M
r I e p e p a 6 0 ~ ~ a ) OpraHki30BaHbI B Poccww HeAOCTaTOYHO ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O . MHOX~CTBO APeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB,
0 6 p a 3 y m ~ ~ x cnpki n p y 6 ~ a xn e C a , H e MCllOnb3YIOTCH H OCTaIOTCH rHkiTb B n e C a x , 3arPH3HHH OKPyXaIOLIQW CpeAy.
~ e n n 1 o n o 3 ~ 0 - 6 y ~ a xn p~oaMab I r u n e H H o c T b c e ~ e p o - 3 a n a ~ ~ poerrou o H a H e M o x e T n e p e p a 6 o ~ a ~BCK)
b ~~JI~HCOB~KJ
A p e s e c u H y w OTXOA~In e c o n w n e H m , YTO ~ P H B O A M TK POCTY C B ~ O K A p e s e c H b I x OTXOAOB.
Hanpu~ep,AnH A p x a ~ r e n b c ~ o i06nac~u
i 0614e~o 6 % e ~ e3arOTOBOK ApeBeCMHbI 12 MnH. M3/r0& B JIeCaX
npki
OCTaeTCH ApeBeCHbIX OTXOnOB OT 2,3 A 0 4,8 MnH. m. M 3 / r 0 n (no Pa3HbIM A ~ H H ~ I M a) , npki ~ e p e p a 6 0 ~ KApeBeCMHbl e
nOHBnHeTCH cue OT 1,8 A 0 4,4 MnH. nn. M 3 / r 0 n npeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB /l/. Ecnu IIpMHXTb CpeAHK)IO B n W H O C T b
ApeBeCHbIX OTXOnOB W = 55%, TO 3 H e p ~ e T ~ Y e ~ K EnOTeHqIG3JI ifi ApeBeCHbIX OTXOflOB (41.. .9,2 MnH. Il.JI. M3/r0n)
COCTaBkIT OT 5,3 A 0 12 MnH. rKaJT/r0& T.e. H 3 HkFX MOXHO B ~ I P ~ ~ O4.T..~10T MnH. ~ ~ K U ~I e n J I 0 ~ 03HeprIIM,
fi T.e.
b 25 A 0 50% 0 6 1 4 n~o ~
0 6 e c n e r ~ ~OT ~ p e 6 ~ 0 c T eAf pi x a ~ r e n b c K o f o6nac~u
i B T e l l J l e (19,2 MnH. r K d r 0 ~ ) .
A ~ a n o r u r cwryaqm
~a~ c n o x u n a c b u B ~pyrwx0 6 n a c ~ ~ x
ce~epo-3ana~~or-o
perwoaa.
K p o ~ e3 T O r 0 , npPi 3arOTOBKaX M COpTupOBKe nOHBn5IeTCH AOBOnbHO 6 o n b ~ 1 0 e KOnklSeCTBO H ~ T O B ~ ~ApeBeCHHbI,
H O ~ ~
KOTOpyK) MOXHO HCllOnb30BaTb B KaYeCTBe TOllnkIBa. ) @ ~ o ~ H R T ~ ~ HCTOYHMKOM
~ H ~ I M ApeBeCHOrO TOnnMBa HBnHeTCH
yTMJM3aUkiH 6 e p e s o ~ b r x6 H H O ~ ~ KO~HY~CT
m a ~ c oH ~H H ~ K O K ~ Y ~ C T B ~ OCkiHbI. BO
OCHHbI HOCTOEIHHO yBenHYMBaeTCH B
necax ce~epo-3ana~~o1-o
peruoaa, a s a r o ~ o ee~ ~n paa K T M s e c K w O T c y x T B y e T .
Ycmoiiwsoe pmsumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable developnzent and biofiel use as a way towards
Guomonnusa - nymb K peanuxnpiu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced conzplex
~0661WeHUK)KOMnJleKCtiOCMU UCnOJlb306aHWI dpef3eC~~bl
U mop& utilization of wood raw material and peat
2. I I e p c n e ~ ~ U~ ~s M
a ~~ H ~ HTonnmaoro
N R 6anaaca saepreTmn ce~ep0-3ana,qaoropernoaa.
