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6.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Unit 6.1 : To Find the distance between two points [BACK TO BASICS]
A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x 2 , y 2 ) : AB = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 .
Eg. 1 Given two points A(2,3) and B(4,7) E1. P(4,5) and Q(3,2)

PQ =
Distance of AB = (4 − 2) 2 + (7 − 3) 2
= 4 + 16
= 20 unit.
[ 10 ]
E2. R(5,0) and S(5,2) E3. T(7,1) and U(2,5)

[2] [ 41 ]
E4. V(10,6) and W(4,2) E5. X(-4,-1) and Y(-2,1)

[ 52 ] [ 18 ]

More challenging Questions….


E1. The distance between two points A(1, 3) and E2. The distance between two points P(-1, 3) and
B(4, k) is 5. Find the possible vales of k. Q(k, 9) is 10. Find the possible values of k.

7, -1 7, -9
E3. The distance between two points R(-2, 5) and E4. The distance between two points K(-1, p) and
S(1, k) is 10 . Find the possible vales of k. L(p, 9) is 50 . Find p.

6, 4 p = 0, 6
E5. The distance between two points U(4, -5) and E6. If the distance between O(0, 0) and P(k, 2k) is the
V(2, t) is 20 . Find the possible vales of t. same as the distance between the points A(-4, 3) and
B(1, -7), find the possible values of k.

t =-9, -1 k = 5, -5

6. Coordinate Geometry 1
Unit 6.2 : Division of a Line Segment

6.2.1 To find the mid-point of Two Given Points.


 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
Formula : Midpoint M =  , 
 2 2 
Eg. P(3, 2) and Q(5, 7) E1 P(-4, 6) and Q(8, 0)

3+5 2+7
Midpoint, M =  , 
 2 2 
9
= (4 , )
2 (2, 3)
E2 P(6, 3) and Q(2, -1) E3 P(0,-1), and Q(-1, -5)

(4, 1) (- ½ , -3)

6.2.2 Division of a Line Segment

Q divides the line segment PR in the ratio PQ : QR = m : n. P(x, y), R(x, y)

m n n R(x2, y2)
P(x1, y1) Q(x, y) R(x2, y2) m ●
Q(x, y)
 nx + mx 2 ny1 + my 2 
Q (x,y) =  1 , 
 m+n m+n  P(x1, y1)

(NOTE : Students are strongly advised to sketch a line segment before applying the formula)
Eg1. The point P internally divides the line segment E1. The point P internally divides the line segment
joining the point M(3,7) and N(6,2) in the ratio 2 : 1. joining the point M (4,5) and N(-8,-5) in the ratio
Find the coordinates of point P. 1 : 3. Find the coordinates of point P.

1 N(6, 2)
2 ●P(x, y)

M(3, 7)

 1(3) + 2(6) 1(7) + 2(2) 


P=  , 
 2 +1 2 +1 
 15 11 
= , 
3 3
 11   5
=  5,   1, 
 3  2

6. Coordinate Geometry 2
More Exercise : The Ratio Theorem
(NOTE : Students are strongly advised to sketch a line segment before applying the formula)
E1. R divides PQ in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the E2. P divides AB in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the
coordinates of R if coordinates of P if

(a) P(1, 2) and Q( -5, 11) (c) A(2, -3) and B( -8, 7)

(b) P(-4, 7) and Q(8, -5) (d) A(-7, 5) and B(8, -5)

(a) (-3, 8) (b) (4 , -1) (a) (-4, -3) (b) (2 , -1)


E3. M is a point that lies on the straight line RS such E4. P is a point that lies on the straight line TU such
that 3RM = MS. If the coordinates of the points R that 3TP = 2PU. If the coordinates of the points T and
and S are (4,5) and (-8,-5) respectively, find the U are (-9,7) and (1,-3) respectively, find the
coordinates of point M. coordinates of point P.

3RM = MS
RM 1
= , RM : MS = 1 : 3
MS 3

Ans : 1, 5  (-5, 3)


 2
E5. The points P(3, p), B(-1, 2) and C(9,7) lie on a E6. R(x, y) , divides the points P(2k, – k) and
straight line. If P divides BC internally in the ratio Q(2x, 4y) in the ratio 3 : 5. Express x in terms of
m : n , find (a) m : n , (b) the value of p. y.

