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Solution
Assignment # 7
Q 1. Let V be the region bounded by the surface x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes
z = 0 and z = 3 in three dimensional space and let S denote the surface
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^
of V . If F = x3 i + y 3 j + z 3 k , use Divergence Theorem to find ∫ F • n dS
S

^
where n denote the unit outer normal to S.
Solution:

ts
Divergence Theorem or Gauss’s Theorem states that

en
ud
Let V be a region in three dimensional space which is bounded by a closed

St
surface S (In three dimensional space such region V is a volume of the solid
el m
VU
H .co
^
whose surface is S). Also suppose that n denote the unit outer normal to S at any
p
To ing

→
point (x, y, z). If F is a vector function that has continuous partial derivatives on
te .n

→
⎛ →
⎞
si at

V then the volume integral of the divergence of F i-e ⎜ ∇ • F ⎟ over V and the
eb nn

⎝ ⎠
W ja

→
st //vu

surface integral of F over the surface S of V are related by

Be tp:

→ ^ →

∫ F • n dS = ∫ ∇ • F dV
ht

S V

Or
→ ^ →

∫ F • n dS = ∫ div F dV
S V

Now come up to the solution of this question.

According to the given statement, V is a
cylinder of radius 2 and height 3 (as shown in
figure)

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→ ^ ^ ^
F = x3 i + y 3 j + z 3 k
→ ⎛ ∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^⎞ ⎛ 3^ 3 ^ 3 ^⎞
∇ • F = ⎜ i+ j+ k ⎟ • ⎜ x i+ y j+ z k ⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∂x ∂y ∂z
3 3 3
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3z 2
= 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
So by Divergence Theorem
→ ^ →

∫ F • n dS = ∫ ∇ • F dV
S V

= 3∫ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dV

ts
en
V

Use cylindrical co-ordinates to evaluate the volume integral at right hand side.

ud
x = r cos θ

St
el m
y = r sin θ VU
H .co

z=z
p
To ing

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ + z 2
te .n

= r2 + z2
si at

dV = r dz dr dθ
eb nn
W ja
st //vu

Limits for
z is 0 to 3
Be tp:

r is 0 to 2
ht

θ is 0 to 2π

To have better understanding of cylindrical co-ordinates, see the following link.

http://www.math.montana.edu/frankw/ccp/multiworld/multipleIVP/cylindrical/bo
dy.htm

So, putting values

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→ ^ →

∫ F • n dS = ∫ ∇ • F dV = 3∫ ( x + y + z ) dV
2 2 2

S V V
2π 2 3
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ (r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ + z 2 ) r dz dr dθ
0 0 0
2π 2 3
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ (r (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) + z 2 ) r dz dr dθ
2

0 0 0
2π 2 3
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ (r 3 + rz 2 ) dz dr dθ
0 0 0
2π 2 3
rz 3
= 3∫ ∫ r z+
3
dr dθ
0 0
3 0
2π 2
= 3∫ ∫ ( 3r + 9r ) dr dθ
3

ts
0 0

en
2π 2
3r 4 9r 2
= 3∫ + dθ

ud
0
4 2

St
el m 0
2π
= 90 ∫ VU dθ
H .co

0
p
To ing

2π
= 90 θ 0
te .n

= 180π
si at

Thus
eb nn

→
W ja

∫ F • n dS = 180π
st //vu

S
Be tp:
ht

Q 2. Determine the Fourier Series of the

periodic function f ( x ) shown in
the figure.
Solution:
First we will find how the periodic function in the figure be defined.
⎧π −π ≤ x ≤ 0
f ( x) = ⎨
⎩x 0≤ x ≤π
f ( x) = f ( x + 2π )

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As we know, Fourier Series is of the form

a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ {an cos nx + bn sin nx}
2 n =1
where n is a positive int eger

Before doing calculation for Fourier co-efficients, its better to find whether the
given function is even or odd. As then, you know we can apply some known
results and reduce our work. If the function is odd, all the Fourier co-effiients an
for n = 0, 1, 2… are zero. If the function is even, all the Fourier co-efficients bn
for n = 0, 1, 2… are zero.

ts
en
Here, even by looking at the figure we can easily say that the given function is

ud
neither even nor odd as it is not symmetric about y-axis or origin.