B n p o r u n o M r o A y H a COBMeCTHOM s a c e ~ a ~ 1 4 1HTC
4 PAO < < E XPOCCMH>> I/r H a p ~ o r o C o B e T a PAH ki c YYaCTMeM
M k 1 ~ 3 ~ e p r 6b1na
0 s b 1 p a 6 0 ~ a ~c T
a paTerm p a 3 s w ~ ~~r ro n n ~ ~ ~ o - s ~ e p r e ~ k iKSo eMcn n~e oK cr ao Poccwn AO 2015 rona,
a c x o A n U a x ~3 pes~oro y A o p o x a H m o p r a H w e c K o r o T o n n m a 121. K 2010 r. T s e p A o e T O ~ H B O A o n x H o noAopoxcaTb B
2,6 I I p E i p o ~ H b 1 f i ra3 - B 7,4 S T O npkl6nw31.1~ BHYTPHPOCCH~~CKM~ I&HbI H a T O n n U B O K e B p 0 I I e f i c K k i ~ M
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K 2015 r O A y ( ~ H c . 2) XOpOUIO H n n I O C T p k I p y e T 3 T 0 . no O u e H K a M CIIeqHWlMCTOB MOAepHM3aqtlR ~ ~ ~ K T ~ o c T ~ H ~ H
s a n p o e ~ ~ ~ p o s Ha a~ yronb, ~ b ~ xHO s a ~ nee p ~e s e A e H H b I x ra3, a T e n e p b moss - H a cxwrame ymH, o K a 3 b I s a e - m B
2,5.. . 3 p a a A e r u e s n e A p y r a x B a p w a H T o B .
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T O n K R 0 6 b 1 4 ~ 0 AOCTaTOLIHO HelIPHXOTnMBbI K K a q e C T B y T O n n R B a H K B ~ J I M @ H K ~ u H H06cnymweam~eroI'IepCOHaAa,
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Sustainable developnzent and biofuel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol impletnentation and enhanced (xtnplex
utilization of wood raw material and peat
ra3ore~epa~opb1.
o T , Q e J l b ~ b l M BOnpOCOM CTOHT TePMHYeCKaR l l e p e p a 6 0 ~ ~ApeBeCHbIX
a OTXOnOB B r a 3 0 r e H e p a T O p a X . (Pkic. 5.). OH^
M O X e T npkiMeHIITbCH A n R CHHXeHHR B ~ I ~ P O C O B
BPeAHbIX BeWeCTB B ~ T M O C C ~ ~ ~ P Y ki nOJIyYeHkiR YMCTOrO r a 3 0 B O r O
Q: = 4,s... l 1 MWHM'. Tex~onorum3 T O r 0
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npouecca MOXHO C q H T a T b O T P ~ ~ O T ~ H H B
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p a 6 o ~ b 1 , no3~onnmmue C T P O M T ~ T a m e r a 3 o r e ~ e p a ~ o p b 1Q
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Sustainable development and biohel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
utilization of wood raw material and peat
H s r o ~ o s n e ~n~e nl ne e T o K(Pellet).
npu H ~ M ~ N~ H3 6 b 1 ~A ~
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secHbrx OTXOAOB Ha ~ e p e ~ o n e p e p a 6 a ~ b 1 ~ a 1n 0p e~Aqn ep H~ a T a N , qenecoo6pa3~0
O P T a H N 3 0 B a T b N 3 r O T O B n e H N e 113 OTXOAOB ~ C K Y C C T B ~ H H O T OTOIInMBa - llOACYIIIeHHbIX rIPeCCOBaHHbIX Y a C T H u -
nenneToK (Pellet) c p a m e p a M u 6 = 20.. .35 MM U ~ e r m o ~ ocropamin fi Q; = 3700...4300 K K ~ J I / K(15,5..
~ .l8 M w ~ r ) .
no IlpeABapHTeJIbHbIM O s e H K a M CTOHMOCTb YCTaHOBKN 6 y ~ COCTaBnXTb
e ~ OKOnO 550 TbIC. USD H a 10000 TOHH
nenneT0K. C p o ~ O K y n a e M O C T H M O X e T COCTaBNTb OT 3,5 A 0 5 n e T , B 3aBNCHMOCTH OT T e M n O B P O C T a CTOHMOCTH
l I p M p O A H O r 0 T O n n H B a . HCXOAH H 3 ~ b l p b e B 0 f i6a3b1, no-BHAHMOMy, ~aw6oneeOnTHMaJIbHbIM BapHaHTOM AnH CeBepO-
3 a n a A H O r O P e r M O H a 6 y ~ sex e ~ BOA) C npON3BOANTenbHOCTbIo OKOnO 20000 T/TOA.
