Spring 2008 MTH301 2 SOLved

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Solution
Assignment No: 2
Q 1. Consider a point P(1, 2, 2) in rectangular co-ordinate system.

a. What is the position vector of this point?
b. Find the unit vector in the direction of this position vector?
Solution:
→
a) The position vector r of the point (1, 2, 2) is
→
r = i + 2 j + 2k
ts
b) Since any vector can be expressed as product of its magnitude and unit
en
vector so we can write
ud
→ ^
St
r= r r
el m
VU
H .co
→
^ r
r=
p
To ing
r
te .n
r = (1) 2 + (2) 2 + (2) 2

si at
eb nn
= 9
W ja
=3
st //vu
^ i + 2 j + 2k
So, r=
Be tp:
3
ht
1 2 2
= i+ j+ k
3 3 3
→ →
Q 2. Find whether the vectors a = i − 3 j + 7k , b = 8i − 2 j − 2k are
orthogonal to each other or not?
Solution:
As we know, if two vectors are orthogonal their dot product is zero. So let us find
the dot product of given vectors.
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→ →
a . b = (i − 3 j + 7 k ) . (8i − 2 j − 2k )
= 8(i . i ) + 6( j. j ) − 14(k .k )
= 8 + 6 − 14
=0
Thus, the two vectors are orthogonal or perpendicular to each other.
Q 3. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors

→ →
a = i − j + 2k and b = 3 j + k
Solution:
→ → → →
Area of a parallelogram = magnitude of a × b = a × b
ts
en
→ →
ud
a × b = (i − j + 2k ) × (0i + 3 j + k )
St
i j k
el m
= 1 −1 2 VU
H .co
0 3 1
p
To ing
= (−1 − 6)i + (0 − 1) j + (3 − 0)k

te .n
= − 7i − j + 3k
si at
eb nn
→ →
a × b = (−7) 2 + (−1) 2 + (3) 2
W ja
st //vu
= 49 + 1 + 9
Be tp:
= 59
= 7.68
ht
Thus area of parallelogram is 7.68 square unit
Q 4. Find the directional derivative of

f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln x
→
at the point (1, 4) in the direction of the vector u = − 3i + 3 j
Solution:
f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln x
y2
f x ( x, y ) = , f y ( x, y ) = 2 y ln x
x
f x (1, 4) = 16 , f y (1, 4) = 0
→
u = − 3i + 3 j
→ ^
u= uu
→
^ u
u=
u
u = (−3) 2 + (3) 2
ts
en
= 9+9
ud
= 18 = 3 2
St
el m
^ −3i + 3 j
u= VU
H .co
3 2
p
To ing
1 1
= − i+ j
2 2
te .n
si at
⎡ ^
⎤ ⎡ ^
⎤
Du f (1, 4) = f x (1, 4) ⎢ x − component of u ⎥ + f y (1, 4) ⎢ y − component of u ⎥
eb nn
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
W ja
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 16 ⎜ ⎟ + 0⎜
st //vu
⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
−16
Be tp:
=
ht
2
Q 5. Find a unit vector in the direction in which the function
f ( x, y ) = 4 x3 y 2 increases most rapidly at the point P(-1, 1).
Solution:
f ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 y 2 , f y ( x, y ) = 8 x 3 y
∇f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y )i + f y ( x, y ) j
= 12 x 2 y 2 i + 8 x3 y j
f x (−1, 1) =12 , f y (−1, 1) = −8
∇f (−1, 1) = f x (−1, 1)i + f y (−1, 1) j

= 12 i − 8 j
^
A unit vector u in the direction of ∇f (−1, 1) is
^ ∇f (−1, 1)
u=
∇f (−1, 1)
∇f (−1, 1) = (12) 2 + (−8) 2

= 144 + 64
= 4 13
^ ∇f (−1, 1) 12 i − 8 j
u= =
∇f (−1, 1) 4 13
ts
en
3 2
= i− j
ud
13 13
St
el m
VU
H .co
Q 6. Write down the general equation in parametric form for the following.
p
To ing
a. Straight line in two dimensional space.

