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25000
φ C
3
f tf
20000 ω= (1)
φ C +φ C
15000 f tf m tm
10000 Values of ω can be less than or equal to one. The
5000
case of ω = 1 occurs if the matrix porosity is zero,
hence it implies that the reservoir is a single porosity
0 one (Horne 1995). The second parameter is
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Time (day)
dependent on the transmissivity ratio, and is
designated as λ:
Figure 3. Daily production rate of Kizildere km 2
geothermal field (Yeltekin, 2001). λ =α rw (2)
kf
54 0
Here α is a factor that depends on the geometry of the
Bottom hole pressure (KD-7) (kg/cm ) asd
53 KD-7
interporosity flow between the matrix and the
Static water level (KD-8) (m) aasdas
10
2
KD-8
52
20
fractures:
A
α=
51
30
(3)
50
40
xV
49 where A is the surface area of the matrix block, V is
48
50 the matrix volume, and x is a characteristic length. If
47 60 the matrix blocks are cubes or spheres, then the
interporosity flow is three dimensional and λ is given
46 70
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 by
Time (day)
60k m
λ= rw2 (4)
Figure 4. Pressure decline in observation wells x m2 k f
(1988-2000) (Yeltekin, 2001).
Here xm is the length of a side of the cubic block, or Table 1. Saturation pressures
the diameter of the spherical block. If the matrix T (°C) PCO2 (bars) Psteam (bars) Psaturation
blocks are long cylinders, then the interporosity flow (bars)
is two dimensional and λ is given by 150 49.82 4.76 54.58
32k m 160 49.44 6.18 55.62
λ= rw2 (5) 170 48.66 7.92 56.58
x m2 k f 180 47.52 10.03 57.55
where xm is now the diameter of the cylindrical 190 46.07 12.55 58.62
block. If the matrix blocks are slabs overlying each 200 44.38 15.55 59.93
other with fractures in between, then the interporosity 210 42.49 19.08 61.57
flow is one dimensional, and λ is given by
12k m
λ= rw2
Meter
(6)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
50
h 2f k f
0
700 700
650 N 650
Here hf is the height of the secondary porosity slab. KD15
600 600
Values of λ are usually very small (usually, 10-3 to
550 550
10-10). If the value of λ is larger than 10-3, the level
500 500
of heterogeneity is insufficient for dual porosity KD16
450 KD7 KD14 450
effects to be of importance, and again the reservoir
acts as a single porosity (Horne 1995) as in the case 400 KD20 400
Meter
350 KD22 350
KD21 KD8
conducted by combining type-curve matching and 300 300
150 150
100 100
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
50 50
KD6
Several different wells for the analysis of scaling 0 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
effects on pressure transient response of the wells
Meter
were selected. The selection was partially based on Figure 5. Locations of wells used in pressure
the availability of data and the down-hole conditions. transient analysis.
Thus, wells that have steam at bottom hole conditions
were selected by checking the saturation pressure Analyses of pressure transient tests were carried out
obtained by Equation. 7. in a systematic manner. The first step consisted of
conventional semilog and type curve analysis (Horne
p Saturation = pCO2 + p Steam (7) 1995). Initial parameter estimates for several
reservoir parameters like permeability were obtained
at this stage. Then these estimates were fine tuned
nl
pCO2 = (8) using an automated history matching technique. The
α (T ) estimated parameters were accepted using 10%
where nl is the weight per cent of CO2 in liquid phase confidence intervals. The analyses were conducted
(nl = 0.0142 at 200 °C in Kizildere) and α(T) can be using a commercial well test analysis package named
calculated from Sutton (1976) equation given below. Saphir (Kappa, 2001). During the estimation
procedure three types of wellbore conditions were
considered: wellbore storage and skin, finite
T T
2
Table 2. Different Well Test Models Used for the Figure 6. Comparison of three models for KD-6
Analysis drawdown data obtained 97 DAMR.
Model 1 2 3
Wellbore Storage Skin Finite Storage Table 3. Results for KD-6, 97 days after mechanical
Conductivity Skin reaming (DAMR)
Fracture Parameter\ 1 2 3
Reservoir Homogeneous Dual Dual Model
Porosity Porosity Storage 295 288 310
Transient Transient
(m3cm2/kg)
Boundary Infinite Closed Closed
Acting Circle Circle Skin -3.27 0 -8.42
k (md) 264 232 38.9
At the well temperature of 190°C the saturation kh (md.m) 27200 23900 4010
pressure is 58.62 bars (Table 1). The minimum ω - 0.015 0.0615
pressure at KD-6 is 59.709 bars that corresponds to λ - 8.88E-6 3.26E-8
single phase conditions. The analysis results are
summarized in Figure 6 and tabulated in Table 3. It Large, negative skins were observed in most wells
could be seen that infinite acting radial flow period (Figure 7). In all the analyses the skin value increased
has not been reached. The systems pressure as DAMR increased except for wells KD-6, KD-15,
derivative response shows a constant pressure closed and KD-16. The reason for this behavior could be
boundary effect. The results are consistent with related to the fact that the rate of scaling is a second
typical responses of a double porosity geothermal order polynomial function of flow rate (Satman et al.,
system such that ω and λ are small and the storage 1999). Since KD-16 is the highest producing well
and permeability thickness product is somewhat high. (168 tons/hr) and it has a larger diameter at the
The pressure transient data for other wells showed a production interval it is possible that the scaling was
similar behavior as well. Thus, in the analyses a more compared to the rest of the wells. Likewise,
double porosity, storage-skin, closed circle boundary KD-15 is the second largest producing well (131
model was used. tons/hr) subject to large scaling that supports the
above discussion. KD-6 on the other hand, has large
The same analysis procedure was applied to CO2 content, 15% by weight, which makes it subject
drawdown data obtained from some wells in to higher scaling. Numerical quantification of skin
Kizildere (KD-6, KD-15, KD-16, KD-21, and KD- factor as a linear or nonlinear function of DAMR was
22). The results of the analyses are given in Tables 4 not possible.
