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1.
106 50 (− j80)
Zc = = − j80 Ω, = 42.40∠ − 32.01°Ω
j 500 × 25 50 − j80
∴ V = 84.80∠ − 32.01° V, I R = 1.696∠ − 32.01° A
I c = 1.0600∠57.99° A
ps (π / 2ms) = 84.80 cos (45° − 32.01°) 2 cos 45° = 116.85 W
pR = 50 × 1.6962 cos 2 (45° − 32.01°) = 136.55 W
pc = 84.80 cos (45° − 32.01°) = 1.060 cos (45° + 57.99°) = −19.69 W
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
2.
(a) 1 2 1
4H : i = 2t 2 − 1∴ v = Li′ = 4 (4t ) = 16t , wL =
Li = × 4 (4t 4 − 4t 2 + 1)
2 2
4 2 4 2
∴ wL = 8t − 8t + 2 ∴ wL (3) − wL (1) = 8 × 3 − 8 × 3 + 2 − 8 × 1 + 8 × 1 − 2 = 576 J
1 t 2 ⎛2 ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞
t
⎞
(b) 0.2 F : vc = ∫
0.2 1
(2t − 1) dt + 2 = 5 ⎜ t 3 − t ⎟ + 2 = 5 ⎜ t 3 − t ⎟ − 5 ⎜ − 1⎟ + 2
⎝3 ⎠1 ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
10 10 61 61
∴ vc (2) = × 8 − 10 − + 5 + 2 = V ∴ Pc (2) = × 7 = 142.33 W
3 3 3 3
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
R 1
3. vc (0) = −2V, i (0) = 4A, α = = 2, ω o2 = = 3, s1,2 = −2 ± 1 = −1, − 3
2L LC
(a) 1
i = Ae− t + Be−3t ∴ A + B = 4; i (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = (−4 × 4 × +2) = −14
1
∴−A − 38 = −14 ∴ B = 5, A = −1, i = −e − t + 5e −3t A
t
∴+vc = 3∫ (−e− t + 5e−3t ) dt − 2 = 3(e− t − 5e −3t ) to − 2 = e −t − 3 − 5e −3t + 5 − 2
o
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
Thus, P2.5k =
[19.74 cos 37.55 ] o 2
= 97.97 mW
2500
[ ][
P1 H = 2.631cos(− 50.54 ) 2.631 × 10-3 cos(−140.5o ) = - 3.395 mW
o
]
[ ][
P4 μF = 2.631cos(− 50.54o ) 10.52 × 10-3 cos(39.46o ) = 13.58 mW ]
P2.5k =
[2.631cos(− 50.54 )] = o 2
279.6 μW
10000
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
5.
40∠ − 53.13°
is → 5∠0° A, C → − j 4 Ω, Zin = 8 (3 − j 4) =
11 − j 4
= 3.417∠ − 33.15°∴ Vs = 17.087∠ − 33.15°,
vs = 17.087 cos (25t − 33.15°) V ∴
Ps ,abs (0.1) = −17.087 cos (2.5rad − 33.147°) × 5cos 2.5rad = −23.51 W
17.087
i8 = cos (25t − 33.15°) ∴
8
i8 (0.1) = 2.136 cos (2.5rad − 33.15°) = −0.7338 A
∴ P8,abs = 0.73382 × 8 = 4.307 W ;
17.087∠ − 33.15°
I3 = = 3.417∠19.98° A
3 − j4
∴ i3 (0.1) = 3.417 cos (2.5rad + 19.98°) = −3.272 A ∴
P3,abc = 3.2722 × 3 = 32.12 W
Vc = − j 4 (3.417∠19.983°) = 13.67∠ − 70.02°,
vc (0.1) = 13.670 cos (2.5rad − 70.02°) = 3.946 V
∴ Pc , abc = 3.946 (−3.272) = −12.911 W (Σ = 0)
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
−R t
6. For t > 0, i(t) = 8e L
= 8e −2t .
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
−t
7. v(t ) = (3)(6000)e 30×10−3
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
1
9. W = CV 2 . The initial voltage, v(0+), is therefore
2
2W 2(100 ×10−3 ) −t −t
v(0+ ) = = −3
= 2 V and so v(t ) = 2e RC = 2e 0.12 V.