Let (x0, y0) is any fixed point on the line and the line is parallel to the
te .n
si at
vector ai + bj then parametric form of straight line in two dimensional

eb nn
space in terms of parameter t is

W ja
x = x0 +at , y = y0 + bt
st //vu
b. Straight line in three dimensional space.

Be tp:
Parametric equation of a line in three dimensional space passing through

ht
the point (x0, y0, z0) and parallel to the vector ai + bj + ck is given by
x = x0 +at , y = y0 + bt , z = z0 +ct
c. Parametric form of curve in two dimensional space is
x = f(t) , y = g(t) , where t is parameter
Q 7. Find the equation of

a. Tangent plane
b. Normal line
of the surface f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 y − 4 z 2 + 7 at the point (-3, 1, -2)
Solution:
f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 y − 4 z 2 + 7
f x ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy
f y ( x, y , z ) = x 2
f z ( x, y, z ) = −8 z
f x (−3, 1, − 2) = 2(−3)(1) = − 6
f y (−3, 1, − 2) = (−3) 2 = 9
f z (−3, 1, − 2) = − 8(−2) = 16
Equation of the tangent plane to the surface at (x0, y0, z0) = (-3, 1, -2) is
f x ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) ( x − x0 ) + f y ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) ( y − y0 ) + f z ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) ( z − z0 ) = 0
ts
en
−6( x + 3) + 9( y − 1) + 16( z + 2) = 0
ud
−6 x − 18 + 9 y − 9 + 16 z + 32 = 0
−6 x + 9 y + 16 z + 5 = 0
St
el m
VU
H .co
Equation of the normal line of the surface through (x0, y0, z0) = (-3, 1, -2) in
p
To ing
SYMMETRIC FORM is
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
te .n
= =
si at
f x ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) f y ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) f z ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
eb nn
W ja
x + 3 y −1 z + 2
= =
st //vu
−6 9 16
Be tp:
Equation of the normal line of the surface through (x0, y0, z0) = (-3, 1, -2) in
ht
PARAMETRIC FORM is
x = x0 + f x ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
y = y0 + f y ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
z = z0 + f z ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
Thus
x = − 3 − 6t
y = 1 + 9t
z = −2 + 16t
Q 8. Show that the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 and the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 are

orthogonal at every point of intersection.
Solution:
f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − a 2 = 0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
g ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
f x ( x, y , z ) = 2 x
f y ( x, y , z ) = 2 y
f z ( x, y , z ) = 2 z
g x ( x, y , z ) = 2 x
g y ( x, y , z ) = 2 y
g z ( x, y , z ) = − 2 z
ts
en
f x g x + f y g y + f z g z = (2 x)(2 x) + (2 y )(2 y ) + (2 z )(−2 z )
ud
= 4 x2 + 4 y 2 − 4 z 2
St
el m
= 4( x 2 + y 2 − z 2 )
VU
H .co
Since from equation (2) , x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0 So

p
To ing
f x g x + f y g y + f z g z = 4( x 2 + y 2 − z 2 ) = 0
te .n
Thus, the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 and the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 are orthogonal at

si at
eb nn
every point of intersection.

W ja
st //vu
Q 9. For evaluating RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES of a function at some

Be tp:
point in the domain, what we consider as a neighborhood of a point if it lies in

ht
a. Two dimensional space

b. Three dimensional space
Solution:
a. For evaluating RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES of a function at some
point (x0, y0) in the domain D, neighborhood of that point is an open disc.
Open disc K ∈ D, centered at point (x0, y0) and of radius r is defined as
K = {( x, y ) ∈ R 2 : ( x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y0 ) 2 < r 2 }
b. For evaluating RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES of a function at some

point (x0, y0, z0) in the domain D, neighborhood of that point is an open
sphere. Open sphere S ∈ D, centered at point (x0, y0, Z0) and of radius r is
defined as S = {( x, y , z ) ∈ R 3 : ( x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y0 ) 2 + ( z − z0 ) 2 < r 2 }
Q 10. Locate all relative maxima, relative minima and saddle point of
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − x 2 y
Solution:
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − x 2 y
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 2 xy , f y ( x, y ) = 4 y − x 2
The critical points of f satisfy the equations