(a) 2 : 3 (b) p = 4 (Ans : x = 4y)

6. Coordinate Geometry 3
Unit 6.3 To Find Areas of Polygons

1 x1 x2 x3 ... x1
Area of a polygon =
2 y1 y2 y3 ... y1
Note : The area found will be positive if the coordinates of the points are written in the anti-clockwise
order, and negative if they are written in the clock-wise order.
Example 1 : Calculate the area of a triangle given :
E1. P(0, 1), Q(1, 3) and R(2,7) 1. P(2,3), Q(5,6) and R(-4,4)

1 0 1 2 0 Area of ∆ PQR =
Area of ∆ PQR =
2 1 3 7 1
=

2
= 1 unit
17 unit2
2
2. The coordinates of the triangle ABC are (5, 10), (2,1) 3. The coordinates of the triangle RST are (4, 3), (-1, 1) and
and (8, k) respectively. Find the possible values of k, (t, -3) respectively. Find the possible values of t , given that
given that the area of triangle ABC is 24 units2. the area of triangle RST is 11 units2.

k = 3 , 35 t = 0 , -22

1  x1 x 2 x3 x 4 x1 
ii) Area of a quadrilateral =  
2  y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y1 

1. P(1,5), Q(4,7), R(6,6) and S(3,1). 2. P(2, -1), Q(3,3), R(-1, 5) and S(-4, -1).

Area of PQRS =

2
= 8 unit [27]

Note : If the area is zero, then the points are collinear.

1. Given that the points P(5, 7), Q(4, 3) and R(-5, k) are 2. Show that the points K(4, 8), L(2, 2) and M(1, -1) are
collinear, find the value of k. collinear.

k= 33

6. Coordinate Geometry 4
Unit 6.4 : Equations of Straight Lines

The Equation of a Straight line may be expressed in the following forms:

i) The general form : ax + by + c = 0

ii) The gradient form : y = mx + c ; m = gradient , c = y-intercept

x y
iii) The intercept form : + =1, a = x-intercept , b = y-intercept
a b

a) If given the gradient and one point: Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that passes
1
through the point (2,-3) and has a gradient of .
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 4
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
● P(x , y ) 1
1 1
y − ( −3) = ( x − 2)
4
Gradient = m

4 y = x − 14
E1. Find the equation of a straight line that passes E2. Find the equation of a straight line that passes
through the point (5,2) and has a gradient of -2. 3
through the point (-8,3) and has a gradient of .
4

y = -2x + 12 4y = 3x + 36
b) If two points are given : Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that passes
Note : You may find the gradient first, then use through the points (-3, -4) and (-5,6)
either (a) y = mx + c
Or (b) y – y1 = m( x – x1) y − (−4) = 6 − (−4)
x − (−3) − 5 − ( −3)
Or
y − y1 y 2 − y1
(c) =
x − x1 x 2 − x1

y = −5 x − 19
E1. Find the equation of a straight line that passes E2. Find the equation of a straight line that passes
through the points (2, -1) and (3,0) through the points (-4,3) and (2,-5)

y=x-3 4x + 3y +7 = 0

6. Coordinate Geometry 5
c) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are given: E1. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line PQ
 y − int ercept  are 4 and -8 respectively. Find the gradient and the equation of
m=-   PQ.
 x − int errcept   y − int ercept 
m PQ = –   y

Equation of Straight Line is :  x − int errcept 
x y = –  − 8 
+ =1  4 
a b = 2 O 4 x

Note : Sketch a diagram to help you ! x y


Equation : + =1
At the x-axis, y = 0 4 −8 -8

At the y-axis, x = 0 y = 2x − 8
E2. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the E3. The x-intercept of a straight line AB is -5 and its gradient
straight line PQ are -6 and 3 respectively. Find the is -3. Find the y-intercept of the straight line AB and the
gradient and the equation of PQ. equation of AB.