C 100 × 10
−2 t
v 2 (t ) 1 2e RC ⎛ 2 ⎞ −2
∫0 R dt = − 2 ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ ⎡⎣⎢e RC − 1⎤⎥⎦ ≈ 100 mJ
1 RC
∫0 R dt =
100 ×10−6 kJ
= 271.15 + 23 + = 271.15 + 23 + 0.1111
⎛ kJ ⎞
(10 kG ) ⎜ 0.9 kg ⋅ K ⎟
−3
⎝ ⎠
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
(b) v(t) = 2.76cos1000t V (given); we need to know the I-V relationship for this
(nonlinear) device.
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
11.
j 5(10 − j 5)
Zin = 4 + = 4 + 2.5 + j 5 = 6.5 + j 5 Ω
10
100
∴ Is = = 12.194∠ − 37.57° A
6.5 + j5
1
∴ Ps , abs = − × 100 × 12.194 cos 37.57° = −483.3 W
2
1
P4, abs = (12.194) 2 4 = 297.4 W,
2
Pcabs = 0
100 j5
I10 = = 6.097∠52.43° so
6.5 + j 5 10
1
P10,abs = (6.097) 2 × 10 = 185.87 W
2
PL = 0 (Σ = 0)
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
12.
40∠30°
V = (10 + j10) = 52.44∠69.18° V
5∠50° + 8∠ − 20°
1
P10, gen = × 10 × 52.44 cos 69.18° = 93.19 W
2
1
Pj10, gen = × 10 × 52.44 cos (90° − 69.18°) = 245.1 W
2
2
1 ⎛ 52.44 ⎞
P5∠50 abs = ⎜ ⎟ cos (50°) = 176.8 W
2⎝ 5 ⎠
2
1 ⎛ 52.44 ⎞
P8∠− 20 abs = ⎜ ⎟ cos (−20°) = 161.5 W (Σ gen = Σ abs )
2⎝ 8 ⎠
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
13.
1
ZR = 3 + = 3 + 1 + j3 = 4 + j3 Ω
0.1 − j 0.3
2 + j5 5 29
Ignore 30° on Vs , I R = 5 , IR =
6 + j8 10
2
1 ⎛ 5 29 ⎞
(a) P3 Ω = ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 3 = 10.875 W
2 ⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
(2 + j 5) (4 + j 3)
(b) Vs = 5∠0° = 13.463∠51.94° V
6 + j8
1
∴ Ps , gen = × 13.463 × 5cos 51.94° = 20.75 W
2
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
14.
Pj10 = P− j 5 = 0,
V10 − 50 V10 V10 − j 50
+ + =0
j10 10 − j5
∴ V10 (− j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.2) + j 5 + 10 = 0
∴ V10 = 79.06∠16.57° V
1 79.062
P10 Ω = = 312.5 W;
2 10
79.06∠161.57° − 50
I 50 = = 12.75∠78.69° A
j10
1
∴ P50V = × 50 × 12.748cos 78.69° = 62.50 W
2
79.06∠161.57° − j 50
I j 50 = = 15.811∠ − 7.57° :
− j5
1
Pj 50 = × 50 × 15.811cos (90° + 71.57°) = −375.0 W
2
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
15.
Vx − 20 Vx − Vc
+ = 2Vc [1]
2 3
and
V V − Vx
0= c + c [2]
− j2 3
which simplify to
Solving,
Vx = 9.233∠ − 83.88° V and Vc = 5.122∠ − 140.2° V
1
Pgen = × 9.233 × ( 2 × 5.122 ) cos (−83.88° + 140.2°) = 26.22 W
2
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
16.
(a) X in = 0 ∴ Z L = R th + j 0
2
1 Vth
(c) R L fixed∴ PL = × R L ∴ Z L = R L − jX th
2 (R th + R L ) 2 + (X th + X L ) 2
2PL RL
(d) X L fixed, Let X L + Xth = a ∴ f = 2
=
Vth (R th + R L ) 2 + a 2
df R + R 2L + a 2 − 2R L (R th + R L )
= th 2
=0
dRL ⎡⎣(R th + R L ) 2 + a 2 ⎤⎦
R th2 + 2R th R L + R 2L + a 2 − 2R th R L = 2R 2L = 0
∴ R L = R th2 + a 2 = R th2 + (Xth + X L ) 2
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
17.