2 x − 2 xy = 0 − − − − − − − − − −(1)
ts
4 y − x 2 = 0 − − − − − − − − − −(2)
en
ud
From equation (1)
St
2 x(1 − y ) = 0
el m
x(1 − y ) = 0 VU
H .co
x = 0 , 1− y = 0 ⇒ y = 1
p
To ing
Use this value of x and y in equation (2),

te .n
If x = 0 then
si at
4 y − x2 = 0 ⇒ 4 y = 0
eb nn
⇒y=0
W ja
st //vu
If y = 1 then
Be tp:
4 y − x2 = 0 ⇒ 4 − x2 = 0
ht
x2 = 4
x = ±2
So (0, 0), (2, 1) and (-2, 1) are the critical points
Now find second-order partial derivatives
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 − 2 y , f yy ( x, y ) = 4 , f xy ( x, y ) = − 2 x
For critical point (0, 0)

f xx (0, 0) = 2 , f yy (0, 0) = 4 , f xy (0, 0) = 0
D = f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy 2 (0, 0)
= (2)(4) − 0 = 8
D > 0 and f xx (0, 0) > 0 So f has relative minimum at (0, 0)

For critical point (2, 1)
f xx (2, 1) = 0 , f yy (2, 1) = 4 , f xy (2, 1) = − 4
D = f xx (2, 1) f yy (2, 1) − f xy 2 (2, 1)
= (0)(4) − (−4) 2
= −16
D < 0 so f has a saddle point at (2, 1)
For critical point (-2, 1)
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 − 2 y , f yy ( x, y ) = 4 , f xy ( x, y ) = − 2 x
f xx (−2, 1) = 0 , f yy (−2, 1) = 4 , f xy (−2, 1) = 4
ts
D = f xx (−2, 1) f yy (−2, 1) − f xy 2 (−2, 1)
en
= (0)(4) − (4) 2
ud
= −16
St
el m
VU
D < 0 so f has a saddle point at (-2, 1)
H .co
p
To ing
te .n
si at
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Be tp:
ht

Spring 2008 MTH301 2 SOLved

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Spring 2008 MTH301 2 SOLved

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http://vujannat.ning.

Q 1. Consider a point P(1, 2, 2) in rectangular co-ordinate system.

r = (1) 2 + (2) 2 + (2) 2

Q 3. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors

= (−1 − 6)i + (0 − 1) j + (3 − 0)k

Thus area of parallelogram is 7.68 square unit

Q 4. Find the directional derivative of

∇f (−1, 1) = f x (−1, 1)i + f y (−1, 1) j

∇f (−1, 1) = (12) 2 + (−8) 2

a. Straight line in two dimensional space.

vector ai + bj then parametric form of straight line in two dimensional

space in terms of parameter t is

b. Straight line in three dimensional space.

Parametric equation of a line in three dimensional space passing through

Q 7. Find the equation of

Q 8. Show that the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 and the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 are

Since from equation (2) , x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0 So

Thus, the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 and the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 are orthogonal at

every point of intersection.

Q 9. For evaluating RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES of a function at some

point in the domain, what we consider as a neighborhood of a point if it lies in

a. Two dimensional space

b. For evaluating RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES of a function at some

The critical points of f satisfy the equations

Use this value of x and y in equation (2),

For critical point (0, 0)

D > 0 and f xx (0, 0) > 0 So f has relative minimum at (0, 0)

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