OTA~J'I~HO
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IIepBbIX,- CO3AaHHe HOBbIX pa6orm MeCT I I p H 3aTOTOBKe H nepepa60~~e
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CHE9KeHHe 3aTPII3HeHEIII 0 K p y ~ a K ) U e f iCpeAbI.
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40 c.
Ycmoii~~usoe pa3sumue u ucnonbsosa~ue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
Guomonnusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced cornplex
U mop&
nO8blUleHUlO KOMnrleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306UHUX c)pe@ec~~bl utilization of wood raw material and peat
~ ~ C T ~ KC.M.,
O B TPMHY~HKO A.A., K0361peB P.C. A ~ a n m~ ~ J ~ ~ C O O ~ ~nepeBoAa
~ ~ H O CMa3yTHbIX
T H W YrOnbHbIX
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TMO~
H~@C~K~~H~BHeapeHMe
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~ M ~ ~ B np0MbIUneHHOCTb I? KOMMyHaJIbHOe X O ~ I I ~ T Te3~cb1
BO. AOMaAOB. C ~ H K T -
ne~ep6ypr,24-26 O K T R ~ P H2000 r.. - CH6, . - C. 70-76.
Y ~ T E OUeHMBaJI
K ~ ~ ~qMCTYlO IIePBWYHYlO IIPOAYKqAlO M whittaker4 during his evaluations gave nearly 100%
6 ~ o ~ a c cPy~ C T ~ H M
B ~rnaBHbIX 3KOCMCTeMaX % M ~ M to pure primary product and plant biomass of the
HOYTM B loo%, OTBOAR OKeaHaM M MOPRM nMUIb 4 M 3 1841 main ecosystems of the Earth, leaving 4 out of 1841
Mnp& TOHH MWPOBOG ~ U O M ~ CPM C ~ 3TOM,
I. HOnR neCOB billions tons of the world's biomass to oceans and
OUeHMBaJIaCb B 1650 MnpA. TOHH, MnM 90%. Cneflye~ seas. Thus the forest fraction was evaluated to be
T a m e OTMeTMTb, YTO MMPOBaR YMCTaII nepBMYHaR 1650 billion tons, or 90%. It is also necessary to
IIpOAyKI&IR COCTaBnReT 170 MnPA. TOHH B rO& M 3 note that the global pure primary product makes up
KOTOP~IX Ha aonm c y u ~ ~PAXOAMTCII 115 MnpA. TOHH to 170 billions tons annually, out of which 115 is
(68%), a neCOB - 73 MnpA. TOHH (63,5% OT I I ~ O H ~ B O ~ M M Oland
~ ~ product (68%), and forests 73 billion tons
cyrueii a 43% OT M M ~ O B O ~ ) . (63.5% out of the land produced and 43% out of
global).
The issue
The balance of greenhouse gases, first of all - the
contents of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change was
adopted in Rio-de-Janeiro on May 9, 1992 and
became effective on 21 March 1994. The
quantitative obligations of countries to decrease the
let of greenhouse gases were fixed by Kyoto
Protocol, adopted at the end of 1997. According to
the Protocol, the developed countries by 2008-20 12
have to lower their emissions of greenhouse gases
by 5%.
The article 4.2.c of the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change states, that "...calculations of
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of
greenhouse gases for the purposes of subparagraph
(b) above should take into account the best
available scientific knowledge, including of the
effective capacity of sinks and the respective
contributions of such gases to climate change." In
the article 4.1.d of the Convention forests are seen
as global absorbent and storage of greenhouse
gases, including carbon dioxide from atmosphere.
For reference: carbon dioxide (CO?) is the main
greenhouse gas, which causes about 80 % of all
green house effect.
According to the specialists, the amount of
greenhouse gases emission in 1990 was as follows
(see the diagram).
Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
utilization of wood raw material and peat
Russia's potential
JIeca POCCWR, CocTaBnmaque 6onee 22% mowami necoB Russian forests, which take up 22% of the world's
Mupa u 6onee 60% 60peanb~b1~ n e c o ~ ~~O J M C H ~ I forest territories and more than 60% of the world's
IIOJlJMMTb COOTBeTCTBYIOI.I&e OTpaXeHkie B MkIPOBOM boreal forests: have to be accordingly reflected in
neperoBopHoM npoqecce no PKHK H ICMOTCKOM~ the global negotiating process on UNFCCC and
HPOTOKOJIY, O C O ~ ~ H HBOOTHOIUeHRki PeTa CTOKOB CO2. Kyoto Protocol, especially concerning CO2
deposition accounting.
n o OUeHKaM CIIeqUaJ'IUCTOB, P0cckur llPOki3BOAkiT B r0.4 8 According to the specialists, annually Russia
- 8,5 MnpA. T KHcnopona, no~pe6narr Ha CBOU H Y X A ~ I produces 8-8.5 billion tons of oxygen, while using
OKOnO 35-4 MnpA. TOHH. P O C C R ~ KneCa H ~ naWT around 3.5-4 billion tons for its needs. Russian
IIpkiMepHO 4,5-6,5 MnpA. T KHCJlOpOAa, eHcer0,QHO forests provide around 4.5-6.5 billion tons of
HaKaMHBaH 350-450 MnH. T YITIepOAa. n o HeKOTOPbIM oxygen, annually storing 350-450 million tons of
oqeHKaM, sanac exeroAHo c ~ x 3 ~ s a e ~ oyrnepona
ro B carbon. According to some statistics, the storage of
60peaJlbHb1~neCHbIX 3KOCkiCTeMaX COCTaBnReT 707 MnH. annual carbon deposition in boreal forest
TOHH, npMYeM Ha AOnlo POCCHH I'IpMXOAkiTCR 75%.8 ecosystems make up 707 million tons, 75% of
which is in ~ u s s i a . ~
OGwaii 3allaC YIYIepOaa, CBR3aHHOrO B JIeCHOM @ O H A ~ The total carbon storage in the forest fund is 36-48
COCTaBnReT 36-48 MnpA. TOHH. Pa3nkiWie B OqeHKaX billion tons. The difference in estimations is
O ~ ~ C ~ O B J I ~ H O MeTOAkiKaMU ~ O A C Y ~ T ~ Pi determined by the techniques of calculating and the
HeOIIPeneJIeHHOCTbIo ~0rIyue~Hfi OTHOCUTeJIbHO uncertainty of allowances in relation to the storage
HaKonneHm yrnepona B MopTMacce ki noTepb yrnepoaa 3a of carbon in mortmass and losses of carbon dioxide
CYeT ~ K ~ O T ~ H3MkiCCHR, H O ~ C B I I ~ ~ H H CO ~B O ~ A ~ ~ T B H ~ M due to exogenic emission, in relation to effect of
necHbIx noxapoB, ~ p e ~ k i ~ e n ekii i 6one3~eii neca, forest fires, pests and forest diseases, phyto-toxical
@ U T O T O K C ~ ~ Y H ~ I3a~pR3HeHtlfi
X ~TMOC@ pa3nOXeHHeM
~~~I, air pollution, disintegrating of timber waste during
OTXOAOB Apesecmm B nposecce necopa3pa60~0~, timber processing, woodworking etc.
A ~ ~ ~ B O O ~ ~H~Ten. ~ O T K H
O x p a ~ anecos om n o ~ a p o s . TO HM YTO m o e KaK Forest fire control. Forest protection from fires is
oxpaHa n o r n o ~ a ~ e n e f i napHaKosbIx ra3oB. B nothing else than protection of greenhouse gases
~ ~ C C M ~ T ~ H nBp o ~ 6~nM e ~OeA~~ H H ~ IKOMnOHeHT
G OYeHb absorbers. Given component is very specific to
cneqw+wre~nnrr Poccm. C o x p a ~ e ~OT ~ lOe~ H F5I ra necoB Russia. Costs to protect 5 ha of forests from fire
no 3aTpaTaM npMMepH0 COOTBeTCTByeT 1 ra llOCaXeHHOr0 approximately equals to 1 ha of a newly planted
JIeCa. K O C B ~ H KT H ~KT I ~ ~HeM3MePMMO BbIUIe, TaK KaK forest. The indirect effect is greater, due to better
3HaYMTenbHO YMeHbUaeTCFI o 6 a e ~~M E I C C MOT~ IlOXapOB ~ B protection volume of emissions from fires into