2y = x+6 3x + 5y +15 = 0
Extra Vitamins for U……
1. Find the gradient and the equation of AB. 2. The x-intercept of a straight line RS is – 2 and its gradient
is 3. Find the y-intercept of the straight line RS and the
y equation of RS.
B
6
x
O
-2
A

x – 3y = 6 y = 3x + 6
3. Find the equation of KL in the intercept form. 4. Find the equation of the line which connects the origin
and the point S (-2, 6).
K y

6
x
O
L

x y
+ =1
6 3 y = – 3x
5. For Q3 above, write down the equation of KL in 6. Write down the equation of the straight line which passes
the general form. through the points P(3, 2) and Q (3, 8).

x + 2y – 6 = 0 [x = 3]

6. Coordinate Geometry 6
Unit 6.5 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular lines

6.5.1 Parallel lines, m1 = m2


6.5.2 Perpendicular lines, m1 m2 = -1

Unit 6.5.1 Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are parallel.

Eg. y = 3x – 2 and 3x – y = 4 1. y = 2x +5 and 4x + 2y = 5

y = 3 x – 2 , m1 = 3
3x – y = 4
y = 3x – 4 , m2 = 3
Since m1 = m2 , ∴ the two line are parallel .
N
2. 3x – 3y = 7 and 6x + 6y = – 5 3. 2x – 3y = 5 and 6y = 4x + 9

N Y
4. x – 3y = 12 and 6y = 3 + 2x x y
5. − = 4 and 8y = 6x - 3
3 2

Y
N

Unit 6.5.2 Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular.

Eg. y = 3x – 2 and x + 3y = 4 1. y = 2x +5 and 4x + 2y = 9

y =3x–2 , m1 = 3
x + 3y = 4
3y = – x + 4
1 4 1
y = − x + , m2 = −
3 3 3
1
Since m1 . m2 = 3 × − = −1 ,
3
∴ The two given lines are perpendicular .
N

2. 3y = 2x – 2 and 2x + 3y = 1 3. x – 3y = 2 and 6x + 2y = 5

N Y
x y x y
4. 6y = 2 - 3x and − = 4 5. − = 1 and 8y + 6x – 3 = 0
3 6 3 4

Y Y

6. Coordinate Geometry 7
6.5.2 Applications (m1.m2 = – 1)

Ex.1 (SPM 2004). Diagram 1 shows a straight Ex.2. Diagram 2 shows a straight line PQ with the
x y x y
line PQ with the equation + = 1 . Find the equation + = 1 . Find the equation of the
2 4 6 2
equation of the straight line perpendicular to PQ straight line perpendicular to PQ and passing
and passing through the point Q. through the point P.
y y

Q
Diagram 1 Q Diagram 2

P P
O x O x

Answer: Answer:

y=½x+4 y = 3x – 18
Ex.3 Diagram 3 shows a straight line RS with the Ex.4. Diagram 4 shows a straight line AB with the
equation x + 2y = 6. Find the equation of the equation 2x – 3y = 6. Find the equation of the
straight line perpendicular to RS and passing straight line perpendicular to AB and passing
through the point S. through the point B.
y y

R O B
x
Diagram 3
A
S Diagram 4
O x

Answer: Answer:

y = 2x – 12 2y = 3x – 9

6. Coordinate Geometry 8
6.5.2 Applications (m1.m2 = – 1) – more exercises
Ex.5 Diagram 5 shows a straight line PQ with the Ex.6. Diagram 6 shows a straight line AB with the
equation 4x + 3y = 12. Find the equation of the x y
straight line perpendicular to RS and passing equation − = 1 . Find the equation of the
4 6
through the midpoint of RS.
perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
y
y
R
O B
Diagram 5 x

S Diagram 6
x A
O

Answer:
Answer:

4x+3y = 8
2x + 3y = 6
Ex.7. Find the equation of the straight line that Ex.8 Find the equation of the straight line that
passes through the point ( 1, 2) and is perpendicular passes through the point (3, 0) and is perpendicular
to the straight line x + 3y +6 = 0. to the straight line 3x – 2y = 12.

