Laboratory Manual

For

Electric Energy Engineering

EE-360

Electrical Engineering Department

King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
 Table of Contents

Experiment Title Page

No. No.
1 Three Phase Circuit 3

2 Three Phase Power Measurement 6

3 Magnetic Circuit 9

4 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer 12

5 Regulation and efficiency of a single phase 16

Transformer

6 Load Characteristic of shunt and compound 19

DC generator

7 Torque Speed Characteristic of DC shunt 22

and compound motors

8 Determination of Parameters of 26
Synchronous Generators

9 Torque Speed Characteristics of 3Φ 29

Induction Motors

10 Determination of Induction Motor Parameters 32

2
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#1

THREE PHASE CIRCUITS

Objectives:

• To learn how to make wye (Y) and delta (∆) connections

• To study the relationship between voltage and current in three phase
circuits.
• To make power calculations.

Apparatus:

• 2 AC voltmeters
• 2 AC Ammeters
• 1 3Φ- load
• 1 3Φ variable AC power supply

Theory :

In a Y connection , the line and the phase quantities are related by:

Vp=VL/√3 (1)

Ip=IL (2)

Whereas the relationships for a delta connection are

Ip=IL/√3 (3)

Vp=VL (4)

The real and reactive powers for a 3 Φ circuit (either Y or ∆ connection) are
given as

3
P=√3 VL IL cos θ (5)

Q=√3 VL IL sin θ (6)

Where θ is the power factor angle of the balanced load

Procedure:

A: Y – Connection

1. Connect the three-phase load in Y as shown in Fig. 1. Ask your instructor to

check your connections.
A
a A

V
3 Phae Ac

B
b

c
Fig. 1 : The Y - Connection

2. Switch the load to unity power factor mode

3. Select the balanced load from each phase
4. With the load switch off turn the power supply on and adjust the line to
neutral voltage to 120 volt or VL = 208 volt
5. Measure the line and phase voltages and currents. Make the table similar to
table1 on a separate page and enter your readings in the first 4 columns

Table 1: Y connecteds load

VL Vp IL Ip VL / Vp IL / P Q Remarks
Ip

4
Take three readings, one at the rated value of the load current (8A), one at ½
rated load and one at ¼ rated.

6. Repeat step 5 for 0.8 and 0.8 leading power factor loads

B: ∆ Connection

1. Connect the three phase load as shown in fig. 2

A
a A N

3 Phae ac V
N

N
B
b A C

c
Fig. 2 : The Delta- Connection

2. Turn the power supply on and adjust for 120V A.C (Note: Vp=VL for ∆)
3. Repeat step 5 of the Y connection for unity, 0.8 lagging and 0.8 leading
power factors and enter in a table similar to table 1, call it table 2.

Report

1. Complete tables 1 and 2.

2. Calculate the total real and reactive powers.
3. Draw phasor diagrams showing the line and phase voltages and currents for
both Y and ∆ connections. Draw only for rated load, unity power factor
condition.
4. Verify the relationships for the phase and the line voltages and currents and
state reasons for any errors.

5
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electrical Engineering Department

EE 360 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment # 2

THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT

Objectives:

1. Measure power in balanced Y and ∆ systems.

2. Determine power factor of 3Φ systems.

Apparatus:

2 Wattmeters
1 Voltmeter
1 3Φ load
1 Ammeter
1 3Φ variable AC power supply (Variac)

Theory:

M
a A A

V1 V Three
Phase
Load
b B

V1

c C
M

Fig.1: Two Wattmeter Connection

If two wattmeters are connected to measure the power of any 3Φ load, it can be
shown that the wattmeters will read V1

6
 P1 = VL IL cos ( 30 – θ ) (1)
P2 = VL IL cos ( 30 + θ ) (2)

Where θ the power factor angle of the load. From (1) and (2) we can show that
the total power

PT = P1 + P2 = 3 VL IL cosθ (3)

tanθ = 3 ( P1 - P2 ) / ( P1 + P2 ) (4)

Procedure

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Connect the

3Φ load in Y.
2. Before you switch on, have your connections cheeked by the instructor.
3. Set the supply voltage to 200 V from a variac
4. Select the load power factor to be unity
5. On a separate sheet of paper make a table with 11 columns as shown in
table.1.

Pf P1 P2 PT VAB VCB IA Pf Pf PT Power

(Watt) (Watt) (Watt) (Volt) (Volt) (amp) calc. Error Calc. Error
(%) calc.

