Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)

Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

Lovely Professional University

1. How the knowledge is acquired to make a new expert

system?
Ans: Knowledge is acquired in many ways to make a
new expert system.
Methods of knowledge acquisition are:
a) Interview
b)Case study
c) Protocols
d)Critiquing
e) Role playing
f) Simulation
g)Construct elicitation
h) Document analysis

Following are the main types or ay of knowledge

acquisition for developing the new expert system
a. Identification
b. Conceptualization
c. Formalization
d. Refinement
The communication tool developed for this concept is
calledknowledge map, which provides a systematic
way of indexing and quantifying a piece of knowledge
in the problem space by defining important attributes
as the axes of the map. Below is the knowledge
acquisition interface

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

Types of Knowledge

There are many different kinds of knowledge considered

in expert systems. Many of these form dimensions of
contrasting knowledge:

• explicit knowledge
• implicit knowledge
• domain knowledge
• common sense or world knowledge
• heuristics
• algorithms
• procedural knowledge
• declarative or semantic knowledge
• public knowledge
• private knowledge
• shallow knowledge
• deep knowledge

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

• metaknowledge

We do following to develop the expert system after

acquiring knowledge. These also come under
knowledge acquisition as these are the process done
simultaneously with acquiring the knowledge.
a) Problem selection
Look for problems that can be solved
b) Decompose problems into sequences of
classification problems, treat them separately, but
work backwards from the final problem.
c) Establish the heuristics that link data to solutions
after establishing the network of solutions.
d) Treat the search process separately.
e) Early on, define the problem in terms of input and
output and the kinds of relations. Try to distinguish
between substances and processes.
f) Knowledge level analysis: a structured way for
identifying terms and relations.

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

g) Implementation: It is advantageous to use a

programming language that allows relations to be
made explicit, especially hierarchies.

2. Why we do knowledge elicitation? Is there any use of

it? Give your opinion.
Ans: Knowledge elicitation plays the most important role
in expert system as it is used to obtain the information
required to solve the problems. Or we can say that
knowledge elicitation makes us aware of the thing that
why and how the knowledge is gathered.
There are many methods for knowledge elicitation. It is
brodly classified into 2
a) Direct method
b)Indirect method
Following are the process for knowledge gathering
a) Interview
b)Case study
c) Protocol
d)Critiquing
e) Role playing
f) Simulation
g)Construct elicitation
h) Document analysis

Following are the importance of knowledge elicitation

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

a) Establish the purpose

– Without purpose, no scope, requirements,
evaluation,
b)Informal/Semiformal knowledge elicitation
– Collect the terms
– Organize terms informally
– Paraphrase and clarify terms to produce informal
concept definitions
– Diagram informally
c) Paraphrase and comment at each stage before
implementing
d) Develop normalized schema and skeleton
e) Implement prototype recording the intention as a
paraphrase
– Keep track of what you meant to do so you can
compare with what\ happens
– Implementing logic-based ontologies is
programming
f) Refine requirements & tests

3. How sensor data capturing is helpful in making an

expert system?
Ans: Although the webcam and microphones have been
available for computer systems, beginning sometime
before 2000, as separate devices and later embedded
into computer housings, there has not been an attempt to
embed the technology directly into the display itself. This
invention attempts to resolve that issue and relates to
image, sound, and sensor data capture apparatuses that

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

are physically embedded directly into the display

apparatus—not the housing.
Following are the points how sensor data capturing is
helpful in making an expert system.
1. A plurality of image, sound, and sensor data
capture apparatuses embedded directly into
display apparatus itself, as opposed to the display
housing, and associated electromechanical
modular ancillary equipment whose primary
function in combination is surveillance, display, and
communication.

2. The image capture apparatuses are cameras

with various spectral responses, sound capture
apparatuses are microphones and sensors are
environmental.

3. The image capture apparatuses are Charge

Coupled Devices, (CCD), or Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) cameras with various
spectral responses, sound capture apparatuses are
acoustical microphones and sensors that are
sensitive to the infrared, ultraviolet, or visual
spectrum.

4. The displays are flat panel displays using liquid

crystal, plasma, light emitting diodes, optical light
emitting diodes, surface conduction electron
emitter, or digital light processing technologies

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the display has

touch screen capability.