− j10
Vth = 120 = 107.3∠ − 116.6° V
10 + j 5
− j10 (10 + j15)
Zth = = 8 − j14 Ω
10 + j 5
ZTH = ( Z L ) = 8 + j14 Ω
*
(a)
VL = VTH
ZTH + ( ZTH )
*
16
1 ⎡ (107.3)(16.12 ) ⎤ ⎡107.3 ⎤
PL ,max = ⎢
2 ⎣ 16
⎥⎢ ⎥ cos ( −116.6° − 60.26° + 116.6° ) = 179.8 W
⎦ ⎣ 10 ⎦
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
18.
R L = Zth ∴ R L = 82 + 142 = 16.125 Ω
1 107.332
PL = × 16.125 = 119.38 W
2 (8 + 16.125) 2 + 142
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
19.
− j 9.6 = −4.8 I x − j1.92 I x − +4.8I x
9.6
∴ Ix = =5
1.92
∴ V = (0.6 × 5)8 = 24 V
1
∴ Po = × 24 × 1.6 × 5 = 96 )
( genW
2
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
20.
j 480 80 − j 60
(a) Z th = 80 j 60 =
80 + j 60 80 − j 60
= 28.8 + j 38.4 Ω ∴ Z L max = 28.8 − j 38.4 Ω
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
22.
j10 j10 (20)
Vth = 100 = 20 + j 40, Zth = = 4 + j8 Ω
20 + j10 20 + j10
∴ R L = Zth ∴ R L = 8.944 Ω
1 202 + 402
∴ PL ,max = × 8.944 = 38.63 W
2 (4 + 8.944) 2 + 64
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
23. We may write a single mesh equation: 170 ∠0o = (30 + j10) I1 – (10 – j50)(-λI1)
Solving,
170∠0 o
I1 =
30 + j10 + 10λ − j 50λ
170∠0 o
(a) λ = 0, so I1 = = 5.376∠ - 18.43 o A and, with the same current flowing
30 + j10
through both resistors in this case,
P20 = ½ (5.376)2 (20) = 289.0 W
P10 = ½ (5.376)2 (10) = 144.5 W
170∠0 o
(b) λ = 1, so I1 = = 3.005∠45 o A
40 − j 40
P20 = ½ (3.005)2 (20) = 90.30 W
The current through the 10-Ω resistor is I1 + λI1 = 2 I1 = 6.01 ∠ 45o so
P10 = ½ (6.01)2 (10) = 180.6 W
(c)
(a)
FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)
6.000E+01 5.375E+00 -1.846E+01
(b)
FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)
6.000E+01 6.011E+00 4.499E+01
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
Waveform (c):
10 −3
1 2πt ⎛ 4 × 10 −3 ⎞ ⎛ πt ⎞
Iavg = ∫
10 − 3
8sin (
dt = - 8 × 10 3 ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ cos⎜ −3 ⎟
1 × 10 −3 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ 2 × 10 ⎠
−3
0 4 × 10 0
16 16
= − (0 − 1) = A
π π
2 × 10 -3
= 66.67 A 2
⎦
Waveform (c):
10 −3
1 2πt 3 ⎡t sin π × 10 3 t ⎤
2
I avg =
1 × 10 −3 ∫
10 − 3
64sin 2
4 × 10 −3
dt = 64 (
× 10 ⎢ - ) 2π × 10 3 ⎦
⎥
0
⎣2 0
⎡10 −3
sin π ⎤
(
= 64 × 10 3 ⎢ ) − 3⎥
= 32 A 2
⎣ 2 2π × 10 ⎦
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
V2.5k =
(400
2∠ − 9 o 2500 )
= 520.4 ∠ - 27.61o V
o
2500 + 870.5 ∠85.01
V10k =
( )(
400 2∠ − 9 o 870.5 ∠85.01o )
= 181.2 ∠57.40 o V
o
2500 + 870.5 ∠85.01
Thus, P2.5k = ½ (520.4)2 / 2 500 = 54.16 W
P10k = ½ (181.2)2 / 10 000 = 1.642 W
P1H = 0
P4μF = 0 (A total absorbed power of 55.80 W.)