St
el m
VU
H .co
Fourier co-efficients
p
To ing

π
1
a0 =
π ∫π f ( x) dx
te .n

−
si at

Put values
eb nn

π π
1⎛ ⎞
0
W ja

1
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x) dx = ⎜ ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π
st //vu

−π 0 ⎠
π
1⎛ ⎞
0
Be tp:

= ⎜ ∫ π dx + ∫ x dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π ⎠
ht

0
π
1 1 x2
= π x −π +
0

π π 2 0

π 3π
=π + =
2 2
π
1
an =
π ∫π
−
f ( x) cos nx dx

π π
1⎛ ⎞
0
1
an =
π ∫
−π
f ( x) cos nx dx = ⎜∫
π ⎝ −π
f ( x ) cos nx dx + ∫
0
f ( x) cos nx dx ⎟
⎠

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π
1⎛ ⎞
0
= ⎜∫ π cos nx dx + ∫ x cos nx dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π 0 ⎠
π
1 sin nx ( − cos nx )
0
1
sin nx
= π + x −
π n −π π n n2 0

1 ⎛ (−1) n 1 ⎞
= (0 − 0) + ⎜ 0 + 2 − 0 − 2 ⎟
π ⎝ n n ⎠
(−1) n − 1
=
π n2
π
1
bn =
π ∫
−π
f ( x) sin nx dx

π π
1⎛ ⎞
0
1
∫ f ( x) sin nx dx = ⎜ ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx + ∫ f ( x) sin nx dx ⎟

ts
bn =
π π ⎝ −π ⎠

en
−π 0
π
1⎛ ⎞

ud
0
= ⎜ ∫ π sin nx dx + ∫ x sin nx dx ⎟
π ⎝ −π

St
⎠
el m 0

VU 1 (− cos nx) ( − sin nx )

π
H .co
(− cos nx)
0
1
= π + x −
π n π n n2
p
To ing

−π 0

1 ⎛ −π −π (−1) n ⎞ 1 ⎛ π (−1) n +1 ⎞
te .n

= ⎜ − ⎟+ ⎜ − 0 + 0 − 0⎟
π⎝ n n ⎠ π⎝ n ⎠
si at
eb nn

1 ⎛ −π + π (−1) n ⎞ 1 ⎛ π (−1) n +1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
π⎝ ⎠ π⎝
W ja

n n ⎠
st //vu

n +1
−1 + (−1) (−1)
n
−1 + (−1) n + (−1) n (−1)
= + =
Be tp:

n n n
−1 + (−1) − (−1)
n n
−1
ht

= =
n n
Hence
a0 ∞
f ( x) = + ∑ {an cos nx + bn sin nx}
2 n =1
∞ ∞
a
f ( x) = 0 + ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
2 n =1 n =1

3π ∞ (−1) n − 1 ∞
sin nx
f ( x) = +∑ cos nx − ∑
4 n =1 πn 2
n =1 n

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Now if n is odd
(−1) n − 1 −2
= 2
π n2 πn
and if n is even
(−1) n − 1
=0
π n2

So

3π ⎛ 2 2 2 ⎞
f ( x) = + ⎜ − cos x + (0) cos 2 x − 2 cos 3x + (0) cos 4 x − 2 cos 5 x − − − − ⎟ +
4 ⎝ π 3π 5π ⎠
⎛ sin 2 x sin 3 x ⎞
⎜ − sin x − − − − − −⎟

ts
⎝ 2 3 ⎠

en
3π 2 ⎛ cos 3 x cos 5 x ⎞ ⎛ sin 2 x sin 3 x ⎞
= − ⎜ cos x + + + − − − − − − − ⎟ − ⎜ sin x + + + − − − − −⎟

ud
4 π⎝ 32
5 2
⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠

St
el m
VU
H .co
or
p
To ing

3π 2 ∞ cos(2n − 1) x ∞ sin nx
f ( x) = − ∑ −∑
te .n

4 π n =1 (2n − 1) 2 n =1 n
si at
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Be tp:
ht

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