y = 3x – 1 2x+3y = 6
Ex.9 Find the equation of the straight line that Ex. 10 Find the equation of the straight line that
passes through the origin O and is perpendicular to passes through the point (-2,4) and is
the straight line that passes through the points perpendicular to the straight line which passes
P(1, – 1 ) and Q(-3,7). through the origin O and the point (6, 2).

y=½x y = -3x

6. Coordinate Geometry 9
Unit 6.6 Equation of a Locus
Note : Students MUST be able to find distance between two points [ using Pythagoras Theorem]

TASK : To Find the equation of the locus of the moving point P such that its distances of P from the points
Q and R are equal.
Eg 1. Q(6, -5) and R(1,9)
R(1, 9)
Let P = (x,y), then PQ = PR ●
( x − 6) + ( y − (−5) =
2 2
( x − 1) + ( y − 9)
2 2

Square both sides to eliminate the square roots. Q(6, -5)



(x − 6) ) (
2
+ ( y + 5 = x − 1) + ( y − 9
2 2
)
2

x − 12 x + 36 + y + 10 y + 25 = x 2 − 2 x + 1 + y 2 − 18 y + 81
2 2 ●P(x, y)
10 x − 28 y + 21 = 0 Locus of P

E1. Q(2,5) and R(4,2) E2. Q(-3, 0) and R(6, 4)

4x – 6y+9 =0 18x + 8y = 43
E3. Q(2, -3) and R(-4, 5) E4. Q(6, -2) and R(0, 2)

3x – 4y + 3 = 0 3x – 2y – 9 = 0
More challenges…….
E5. Given two points A(3, 2) and B(7, -4). Find the E6. Given two points P(4, 10) and QB(-6, 0). Find
equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. the equation of the the perpendicular bisector of
PQ.

3y =2x - 13 x+y=4

6. Coordinate Geometry 10
TASK : To find the equation of the locus of the moving point P such that its distances from
the points A and B are in the ratio m : n
(Note : Sketch a diagram to help you using the distance formula correctly)
Eg 1. A(-2,3), B(4,8) and m : n = 1: 2
Let P = (x, y)
LP 1 B(4, 8)
=
PM 2
2LK = KM A(-2, 3) 2
2 ( x − (−2)) + ( y − 3) =
2 2
( x − 4) + ( y − 8)
2 2

(2)2 ( )2
(
( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = x − 4) 2 + ( y − 8 ) 2 1
● P(x, y)
( )
4( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 3 ) = ( x − 4 ) + ( y − 8) 2
2 2

4 x 2 + 16 x + 16 + 4 y 2 − 24 y + 36 = x 2 − 8 x + 16 + y 2 − 16 y + 64
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 24 x − 8 y − 28 = 0 is the equation of locus of P.

E1. A(1, 5), B(4, 2) and m : n = 2 : 1 E2. A(-3, 2), B(3, 2) and m : n = 2 : 1

x2+y2 – 10x – 2y + 19 = 0 x2+y2 – 10x – 6y + 13 = 0


E3. A(1, 3), B(-2, 6) and m : n = 1 : 2 E4. A(5, -2), B(-4, 1) and m : n = 1 : 2

x2+ y2 – 3x – 3y = 0 x2+ y2 – 16x + 6y + 33 = 0


E5. P(-1, 3), Q( 4, -2) and m : n = 2 : 3 E6. A(1, 5), B(-4, -5) and m : n = 3 : 2

x2+y2+ 10x – 14y + 2 = 0 x2+y2 + 16x +26y + 53 = 0

6. Coordinate Geometry 11
SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS
1. (2003) The equations of two straight lines are 2. The equations of two straight lines are
y x x y
+ = 1 and 5y = 3x + 24. Determine − = 4 and 3y = 2x + 6. Determine
5 3 3 2
whether the lines are perpendicular to each whether the lines are perpendicular to each other.
other.

[Y] [N]
3.(2004) Diagram 4 shows a straight line PQ with 4. Diagram 5 shows a straight line RS with the
x y x y
the equation + = 1 . Find the equation of the equation + = 1 . Find the equation of the
2 3 6 4
straight line perpendicular to PQ and passing straight line perpendicular to RS and passing
through the point Q. through the point S.

y y
Q R
Diagram 4 Diagram 5

P S
O x O x

[ y = 2 x + 3]
3 [2y = 3x - 18]
5. (2005) The following information refers to the 6. The following information refers to the
equations of two straight lines, JK and RT, which equations of two straight lines, PQ and RS, which
are perpendicular to each other. are perpendicular to each other.