To check, the average power delivered by the source:
400 2∠ − 9 o
Isource = = 0.2081 ∠ - 27.61o A
2500 + 870.5∠85.01o
and Psource = ½ ( 400 2 )(0.2081) cos (-9o + 27.61o) = 55.78 W (checks out).
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
1 144 144
T
26. (a) ∫ (1 + cos 2000t ) dt = = 8.485
T 0 2 2
1 144 144
T
(b) ∫ (1 − cos 2000t ) dt = = 8.485
T 0 2 2
1 144 144
T
(c) ∫ (1 + cos1000t ) dt = = 8.485
T 0 2 2
1 144 ⎡ 144
T
(d) ∫
T 0 2 ⎣ (
1 + cos 1000t − 176o ⎤⎦ dt = )2
= 8.485
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
1 4 2
T
27. (a) ∫ (1 + cos 20t ) dt = = 1.414
T 02 2
1 4 2
T
(b) ∫ (1 − cos 20t ) dt = = 1.414
T 02 2
1 4 2
T
(c) ∫ (1 + cos10t ) dt = = 1.414
T 02 2
1 4⎡ 2
T
(d) ∫
T 02 ⎣ ( )
1 + cos 10t − 64o ⎤⎦ dt =
2
= 1.414
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
28. T = 3 s; integrate from 1 to 4 s; need only really integrate from 1 to 3 s as function is zero
between t = 3 and t = 4 s.
3 3
1 100 100(2)
Vrms =
31∫ (10) 2 dt =
3 1
t =
3
= 8.165 V
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
29. T = 3 s; integrate from 2 to 5 s; need only really integrate from 2 to 3 s as function is zero
between t = 3 and t = 4 s.
3 3
1 49 49(1)
I rms =
32∫ (7) 2 dt =
3 2
t =
3
= 4.041 A
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
30. (a) 1 V
2
2 2 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(b) Vrms = V 1eff +V 2eff = 1 +⎜ ⎟ = 1.225 V
⎝ 2⎠
2
2 2 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(c) Vrms = V 1eff +V
2eff = 1 +⎜ ⎟ = 1.225 V
⎝ 2⎠
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
31.
1 2
(b) Feff = (10 + 202 + 102 ) = 150 = 12.247
4
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
32.
10 1
= ×106 × × 10−3 = 33.33
3 3
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
33. f (t ) = (2 − 3cos100t ) 2
1 1
(b) Feff = 8.52 + × 122 + × 4.52 = 12.43
2 2
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
1
⎡1
( )
⎤ 2
34. (a) ieff = ⎢ 102 + (−5) 2 + 0⎥ = 6.455 A
⎣3 ⎦
1
⎡1 1 ⎤ 2
(b) ieff = ⎢ ⎛⎜ ∫ [− 20t + 20] dt ⎞⎟ + 0⎥ = 5 = 2.236 A
⎣2 ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦
1 1
⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎞⎤ ⎛ πt ⎞ ⎤
2
⎡ ⎛2⎞
(c) ieff = ⎢ ⎜⎜ ∫ 8sin ⎜ t ⎟ dt ⎟⎟⎥ = ⎢- 8 ⎜ π ⎟ cos ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥ = 2.257 A
⎣1 ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 0
0
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
35.
102
(e) // + 10dc ∴ Pav = 55.18 + = 80.18 W
4
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
j 0.3Rω
36. Zeq = R || j0.3ω = . By voltage division, then, we write:
R + j 0.3Rω
j 36 Rω = (
(120) - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR )
Thus, 36Rω = 12.96ω 4 + 144ω 2 R 2 or R = 0.1061 ω
(b) Substituting into the expression for V100mH, we find that V100mH = 73.47 V,
independent of frequency.
To verify with PSpice, simulate the circuit at 60 Hz, or ω = 120π rad/s, so R = 40 Ω.
