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Neil A. Weiss
FORMULAS
NOTATION The following notation is used on this card: CHAPTER 5 Probability and Random Variables
n sample size σ population stdev • Probability for equally likely outcomes:
x sample mean d paired difference f
P (E) ,
s sample stdev p̂ sample proportion N
Qj j th quartile p population proportion where f denotes the number of ways event E can occur and
N population size O observed frequency N denotes the total number of outcomes possible.
µ population mean E expected frequency • Special addition rule:
P (A or B or C or · · · ) P (A) + P (B) + P (C) + · · ·
CHAPTER 3 Descriptive Measures (A, B, C, . . . mutually exclusive)
x
• Sample mean: x • Complementation rule: P (E) 1 − P (not E)
n
• Range: Range Max − Min • General addition rule: P (A or B) P (A) + P (B) − P (A & B)
FORMULAS
• Studentized version of the variable x: • Nonpooled t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (independent samples, and normal
x−µ populations or large samples):
t √
s/ n
(x 1 − x 2 ) ± tα/2 · (s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
• t-interval for µ (σ unknown, normal population or large sample):
with df .
s
x ± tα/2 · √
n • Paired t-test statistic for H0 : µ1 µ2 (paired sample, and normal
with df n − 1. differences or large sample):
d
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean t √
sd / n
• z-test statistic for H0 : µ µ0 (σ known, normal population or large with df n − 1.
sample):
x − µ0 • Paired t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (paired sample, and normal differences
z √ or large sample):
σ/ n
sd
• t-test statistic for H0 : µ µ0 (σ unknown, normal population or d ± tα/2 · √
n
large sample):
with df n − 1.
x − µ0
t √
s/ n
CHAPTER 11 Inferences for Population Proportions
with df n − 1.
• Sample proportion:
CHAPTER 10 Inferences for Two Population Means x
p̂ ,
n
• Pooled sample standard deviation:
where x denotes the number of members in the sample that have the
(n1 − 1)s12 + (n2 − 1)s22 specified attribute.
sp
n1 + n2 − 2
• One-sample z-interval for p:
• Pooled t-test statistic for H0 : µ1 µ2 (independent samples, normal
p̂ ± zα/2 · p̂(1 − p̂)/n
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations): (Assumption: both x and n − x are 5 or greater)
x1 − x2
t √ • Margin of error for the estimate of p:
sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
E zα/2 · p̂(1 − p̂)/n
with df n1 + n2 − 2.
• Pooled t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (independent samples, normal • Sample size for estimating p:
populations or large samples, and equal population standard 2
zα/2 2 zα/2
deviations): n 0.25 or n p̂g (1 − p̂g )
E E
(x 1 − x 2 ) ± tα/2 · sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 ) rounded up to the nearest whole number (g “educated guess”)
with df n1 + n2 − 2.
• One-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p p0 :
• Degrees of freedom for nonpooled-t procedures: p̂ − p0
2 2 z √
s /n1 + s22 /n2 p0 (1 − p0 )/n
1 2 2 2 ,
s12 /n1 s2 /n2 (Assumption: both np0 and n(1 − p0 ) are 5 or greater)
+
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 x1 + x2
• Pooled sample proportion: p̂p
rounded down to the nearest integer. n1 + n2
• Nonpooled t-test statistic for H0 : µ1 µ2 (independent samples, • Two-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p1 p2 :
and normal populations or large samples): p̂1 − p̂2
z √
x1 − x2 p̂p (1 − p̂p ) (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
t
(s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
(Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 − x1 , x2 , n2 − x2 are all 5
with df . or greater)
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E
Neil A. Weiss
FORMULAS
with df (r − 1)(c − 1), where r and c are the number of possible • Confidence interval for the conditional mean of the response variable
values for the two variables under consideration. corresponding to xp :
CHAPTER 13 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 1 (xp − x/n)2
ŷp ± tα/2 · se +
n Sxx
• Notation in one-way ANOVA:
with df n − 2.
k number of populations
n total number of observations • Prediction interval for an observed value of the response variable
x mean of all n observations corresponding to xp :
nj size of sample from Population j 1 (xp − x/n)2
x j mean of sample from Population j ŷp ± tα/2 · se 1 + +
n Sxx
sj2 variance of sample from Population j
with df n − 2.
Tj sum of sample data from Population j
• Test statistic for H0 : ρ 0:
• Defining formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
r
t
SST (x − x)2 1 − r2
SSTR nj (x j − x) 2
n−2
SSE (nj − 1)sj2 with df n − 2.