through 8, respectively. In all these tables the
columns were organized in such a way that different Table 4. Results for KD-6 for Different Dates
dates after mechanical reaming (DAMR) are Parameter\DAMR 97 143
investigated. Skin -8.42 -11.1
k (md) 38.9 4.28
kh (md.m) 4010 441
ω 0.0615 0.000448
λ 3.26E-8 1.56E-8
30 1000000
Permeability-thickness, md-m
100000
20
-10
10
-20 1
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
DAMR DAMR
Figure 7. Change in skin factor for different wells as Figure 8. Change in permeability-thickness product
a function of DAMR. for different wells as a function of DAMR.
Permeability and permeability-thickness products Storativity ratios were somewhat scattered and less
were quite high revealing the fractured nature of the than 0.1 (Figure 9) for all wells. The storativity ratio
reservoir. In general, the permeability decreased values did not change as DAMR increased. Since
drastically as DAMR increased with a few exceptions storativity ratio is not a parameter that is expected to
(Figure 8). This can be explained by the fact that the change the results can be considered normal. On the
scaling rate is proportional to q2/k (Satman et al., other hand, the transmissivity ratios showed a
1999). The general trend was more pronounced in decreasing trend as DAMR increased (Figure 10).
wells where the CO2 content was higher (i.e. KD-6). Since transmissivity ratio is the ratio of matrix to
fracture permeability, this implies that the plugging
Table 5. Results for KD-15 for Different Dates due to calcite scaling is more pronounced in the
Parameter\ 6 196 9 matrix than the fractures for matrix-fracture situation.
DAMR For a completely fractured system in which some of
Skin -6.57 -10.1 -4.83 the fractures are acting like rock matrix, this implies
k (md) 126 4260 234 that wide fractures providing the main flow are not
kh (md.m) 3920 132000 7254 plugged.
ω 0.0969 0.14 0.16
The aforementioned discussions and conclusions
λ 7.5E-7 0.00206 6.34E-5
were reached based on the assumption that the
analysis results were unique. However, it is quite
possible that due to insufficient data sampling the
matches may not represent the true system response.
Table 6. Results for KD-16 for Different Dates In such a case the results may not be accepted as
Parameter\ 49 7 160 general conclusions.
DAMR
Skin 18.2 25.4 15.7 100
k (md) 361 376 91.4
kh (md.m) 47800 52600 13000
ω 0.0999 0.00209 5.61E-7
Storativity ratio
0.1 KD-16
λ
KD-22
2.8E-6 8.17E-7 9.54E-13 KD-6
KD-15
0.0001 KD-21
1.00E-04
KD-16 Computer Aided Approach,” Petroway Inc., Palo
KD-22
KD-6 Alto, CA, U.S.A.
KD-15
1.00E-07
KD-21
KAPPA Engineering, (2001), “SAPHIR V2.30 T
Well Interpretation Package”
1.00E-10
Satman A., Ugur Z., and Onur M., (1999), “The
1.00E-13 Effect of Calcite Deposition on Geothermal Well
0 100 200 300 400 Inflow Performance,” Geothermics, 28, 425-444.
DAMR
Simsek, S., (1985) “Geothermal Model of Denizli,
Figure 10. Change in transmissivity ratio for Sarayköy-Buldan Area” Geothermics, 14 , No.2/3 ,
different wells as a function of DAMR. 393-417.
Sutton, F.M., (1976) “Pressure-Temperature Curves
for a Two-Phase Mixture of Water and Carbon
CONCLUSIONS Dioxide”, New Zealand Journal of Science, vol. 19,
Analyses of geothermal well tests before and after 297.
mechanical reaming for the removal of calcite scaling Warren, J.E. and Root, P.J., (1963), “The Behaviour
are presented. Based on the results it was concluded of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs,” SPE Journal,
that skin factor, permeability, permeability-thickness September, 245-255.
product, and transmissivity ratio decreased after Yeltekin K., (2001), “Characterization and Modelling
mechanical reaming. Calcite deposition was more of Kizildere Geothermal Field” Msc thesis, Middle
pronounced in wells where the production and CO2 East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
content was relatively high. Calcite deposition may
affect the transient pressure response of the wells
resulting in non-unique analysis.
NOMENCLATURE
A = area, m2
DAMR = days after mechanical reaming, days
Ctf = fracture compressibility, bar-1
Ctm = matrix compressibility, bar -1
h = thickness, m
kf = fracture permeability, bar -1
km = matrix permeability, md
nl = concentraion of CO2 in liquid phase (wt%)
rw = wellbore radius , m
p = pressure, bars
T = temperature, °C
V = matrix volume, m3
x = length, m
α = geometric factor
α(T) = temperature function in Sutton equation
λ = transmissivity ratio, dimensionless
φf = fracture porosity, dimensionless
φm = matrix porosity, dimensionless
ω = storativity ratio, dimensionless