a ~ ~ o c + e p y , coxpameTccI npo~yqapywuk~fi nec, atmosphere considerably decreases, and the
csa3b1sa1o~aiiyrnepoa M coxpa~amqaiioKpyxamqym producing forest, which fixes carbon and protects
cpeny. l l r o u a ~ b n, p o f i ~ e ~ ~noxapam,
ac~ cocTasn2eT B the environment, is saved. On the average, the areas
cpeAHeM no P o c c a ~oKono 400-700 T ~ I Cra. B roA, a B passed by fires in Russia make up 400-700
OTAenbHbIe rOAbI A 0 2 M 6onee MnH. reKTapOB. B POCCHH B thousand ha per year, during some years they can
TOM MJW MHOM BMAe BCerAa Cy~eCTBOBaJIa make up to 2 and more million ha. In Russia in
rocyAapcmeHHa2 nporpaMMa no oxpaHe necoB OT some or another way a state program on forest fire
noxapoB, HO M oHa He AaeT HcenaeMbIx p e 3 y n b ~ a me3-3a ~ protection has always been present, but it also does
CKyAHOrO G I O A X ~ T H O ~ O~ M H ~ H c M ~ o B ~ H M I IB. 2000 r. not give the desirable results due to small financing
B03HMKn0 l 8 TbIC. JIeCHbIX IIOXapOB, YTO B 1,5 pa3a from state budget. In 2000 there were 18 thousands
MeHbUe, %M B l999 r., H 0 nJIOuaAb, ~ P O ~ ~ A ~ M HMM
H, ~ R forest fires, which is 1.5 times less than in 1999, but
yseneranacb B 1,8 pa3a M cocTasma oKono 2 MnH.ra. the area, passed by fires, increased by 1.8 times and
~ O M M M O npIIMOr0 yuep6a, K O T O P ~ IOI&3HMBaeTCFI
~~ nOgTki has reached 2 million ha. Apart from direct damage,
B 4 MnpA. py6., CyueCTByeT M K O C B ~ H H ~yuep6, I~~ which is estimated to be almost 4 billion rubles,
HaMHOrO llpeBb1~IIaIoIIJMfi~ P I I M O ~ ~ . there is also an indirect damage, which is greater
than the direct one.
Yqem necrctim pecypcos u necoycmpoccmso. Eonbmae The forest resources inventory and forest
CnOpbI BbI3bIBaeT n p o 6 n e ~ aMeTOAHKM YYeTa HaKOIUIeHMR management planning. The issue on the technique
YrnepOAa DeCHbIMM HaCaXAeHMFIMM. C rUkiPOKMM of registration of carbon storage by forest
MCnOnb3OBaHMeM ~ ~ C - T ~ X H O JBI neCHOM O ~ M ~ X~ O ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~ ecosystems causes large disputes. With broad use of
llOXBnFIeTCX B03MOXHOCTb HaYaTb aKTABHbIe pa60~b1H 0 GIS-technologies in forestry there is a possibility to
onpeneneHaIo yrneponHoro nyna npM necoyc~poiic~se begin activities on defining carbon pool during
OTAenbHbIX JTeCHMqeCTB M neCX030B7 B TOM YMCne M no forest management planning for separate forest
OCHOBH~IM necoo6pa3ymuw~ n o p o ~ a ~ . Ha management units and districts, including the main
PerMOHlUIbHOM YpOBHe 0 6 0 6 u e ~ ~ aMOXHO 6 y a e ~ forest species. On the regional level it will be
IlPOBOAMTb npM YYeTe neCHOr0 ~ O H A B C
~OO, TBeTCTBMM C possible to conduct overviews along with the state
HaqUOHlUIbHbIMM KPUT~PURMI~ M MHAMKaTOPaMM forest fund accounting, with respect to the national
y c ~ o j i r u ~ o r o ynpaBneHm necami ( K P I I T ~ P M4,~ ~ Criteria and Indicators on Sustainable Forest
MHAMKaTOP 4.7). CYU~CTBYIOT M APYrMe MHCTPYMeHTbl, Management (criteria 4, indicator 4.7). There are
no3~onrrlou~e c HeKoTopblM n p ~ 6 n ~ m exeronHo
e ~ ~ e ~ also other tools, which allow estimating the annual
onpe~enmbCKOPOCT~ HaKonneHm yrnepoaa necHbIMM speed of carbon storage by forest ecosystems.
3KOCMCTeMaMM.