We also include a miniscule (1 pΩ) resistor to avoid inductor loop warnings. We see
from the simulation results that the two voltage magnitudes are indeed the same.
FREQ VM($N_0002,$N_0003)VP($N_0002,$N_0003)
6.000E+01 7.349E+01 -3.525E+01
FREQ VM($N_0001,$N_0002)VP($N_0001,$N_0002)
6.000E+01 7.347E+01 3.527E+01
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
37.
1
Vav ,2 = (10 + 30 + 50) = 30V
3
1 3 1 1
(b) Veff ,1 =
3 ∫0
(20t ) 2 dt =
3
× 400 × × 27 = 1200 = 34.64V
3
1 2 1
Veff ,2 = (10 + 302 + 502 ) = × 3500 = 34.16 V
3 3
(c) PSpice verification for Sawtooth waveform of Fig. 11.40a:
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
⎛ − j106 ⎞ − jR106
38. Zeff = R || ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 3ω ⎠ 3ωR − j10
6
ISRC =
120∠0
=
120ω 3ωR - j106 ( )
−j
106
−j
R106 (
− j106 3ωR − j106 − jωR106 )
ω 3ωR − j106
R
I3μF = ISRC
106
R− j
3ω
R
(a) For the two current magnitudes to be equal, we must have = 1 . This is
106
R− j
3ω
only true when R = ∞; otherwise, current is shunted through the resistor and the two
capacitor currents will be unequal.
(b) In this case, the capacitor current is
1
120∠0 6
= j 90ω μA, or 90ω cos(ωt + 90o ) μA
10 106
−j −j
ω 3ω
(c) PSpice verification: set f = 60 Hz, simulate a single 0.75- μF capacitor, and include a
100-MΩ resistor in parallel w ith the capacitor to prevent a floating node. This should
resit in a rms current amplitude of 33.93 mA, which it does.
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39.
v(t ) = 10t [u (t ) − u (t − 2)] + 16e −0.5(t −3) [u (t − 3) − u (t − 5)] V
Find eff. value separately
1 2 20
V1,eff =
5 ∫0
100t 2 dt =
3
× 8 = 7.303
1 5 256 3 − t 5
V2,eff =
5 ∫3
256e − ( t −3) dt =
5
e (−e )3 = 6.654
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40. The peak instantaneous power is 250 mW. The combination of elements yields
Z = 1000 + j1000 Ω = 1414 ∠45o Ω.
Vm ∠0 Vm ∠ − 45o
Arbitrarily designate V = Vm ∠0 , so that I = = A.
Z 1414
W e may write p(t) = ½ Vm Im cos φ + ½ Vm Im cos (2ωt + φ) where φ = the angle of the
curren t (-45o). This function has a maximum value of ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm.
Thus, 0.250 = ½ VmIm (1 + cos φ) = ½ (1414) Im2 (1.707)
and Im = 14.39 mA.
In terms of rms current, the largest rms current permitted is 14.39 / 2 = 10.18 mA rms.
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2
(b) PR = I R = 16 × 20 = 320 W
PL 335.3
(g) PFL = cos θ L = = = 0.599
APL 568.3
since I L lags V, PFL is lagging
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42.
120
(a) Is = = 9.214∠ − 26.25° A rms
j192
4+
12 + j16
∴ PFs = cos 26.25 = 0.8969 lag
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43.
Z A = 5 + j 2 Ω, Z B = 20 − j10 Ω, Z c = 10∠30° Ω
8.660
= + j5 Ω
Z D = 10∠ − 60° = 5 − j8.660 Ω
2
APA = I1 Z A = 15.1082 29 = 1229 VA
2
APB = I1 − I 2 Z B = 5.8812 × 10 5 = 773.5 VA
APC = I 2 2 ZC = 9.32 × 10 = 86.49 VA
2
APD = I 2 Z1 = 9.32 × 10 = 864.9 VA
APS = 200 I1 = 200 × 15.108 = 3022 VA
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( )
S = VI* = 683.8∠29.31o (10∠0 ) = 6838∠29.31o VA .
(c) The impedance has a positive angle; it therefore has a net inductive character.