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

6. The Image, sound, and sensor data capture

apparatus embedded into display or ancillary
module apparatus is used for theft, burglary,
intrusion, fire, or flood detection.

7. The image, sound, and sensor data capture

apparatus embedded into display and ancillary
module apparatuses are used for local or remote
diagnostic imaging.

4. Describe the working of any one existing expert

system.
Ans: There are many expert systems which are current
running and used. The primary goal of expert systems
research is to make expertise available to decision
makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There
is never enough expertise to go around -- certainly it is
not always available at the right place and the right time.
Portable with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge
of specific subjects can bring decade’s worth of
knowledge to a problem.

WORKING OF MYCIN:
MONITOR (for MYCIN rules) attempts to evaluate the
premise of the current rule, condition by condition. If any
of the conditions is false, or indeterminate due to lack of
information, the rule is rejected, and the next rule on the
list of applicable rules pending in the current context is
tried. The rule application succeeds when all of the
conditions in the premise are deemed to be true, and the

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

conclusion of the rule is added to the record of the

current consultation
Problem domain:

• Selection of antibiotics for patients with serious

infections.

• Medical decision making, particularly in clinical

medicine is regarded as an"art form" rather than a
"scientific discipline": this knowledge must be systemized
for practical day-to-day use and for teaching and learning
clinical medicine.

Target Users: Physicians and possibly medical students

and paramedics.

Flow chart of the mycin working

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

5. What impact can machine learning technologies

have on the expert system?
Ans: Machine learning technology brings the automation
of knowledge creation and refinement through the
program we made.
Types of knowledge are
a) Facts
b)Rules
c) Relations
d)Concepts
e) Procedure
f) Plans

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

Since it plays the important role for the system to be

trained on the basis of the knowledge type provided
above.
Machine learning algorithms and applications adapt
themselves to the behavior of a system usually through
the discovery of time-varying patterns in the data. These
algorithms typically fuse linear and nonlinear regression,
adaptive control theory, neural networks, statistical
learning theory, rule induction, and decision tree
generation. Because of the very close relationship
between learning and intelligence, nearly all machine
intelligence systems incorporate some form of learning
(although this is often not true of conventional expert
systems).

Learning works in two ways: supervised and

unsupervised. Supervised learning has an objective
function (a dependent variable) and uses historical data
(called training data) to learn the rules that classify a set
of independent variables into the class of the dependent

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

variable. Unsupervised learning discovers the implicit

relationships between a collection of data and evolves the
rules that describe the changes of behavior in the
variables that seem to have the greatest causal impact on
other variables.
Machine learning capabilities create applications that
are rugged, self-adapting, easier to maintain, and often
more fault tolerant than conventional systems. An
adaptive feedback loop can tailor a system to changes in
enterprise policies and make it more resilient.Learning
systems also provide the core mechanism for powerful
predictive and classification models that fine tune their
abilities as they gather more and more experience.
6. What is the process of interview? Give proper
examples of various methods of interviewing.
Ans: Interview is the big process of interaction with the
domain expert to get knowledge about the expert system.
It is a direct method of knowledge acquisition. Following is
the main procedure used for the interview with the
expert.

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

Once the interview is finished, we are able to proceed

next. Interview is of 3 types which is described below.

Different methods is used for interview. These are

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 Knowledge Based Expert Systems (CSE508)
Assignment 2
Vivek Kr. Yadav

a) Structured
b)Unstructured
c) Semi structured

In case of structured interview, sometimes referred

to as a patterned interview, it is very
straightforward. The interviewer has a standard set
of questions that are asked.
The Benefits or Features of the Screening Interview

 It is legitimate and reliable.

 It controls the flow of the interview.
 Similar competencies are evaluated in each
meeting, which controls reliability.
 Questions are pre-written, reducing
nervousness for the interviewer.
Unstructured interview: Unstructured interviews are so
labeled because the interviewer does not enter the
interview setting with a planned sequence of questions to
be asked of the respondent. The objective of the
unstructured interview is to bring some preliminary issues
to the surface so the researcher can determine what
variables need further in-depth investigation. An example
is social survey.
Semi structured interview is used to gain the Primary
Data collection.

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