Financing. Lack of budgetary funding for carrying
out activities, which are planned by state and
federal programs, as well as small attractiveness of
investments into the forest sector induces Russia to
use Kyoto Protocol to fill up the financial resources
to carry out activities such as forest fire protection,
reforestation and afforestation. There are some
examples of investments into forestry: Russian-
American project RUSAFOR in Saratov oblast, the
project on support of natural regeneration in the
Vologda area and others. One of such projects is
"Forest", carried out in a number of Subjects of
Ycmokvueoe pa3sumue u ucnonb306a~ue Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards
Guomonnusa - nymb K peanwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex
t'l06blUleHUK)KOMrlJleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHU dpe6eCu~blU mopqba utilization of wood raw material and peat
nocne o T x m a - 50..do %. n p ~
cyxofi oKopKe Wtr= 40...45 %. B n a m ~ o c ~u lbe n b l M OTXOAOB n e c o n M n e H u n
c o c T a s n n e T 45 . . S O %.
(W,') B 3aBMCMMOCTM O T T e X H O n O ~ M Y e C K M X Y C I I O B C I ~ ~M O X e T K O ~ ~ ~ ~ TO T~ 50
C I A
I 0 80 %. 06b19~0CPeAHKIK)
PaCYeTHyFO B n a X H O C T b nPHHMMaH3T 60...65 %. OTXOA~I
MOKPOEOKOPKM MMeIOT HCXOAHYK) B n a X H O C T b 70...85 %, a
COCTaBnReT 45...50 %.
~ M A P O ~ M ~ H nMrHMH
~IA nocne 3 a ~ e p l u e ~T~e xnH o n o r u r e c K o r o q H K n a M M e e T cnegymulwA r p a ~ y n o ~ e ~ p m e c ~ ~
COCTaB: OCTaTOK H a CMTe 90 MKM - Rgo= 90...98 %; OCTaTOK H a CMTe 200 MKM - R200= 65 ...85 %; OCTaTOK H a CMTe
I MM - RIOoo=15...45 % H MaKCMMaJIbHbIe p a 3 M e p b I raCTML( (d,,) I I p M M e p H O 50 MM. T ~ K H0M
6 p X . 3 0 ~ ~n H r H M H
HBJUIeTCH M3MeJIbYeHHbIM MaTepMaJIOM, npaKTM.IeCKM H e MMetOWRM KPYIIHbIX B K . J I ~ O Y ~ H M ~ ~ .
3 ~ Tae x H o n o r m 06nafiae.r B ~ I C O K OC~ T~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ HB oOc nCn aTM~e H~e H m M r o p e H m T o n n u e a , gaxe npw ero y g e n b ~ o f i
~ p e 6 y eyCTaHOBKA
~ BbICOKOHaIlOPHbIX AYTbeBbIX YCTPORCTB; H e ~ p e 6 y e60nbLUMx
~ 3 a T p a T n p M MOflepHM3aqMM
c y q e c ~ ~ y m q e r oK o T e n b H o r o 0 6 0 p y n o ~ a ~ u nc opra~maqweii HTB c x M r a H M n ; o 6 n a ~ a e ~xopoluw~w
3KOnOl34qeCKMMM nOKa3aTWIHMM (NO, = 80...200 M ~ / H M ) ) ; 0 6 e ~ n e Y M ~ a e TBblCOKYH) 3KOHOMWY HOCTb KOTenbHbIX
arpera-roB.
Ycmoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable development and biojkel use as a way towards
Guomomusa - nymb K peanwavuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhanced cwnplex
~06blUleHUK) U mopf$a
KOMHJIeKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHUX dpe6e~U~bl utilization qf wood raw tnaterial and peat
B 1984-1987 rogax 6 b 1 n ~BbInOnHeHbI pa60~b1no npoBepKe HTB CXMTaHMII ~MAPOnM3HOrOnMrHMHa Ha KOTJIe E-75-
40K T 3 u ~MpMmc~oro EX3. Pa6o~b1BbInOnHRnkICb CII6TTY (o~pacne~ofi na6opa~op~efi)C YYaCTMeM B
McnbrTaHmx IIHY C33M, BHEIEITEIAPOJIEI3 a H n O UKTEI.
Ycmotivusoepmsumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Sustainable developnzent and biofuel use as a way towards
Guomomuea - nymb K peanmayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced cornplex
n o e b z ~ ( e ~KohinneKcHocmu
u~) ucnonb30ea~~1
dpesecu~bzU mop4a utilization of wood raw nlaterial and peat
C X ~ M ~
HTB CXWraHMII C llpeflTOllKOM AnH T ~ ~ M H Y ~ C K
nOArOTOBKW
O ~ ~ KOPbI W ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB 6bma
o c y a e c T s n e H a H a K o T n a x N9 2, 3, 4 T3q-1 A p x a ~ r e n b c ~ o WK. ro n p ~ ~ s ~ l on pb r ra ~ m a s m T o n o m o r o nposecca
6b1nki pa3pa60~a~b1 Cll6TTY COBMeCTHO C A P X ~ H ~ ~ S I ~nTkl CKM ( ~M
I O ~ OB.K.).
B B A ~ H H Oc x~e ~M e H c n o n b 3 y e T c H
COYeTaHkie C n O e B O r O IIpeATOIIKa C o ~ ~ ~ U ~AYTbeM H H ~W IB M W X ~ ~ B O ~ ~ C X ~ MM
TOnKW. O A~e p H H 3 a ~ H WT o n O K KOTJIOB N9
2,3,4 T3Q-l Apxa~renbc~oro IJEK n p e A c T a s n e H a H a pwc. 2.
~ O ~ O B HKOTen p e ~ ~ (no
O ~ ~ C I4CnOnb30BaHWeM ~ n ~ e - ~ k i ~ TOnKki f i CXeMe Cn6TTY) BBeAeH B 3KCnJIyaTaI&iH, B
~ o ~ e n b ~4-1-0
o i i~ ~ ~ p o p a ir.i llpaosepc~a.
o~a (c anpenrr 2001 r.) n p o s e p e H a pa6o~aK o T n a
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Basic parameters
Rated heating
capacity, MW
P a c s e ~ ~ Aasneme
oe Ha Inlet design
BXOAe B KOTen, Mlla pressure, Mpa
Inlet water
temperature, "C
Outlet water
temperature, "C
r ~ ~ p a s n ~ s e con
c~oe Hydraulic
POTIlBneHkIe KOTJIa, resistance
Mlla, He 6onee MPa, no less
Boiler water
consumption under
basic condition,t/h
Efficiency (gross),
coal-fired,%, no
less
Macca KOT.JIa Design mass of
P a c s e ~ ~Kar ~ , unit, kg
Overall dimensions:
width,&
depth,&
height,mm
12000/4800115000 160001115201 17470
BTKC-2,7129 BTKC-2,7158 Furnace device
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O C ~ ~ ~ C T B J I PeKOHCTPYKUMH
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~~ T34
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r ~ Q,,
e - nonesaa~TennoTa, acnonb3ye~a~ B THY, KWY; 3 - pacxoA s n e ~ ~ p o s ~ e p r w
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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards
the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhanced co~nplex
utilization of wood raw material and peat
OCHOBH~IMM
TB~PA~IMB
KOMnOHeHTaMM K O M M Y H ~ . J I ~ H O - ~ ~ I T O BOTXOAOB
~IX (KEO) SiBnRIoTCR nMIIJeBbIe OTXOAbI,
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i,
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G CBOerO
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Endnotes
l M e n e x o ~M.C. 3 ~ a u e ~ k kii e kicnonbsosa~kieneca IMelekhov, I.S. (1977) The Role and the Use of
KaK c o c ~ a ~ ~sacTki
o f i o ~ p y x a m u e icpeAbI.
i M.: 1977, Forest as Integral Part of Environment. Moscow, p.7
c.7. (in Russian)
2 Aaxo P. O C H O B3~~I 0 n o r ~ kHep. i . c 4 p a ~ q- . M.: 2 Dajoz R. (1975) Precis D'Ecologie. Translation
IIporpecc, 1975. from French. - Moscow, Progress. (in Russian).
Y k i n e ~ e pP. C O O ~ ~ ~a ~CKTOBC ~ H C TCOKP.
~ M ~ nep.
I. Whittaker R.H. (1980) Communities and Ecosystems.
c awn.- MXIporpecc, 1980 Translation from English - Moscow, Progress (in
Olson, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison (1983). Russian).
Carbon in life vegetation of Major world ecosystems Olson, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison (1983).
// Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environ. Science Carbon in life vegetation of Major world ecosystems
Div. Public. No. ORNL-5862 l/ Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environ. Science
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