JK : y = px + k PQ : px + y = k
RT : y = (k – 2)x + p RS : y = (2k –1)x + p
where p and k are constants. where p and k are constants.
Express p in terms of k. Express p in terms of k.

1 1
p= p=
2−k 2k − 1

6. Coordinate Geometry 12
7. (2006) Diagram 5 shows the straight line AB 8.Diagram 6 shows the straight line PQ which is
which is perpendicular to the straight line CB at the perpendicular to the straight line RQ at the point Q.
point B.
y y

A(0, 4) P(0, 6)
● ●
Diagram 5 Diagram 6
●B ●Q

O x O x
●C ●R

The equation of CB is y = 2x – 1 . The equation of QR is x – y = 4 .


Find the coordinates of B. Find the coordinates of Q

(2, 3) Q(5, 1)
9.(2004) The point A is (-1, 2) and B is (4, 6). The 10. The point R is (3, -5) and S is (0, 1). The point
point P moves such that PA : PB = 2 : 3. Find the P moves such that PR : PS = 2 : 1. Find the
equation of locus of P. [3 marks] equation of locus of P. [3 marks]

[5x2+5y2+50x+12y – 163=0] [x2+y2+2x – 6 y – 10 = 0]


11.The point A is (8, -2) and B is (4, 6). Find the 12. The point R is (2, -3) and S is (4, 5). The point
equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. P moves such that it is always the same distance
[3 marks] from R and from S. Find the equation of locus of
P. [3 marks]

2y = x – 2 x+4y = 7

6. Coordinate Geometry 13
SPM Questions (Coordinate Geometry) – Paper 2
Note : Solutions to this question by scale drawing will not be accepted.

1. (SPM 2006, P2, Q9)


Diagram 3 shows the triangle AOB where O is the origin. Point C lies on the straight line AB.

A(-3, 4) y

Diagram 3
C

O x

B(6, -2)

(a) Calculate the area, in units2, of triangle AOB. [2 marks]


(b) Given that AC : CB = 3 : 2, find the coordinates of C. [2 marks]
(c) A point P moves such that its distance from point A is always twice its distance from point B.
(i) Find the equation of locus of P,
(ii) Hence, determine whether or not this locus intercepts the y-axis. [6 marks]

Answers: 9, (12/5, 2/5), x2 +y2-18x+8y=45=0, the locus does not intersect the y axis.

2. (SPM 2005, P2, Q9)


In Diagram 5, ∠ ABC = 900 and the equation of the straight line BC is 2y + x + 6 = 0.

● A (-4, 9)

Diagram 5
B ●

O x

C

(a) Find
(i) the equation of the straight line AB
(ii) the coordinates of B [5 marks]
(b) The straight line AB is extended to a point D such that AB : BD = 2 : 3.
Find the coordinates of D. [2 marks]
(c) A point P moves such that its distance from point A is always 5 units.
Find the equation of the locus of P. [3 marks]

Answers : y=2x+17, (-8,1) (-14, -11), x2 + y2 +8x -18y +72 =0

6. Coordinate Geometry 14
3. (SPM 2004, P2, Q2)
Diagram 1 shows a straight line CD which meets a straight line AB at the point D.
The point C lies on the y- axis.

Diagram 1
●C

● x
O B(9, 0)


A(0, 6)

(a) Write down the equations of AB in the form of intercepts. [ 1 mark ]


(b) Given that 2AD = DB , find the coordinates of D. [ 2 marks ]
(c) Given that CD is perpendicular to AB, find the y-intercept of CD. [ 3 marks ]

x y
Answers : − = 1 , (3,-4), ½ ,
9 6

4. (SPM 2003, P2, Q11)


A point P moves along the arc of a circle with centre A(2, 3). The arc passes through Q(-2, 0) and
R(5, k).
(a) Find
(i) the equation of the locus of P,
(ii) the values of k. [6 marks]
(b) The tangent to the circle at point Q intersects the y- xis at point T.
Find the area of triangle OQT. [4 marks]

Answers : x2 +y2 -4x -6y -12 =0, k= -1, 7 , 8/3

5. (SPM 2002, P2, Q11)


Given that A(– 1 , – 2 ) and B(2, 1) are two fixed points. Point P moves such that the ratio of AP to PB is
always 1 : 2.

