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[Science Form 3] Electricity
Tuesday, April 6th, 2010
Electrical energy
• Definition: Energy produced when an electric current flows.
• The source of electrical energy is any device that produces electric charges or electric
current.
Electricity
• Definition: The flow of electric charges through a conductor.
• Electrons flow in the direction opposite to the electric current. The electric current is the
rate of flow of electric charges passing through a conductor.
• The unit of electric current (I) is ampere.
• The unit of voltage (V) is volt.
• The unit of resistance (R) is ohm.
• Different materials have different resistance to electricity.
• The resistance of a conductor is affected by its length, diameter and temperature.
• A very high resistance allows only a very small amount of current to flow.
Van De Graaff generator
The Van De Graaff generator is a
device that can produce electric charges of very high voltage. When the motor is turned on, the
lower roller (charger) begin turning the belt.
As the belt is made of rubber and the lower roller is covered in silicon tape, the lower roller will
begin to build a negative charge while the belt builds a positive charge.
The negative charge on the lower roller is built up by capturing electrons from the belt as it
passes over the roller. This occurs as silicon is more negative than rubber in the triboelectric
series.
Posted in science Form 3 | 6 Comments »
[Science Form 3] Units of Electricity
Sunday, April 4th, 2010
Volts (V)
• Voltage can be compared to the pressure of water in a hose. The higher the pressure, the
faster the water will flow through the hose.
Similarly, the higher the voltage of electricity, the faster it will flow from the source of
the electricity to an end user.
A volt, or the unit of voltage, is a common electrical measurement. It is used, for
example, to discuss the transmission of electricity from power plants to end users.
Ohms
• Ohm measure resistance and can be compared to the diameter measurement of a hose. A
smaller diameter hose will allow less water to flow through than a larger diameter hose.
Similarly, a thinner wire increases resistance, causing a lesser amount of electricity to be
transmitted because it is encountering resistance in the wire.
To reduce resistance, certain metals, such as copper, which allows electrons to flow
easily, are used to conduct electricity.
Amperes (A)
• Amperes can be compared to the volume of water that flows through a hose. The volume
of water that flows past a certain point in a specific amount of time can be measured.
Similarly, amperes measure the number of electrons that pass a specific point within a
certain amount of time (rate of current) in a circuit.
One ampere is equivalent to approximately 6.25 X 10

18
electrons passing by a specific point in one second.
The rate of the electric current is dependent upon the voltage and resistance. A circuit
with high voltage and low resistance will have more amperes (greater number of
electrons passing through the circuit) than a circuit with low voltage and higher
resistance. The former example has more power than the latter.
It is important to measure the amount of amperes in a circuit because it can help calculate
the amount of power consumption or output of a circuit.
Ohm’s Law
1. Ohm’s Law is used to describe the mathematical relationship between electric current,
voltage and resistance.
2. We can arrange Ohm’s Law depending on which component we are trying to find out.
○ I = V/R
○ V=IxR
○ R = V/I
3. All these variations of Ohm’s Law are mathematically equal to one another…

Measuring of;
○ Current (I)
 Method: Ammeter

Unit= Amperes (A)

# The ammeter is connected in series to a circuit. The movement of the


ammeter needle shows that current is flowing in the circuit.
○ Voltage (V)
 Method: Voltmeter

Unit: Volts (V)

# The voltmeter is connected in parallel to a circuit when measuring


voltage.
○ Resistance
 Method: Resistor

Unit: Ohm

# The higher the resistance, the bigger the ohm value in a resistor.
Posted in science Form 3 | 25 Comments »
[Science Form 3] Transmission & Distribution
Thursday, February 18th, 2010
• The electricity distribution system includes:
○ National Grid Network, which carries electricity to the main substation
 Consists of a network of cables that carries electricity with a voltage of
66kV, 132kV or 275kV
 It connects all the power stations in our country.
○ Transformer station
○ Switch zone, which is located in various places
 It is equipped with circuit breakers to automatically cut off the circuit if a
short circuit occurs.
○ Main substation, where voltage is lowered by a step-down transformer to 33kV
 This high voltage is supplied to heavy industries like vehicle
manufacturing factories.
○ Substation branches, where voltage is lowered by a step-down transformer to
11kV
 This is supplied to light industries like electronic factories.
○ The voltage to housing estates is 240V.
Posted in science Form 3 | No Comments »
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Friday, April 02, 2010


[Science PMR] The Experiment Question
The last question in Paper 2 is usually question number 8, which carries 12 marks.
This question will be based on an experiment where you have to write down:

• Readings [Make sure the unit of measurement you use is correct]

• Variables
○ Constant variable [This is the fixed variable]

○ Manipulated variable [This is the factor that is changed in the


experiment to get the specific result. ie: Length of wire (cm)]

○ Responding variable [This comes from the readings or the results of


the experiment. ie: Ammeter reading]

• Aim of experiment
○ Example: To study/investigate the relationship between the
manipulated and the responding variable.

• Hypothesis
○ This shows the relationship between the manipulated and the
responding variable.
○ Writing format: "When the manipulated variable increases/decreases,
the responding variable will increase/decrease."

• Observation
○ What can be observed or what you can see.

• Plot a line or bar chart

• Prediction
○ This will be based on your graph, where you have to predict a reading
for the responding variable when given a value for the manipulated
variable.
○ Example of a question: From the graph, find out the value of T when
the mass is 10g.

• Inference
○ This is the early conclusion based on your observations.
○ Example: The change in the responding variable depends on the
manipulated variable.

• Conclusion
This is the same as the hypothesis.
Note: It is very important to get your manipulated variable and the responding
variable correct!

Posted by Cikgu Naza at 4/02/2010 02:43:00 AM

Labels: Science PMR

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