Table.1: Results for Y connection

6. Take three sets of readings, one for the rated load

8 A, one for ½ rated and one for ¼ rated loads.
7. Repeat step 6 for 0.8 lagging as well as leading power factor conditions.
8. Connect the three phase load in ∆.
9. Set the supply voltage to 100 volts (VL= VP for ∆).
10. Repeat step 6 for unity, 0.8 lagging and 0.8 leading power factor conditions.
Enter the results in a table similar to table 1.call table 2.

7
Note: At a certain power factor, one of the wattmeters may try to read
backwards. Switch the supply off, reverse the voltage OR the current coil
connection. Mark the reading as negative.

Report

1. Using the wattmeter readings, compute the power factor from equation (4).
Enter it as pf (calculated) in tables.1 and 2. Calculate the percent error
between the calculated and the recorded power factors.
2. Use equations (1) and (2) to calculate the total power. Compare it to the
measured total power and enter the percent error in the tables.
3. Comment on the levels of error between the computed and measured values.
State any sources of error.
4. Draw a phasor diagram and show why equations (1) and (2) can be used to
calculate the total power.

8
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#3

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Objective:

1. To determine the B-H characteristics of an iron core

2. To find the relative permeability (µr)
3. To calculate the reluctance “R”

Apparatus:
1 Rectangular laminated core
1 coil
1 voltmeter
1 ammeter
1 variable AC supply

Theory:
I
A

V N

Fig. 1 : A simple rectangular core

If a current of 1 A, flows from a supply of E volts through a coil of N turns, as

shown in fig 1, the magnetic field intensity can be written as

H = NL / LC (1)

9
From faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the rms values of the induced
voltage across the coil (E) is

E = ωNΦ (2)
= ωNAB

B=µH (3)

From (1), (2) and (3) it is clear that E-I characteristic of the core is equivalent to
the B-H characteristic. Further, it can be shown that

E = ωN2A µ I (4)
Lc

Where, the permeability can be written as:

µ = µr µo; µo = 4 π x 10-7 (H/n)

The reluctance of the core can be expressed as:

R= NI / Φ
= Lc / (µA) (5)

Procedure

1. Find the typical dimensions of the core. The instructor may help you to get
the accurate numbers.
2. Connect the circuit as in fig 1
3. On a separate sheet of paper make a table as shown below:

Table 1

E I K= E / I µr R

4. Set the input voltage of 10V. Record the current and enter them in table 1.
5. Repeat step 4 up to 150 volts in steps of 10 volts.

10
Report

1. Plot E Vs I on a graph paper.

2. Find K, and R for each reading and complete the table. Here,

K=E/I

µ r= KLc
2 π fN2A µo

3. Plot µ and R as functions of I

4. Derive equations (4) and (5)

Core Dimensions:

Lc = 40 cms
N = 400 turns
A = 9 Sq. cms

11
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#4

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER

Objectives:

1. To determine the equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer

2. To verify the voltage current relationship

Apparatus:

1 Single-phase transformer
1 Variable AC power supply
1 AC voltmeter
2 AC ammeters
1 Wattmeter
1 Variable load resistance

Theory

The approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer is given in Fig. 1.

Req Xeq

Rc Xm

Fig 1. Equivalent Ciruict of transformer

Where, Rc =1/g and xm =1/b. These quantities are obtained from the open circuit
power, voltage and current measurements. These are

12
 Y = g - jb = Io / Vo (1)

g = Po / Vo2 (2)
and,
b = √ |Y|2 – g2 (3)

The equivalent resistances and reactances (Req, Xeq) are obtained from the
current, voltage and power measurements in the primary winding when the
secondary is shorted. These are written as

Req = Psc / I2sc (4)

|Zeq| = Vsc / Isc (5)

Xeq = √|Zeq|2 - Req2 (6)

Procedure

1. Note the current, voltage and volt-ampere ratings of both windings of the
transformer. Note the turns ratio
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig2. with the high voltage side open
circuited
3. Adjust the supply voltage until the voltage on the primary side is the rated
value.
4. Record the current, voltage and power in this condition. Take another reading
at 110 % of the rated value.
5. Next, connect the transformer for the short circuit test as given in Fig 3. The
variable supply will be on the high voltage side.

13
 L

Variable AC Digital 220V side

Source Wattmeter Open Circuit

110 / 220 V

Fig. 2 : The Open Circuit Test connection

6. Gradually increase the supply voltage from zero until the rated current flows
in the shorted secondary winding
7. Record the current, voltage and power. Repeat step 6 for 110 % of rated
current and record the values.
A
L

Variable AC Digital 110V side

Source Wattmeter short Circuit

220 / 110 V

Fig. 3 : The Short Circuit Test connection

8. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 4 for a load test

9. Adjust the supply voltage and the resistive load such that rated current flows
through the load at rated voltage

Measure the voltages and currents on both sides of the transformer

14
 A
L

Variable AC Digital Load

Source Wattmeter V

220 / 110 V

Fig. 4 : The Load Test connection

Report

1. Calculate Rc, Xm, Req and Xeq from the open circuit and short circuit tests.
2. Draw the approximate equivalent circuit diagrams and label the parameter
values. Note that some of the values have to be transferred to the other side of
the winding by multiplying with approximate constant.
3. For the unity power factor loading condition of Fig 4, calculate the primary
current and voltage using the equivalent circuit you obtained. Start with the
measured values of current and voltage on the load side.
4. Compare the calculated quantities with measured ones and compute the
percent error
5. State the possible sources of errors, if any.