(a) Show that the locus of P is x2 + y2 +4x + 6y +5 = 0. [2 marks]


(b) Show that the point C(0, -5) lies on this locus. [2 marks]
(c) Find the equation of the line AC. [3 marks]
(d) Given that the line AC cuts the locus of P again at point D. Find the coordinates of D. [3 marks ]

6. Coordinate Geometry 15
6. SPM 2007 P2 Q2
Solutions by scale drawing will not be accepted.

In the diagram, the straight line AB has an equation


y+2x+8=0. AB intersects the x-axis at point A and
intersects the y-axis at point B.
Point P lies on AB such that AP:PB=1:3
Find
(a) the coordinates of P, [3marks]
(b) the equation of the straight line that passes
through P and perpendicular to AB.[3marks]
(ans: (-3,-2), y = -2x - 8 )

7. SPM 2008 P2Q10


Diagram below shows a triangle OPQ. Point S lies on the line PQ.
(a) A point W moves such that its distance from
1
point S is always 2 units. Find the equation of
2
the locus of W. [3marks]
(b) It is given that point P and point Q lie on the
locus W.
Calculate
(i) the value of k
(ii) the coordinates of Q. [5marks]
2
(c) Hence, find the area, in unit , of triangle OPQ
[2marks]

SPM Questions (Coordinate Geometry) – Paper 1

y x
1. (2003) The equations of two straight lines are + = 1 and 5y = 3x + 24. Determine whether the
5 3
lines are perpendicular to each other. [Y]

x y
2 (2004) Diagram 4 shows a straight line PQ with the equation + = 1 . Find the equation of the
2 3
straight line perpendicular to PQ and passing through the point Q. [3 marks]

[ y = 2 x + 3] y
3
Q
Diagram 4
P
O x

6. Coordinate Geometry 16
3.(2004) The point A is (-1, 2) and B is (4, 6). The point P moves such that PA : PB = 2 : 3. Find the
equation of locus of P. [3 marks]

[5x2+5y2+50x+12y+163=0]

4. (2005) The following information refers to the equations of two straight lines, JK and RT, which are
perpendicular to each other.

JK : y = px + k
RT : y = (k – 2)x + p
where p and k are constants.
1
p=
2−k
Express p in terms of k.

5. (2006) Diagram 5 shows the straight line AB which is perpendicular to the straight line CB at the point B.
y

A(0, 4)

Diagram 5
●B

O x
●C

The equation of CB is y = 2x – 1 .

Find the coordinates of B. (2, 3)

6. SPM 2007P1Q13

x y
The straight line + = 1 has a y- intercept of 2 and is parallel to the straight line y+kx=0. Determine the
6 h
value of h and of k. [3marks]
Answer : 2, 1/3
7. SPM 2007 P1 Q 14
The vertices of a triangle are A(5,2), B(4,6) and C(p,-2).
Given that the area of the triangle is 30 unit2, find the values of p. [3marks]
Answer : -9, 21
8. SPM 2008 P1 Q13
Diagram below shows a straight line passing through S(3,0) and T(0,4)
y
T(0,4)

S(3,0) x
0

6. Coordinate Geometry 17
x y
(a) Write down the equation of the straight line ST in the form + =1.
a b
(b) A point P(x,y) moves such that PS=PT. Find the equation of the locus of P. [4marks]
x y
Answer : + = 1, 6 x − 8 y + 7 = 0
3 4
9. SPM 2008 P1 Q14
The points (0,3), (2,t) and (-2,-1) are vertices of a triangle. Given that the area of the triangle is 4 units2, find
the values of t. [3 marks]
Answer : 11, 3

6. Coordinate Geometry 18

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