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100 ∠23.07o
S1 = = 100 + j 42.59 VA
0.92
250 ∠36.87 o
S2 = = 250 + j187.5 VA
0.8
500 ∠0o
S3 = = 500 VA
1
Stotal = S1 + S2 + S3 = 500 + j230.1 VA = 550.4 ∠24.71o VA
Stotal 550.4
(a) Ieff = = = 4.786 A rms
Veff 115
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46.
IL =
APL = 10, 000 VA, PFL = 0.8lag, 40 A rms
Let I40
L = ∠0° A rms; PL = 10, 000 × 0.8 = 8000 W
8000
ZL =
Let R + jX L ∴ R L = =5 Ω
402
L
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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
47. Zeff = j100 + j300 || 200 = 237 ∠54.25o. PF = cos 54.25o = 0.5843 lagging.
⎝ 138.5 ⎠
Solving, we find that XC = -133.3 Ω = -1/ωC, so that C = 7.501 μF
− 100 X C
Znew = j100 || jXC + j300 || 200 = +138.5 + j92.31 Ω
j (100 + X C )
⎛ 100X C ⎞
= 138.5 + j ⎜⎜ 92.31 + ⎟ Ω
⎝ 100 + X C ⎟⎠
⎛ 100X C ⎞
⎜ 92.31 + ⎟
−1 ⎜ 100 + X C ⎟
tan = cos-1 0.92 = 23.07o
⎜ 138.5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Solving, we find that XC = -25 Ω = -1/ωC, so that C = 40 μF
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48.
20 (1 + j 2)
Zin = − j10 + = 10.769 − j 3.846 = 11.435+ ∠ − 19.65° Ω
3 + j2
100
∴ Is = = 8.745∠19.65°
11.435∠ − 19.654°
∴ S s = − Vs I ∗s = −100 × 8.745∠ − 19.65° = −823.5 + j 294.1VA
10 + j 20
I 20 = 8.745∠19.65° × = 5.423∠49.40°
30 + j 20
∴ S 20 = 20 × 5.4322 = 588.2 + j 0 VA
20 × 5.423∠49.40
I10 = = 4.851∠ − 14.04°
10 + j 20
S10 = 10 × 4.8512 = 235.3 + j 0 VA
S j 20 = j 20 × 4.8512 = j 470.6 VA,
S − j10 = − j10 × 8.7452 = − j 764.7 VA, Σ=0
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49.
Vx − 100 V V − j100
+ x + x =0
6 + j4 − j10 5
⎛ 1 ⎞ 100
∴ Vx ⎜ + j 0.1 + 0.2 ⎟ = + j 20
⎝ 6 + j4 ⎠ 6 + j4
∴ Vx = 53.35− ∠42.66° V
100 − 53.35− ∠42.66°
∴ I1 = = 9.806∠ − 64.44° A
6 + j4
1
∴ S1. gen = ×100 × 9.806∠64.44° = 211.5 + j 442.3VA
2
1
S 6, abs = × 6 × 9.8062 = 288.5 + j 0 VA
2
1
S j 4,abs = ( j 4) 9.8062 = 0 + j192.3VA
2
j100 − 53.35− ∠42.66°
I2 = = 14.99∠121.6°,
5
1
S5 abs = × 5 × 14.992 = 561.5 + j 0 VA
2
1
S 2, gen = ( j100)14.99∠ − 121.57° = 638.4 − j 392.3VA
2
1 ⎛ 53.35 ⎞
S − j10, abs = ⎜ ⎟ (− j10) = 0 − j142.3VA = 142.3∠ − 90° VA Σ=0
2 ⎝ 10 ⎠
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50.
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1600 + j 500
(a) I ∗s = = 4 + j1.25 ∴ I s = 4 − j1.25
400
400
Ic = = j 3.333A rms∴ I L = I s − I c = 4 − j1.25 − j 3.333
− j120
∴ I L = 4 − j 4.583A rms∴
S L = 400 (4 + j 4.583) = 1600 + j1833 VA
⎛ 1833.3 ⎞
(b) PFL = cos ⎜ tan −1 +
⎟ = 0.6575 lag
⎝ 1600 ⎠
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53.
70, 000
(c) PF3 = = 0.8604 lag
81,360
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54. 200 kW average power and 280 kVAR reactive result in a power factor of
PF = cos (tan-1 (280/200) = 0.5813 lagging, which is pretty low.
(c) A single 100-kVAR increment costs $200 to install. The excess kVAR would then be
280 – 100 – 130 = 50 kVAR, for an annual penalty of $332. This would result in a
first-year savings of $64.
A single 200-kVAR increment costs $395 to install, and would remove the entire excess
kVAR. The savings would be $1 (wow) in the first year, but $396 each year thereafter.
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55. Perhaps the easiest approach is to consider the load and the compensation capacitor
separately. The load draws a complex power Sload = P + jQ. The capacitor draws a
purely reactive complex power SC = -jQC.
Vrms
QC = SC = Vrms = ω CVrms
2
= ω CVrms
2
(− j / ω C)
⎛ Q-QC ⎞
θnew = ang(Stotal) = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ , so that Q – QC = P tan θnew
⎝ P ⎠
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339
(a) Veff = = 239.7 V rms
2
(b) pmax = 3392 / 1000 = 114.9 W
(c) pmin = 0 W
⎛ 339 ⎞
⎛ 339 ⎞ ⎜ 2 ⎟ 2
Veff
(d) Apparent power = Veff Ieff = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = = 57.46 VA
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜ 1000 ⎟ 1000
⎝ ⎠
(e) Since the load is purely resistive, it draws zero reactive power.
(f) S = 57.46 VA
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57. V = 339 ∠-66o V, ω = 100π rad/s to a purely inductive load of 150 mH (j47.12 Ω)
V 339∠ - 66o
(a) I = = = 7.194 ∠ - 156o A
Z j 47.12
7.194
so Ieff = = 5.087 A rms
2
(b) p(t) = ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm cos(2ωt + φ)
where φ = angle of current – angle of voltage
pmax = ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm = (1 + cos(-90o)) (339)(7.194)/ 2 = 1219 W
339
(d) apparent power = Veff Ieff = (5.087 ) = 1219 VA
2
(e) reactive power = Q = Veff Ieff sin (θ – φ) = 1219 VA
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58. 1 H → j Ω, 4 μF → –j250 Ω
1 5∠0
(d) Ssource = ( 5∠0 ) ⎜⎛ ⎞
⎟ = 0.005 ∠-0.02292o VA
2 ⎝ 2500∠0.02292 ⎠
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12000∠0
IS = = 43.48 ∠ - 3.049o A rms
20 + 256∠3.287 o
Ssource = (12000)(43.48) ∠ 3.049o = 521.8 ∠3.049o kVA
(12000∠0)(256∠3.287 o )
Veff = = 11130 ∠0.2381o V rms
20 + 256∠3.287 o
Veff
I1μF = = 4.452 ∠90.24o A rms
- j 2500
so S1μF = (11130)(4.452) ∠-90o = 49.55 ∠-90o kVA
(11130∠0.2381o )( j 40)
V100mH = = 1758 ∠81.15o V rms
250 + j 40
V100mH
I100mH = = 43.96 ∠ - 8.852o A rms
j 40
so S100μΗ = (1758)(4.43.96) ∠90o = 77.28 ∠90o kVA
(11130∠0.2381o )(250)
V250Ω = = 10990 ∠ − 8.852o V rms
250 + j 40
so S250Ω = (10990)2 / 250 = 483.1 ∠0o kVA
(b) 37.81 ∠0 + 49.55 ∠-90o +77.28 ∠90o + 483.1 ∠0o = 521.6 ∠3.014o kVA,
which is within rounding error of the complex power delivered by the source.
(c) The apparent power of the source is 521.8 kVA. The apparent powers of the passive
elements sum to 37.81 + 49.55 + 77.28 + 483.1 = 647.7 kVA, so NO! Phase angle is
important!
(d) P = Veff Ieff cos (ang VS – ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) cos (3.049o) = 521 kW
(e) Q = Veff Ieff sin (ang VS – ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) sin (3.049o) = 27.75 kVAR
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(b) θload = cos-1(0.812) = +35.71o (since lagging PF). Assume ang (V) = 0o.
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