15
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#5

REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

Objectives:

1. To determine the regulation of a transformer

2. To determine the efficiency of a transformer

Apparatus:

1 Single-phase transformer
1 Variable AC power supply
2 Voltmeters
2 Ammeters
2 Wattcmeters
1 Variable load

Theory

The voltage regulation of transformer at rated load is defined as:

VR = (Vno load - Vrated) / Vrated (1)

If the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer is used then for a lagging

pf load

V1= Vno load = Vrated <0o + I (cos θ – j sin θ) (Req + j Xeq)

= Vrated <0o + (Req cos θ + I Xeq sin θ) + j (- I Req sin θ + I Xeq cos θ) (2)

Neglecting the imaginary part on the right hand side,

16
 VR = I (Req cos θ + Xeq sin θ) (3)
Vrated

The efficiency of the transformer can be written as

η = Power output / Power input (4)

Or
η = Power Output___
Power output + Loses

The losses are,

Core loss = No load power input – No load copper loss

Copper loss = I22 Req

Procedure :

Load

Variable AC Digital Digital

Source Wattmeter Wattmeter

220 / 110 V

Fig. 1 : A Transformer with Load

1. Record the ratings of the transformer

2. Note down the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit from the
previous experiment. If you are using a different transformer, perform the
open circuit and short circuit test again.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1.
4. Make a table on the separate page as table.1.
5. Select unity power factor load.
6. Adjust the input voltage so that the load voltage is the rated value for a
certain load current. Record Pi, Po, V2 and I2. Switch the load off and record
V2. This is V2 (no load)
7. Repeat step 6 for various loads until you have reached the rated current. Take
about 10 readings. Make sure that you have taken readings at ¼, ½, and ¾ of
full load and rated load (8A) condition.

17
8. Select 0.8-power factor lag. Repeat step 6 for rated current
9. Repeat step 8 for 0.8 p.f . leading.

Table 1

P.f V2 I2 Pi Po V2 η= VR Η VR
(No P2/Pi (cal) from
load) eq3

Report

1. Calculate efficiency and voltage regulation fro your test results. Enter them in
columns 7 and 8 in table 1
2. Plot efficiency as function of load current for the unity power factor load
3. For rated, ½ and ¼ rated load, Calculate the efficiency from the equivalent
circuit. Enter them in table 1. Compare with measured values
4. Calculate the voltage regulation for rated load at unity, 0.8 lagging and 0.8
leading power factors using equation 3. Enter them in the table. Compare
your results with measured values.
5. State reasons of any discrepancy between the measured and the calculated
values

18
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#6

Load Characteristics of Shunt and Compound DC Generators

Objectives:

1. To study the load voltage vs. current characteristics of shunt connected DC

generator.

2. Study the load characteristics of a compound generator.

Apparatus:

1 DC motor-generator set
1 Tachometer
1 DC Voltmeter
2 DC Ammeters
1 Power Supply
1 Resistive load

Theory:

The terminal voltage of a shunt generator is written as:

Vt = Ea – Ia Ra (1)

Where Ia = If + IL

If is the shunt current and

IL is the load current

For a short shunt compound generator, the terminal equation is modified to

Vt = Ea – Ia Ra - IL Rsc (2)

Where Rsc is the resistance of the series winding.

19
Procedure:

1. Record the rated currents and voltages of the DC generator and the motor.
Record the rated speed of the motor and generator.

2. Make the connection as shown in fig.1.

+ -
A
Ia
R LINE
If
+ rheostat +
rheostat
+
+ +
M G
DC - - Ea Vt V
SHUNT
SUPPLY LOAD -
SHUNT
-
+ A -
-

Fig.1: Connection Diagram For Shunt Generator

3. Set the generator shunt field rheostat to its maximum value.

4. Set the motor shunt field to its minimum value.

5. Adjust the motor speed to almost rated value. You can go slightly higher than
the rated one. The motor speed can be adjusted by changing the resistance in
the motor field winding or with series resistance RLine.

6. Adjust the generator voltage to its rated value by controlling the field
rheostat. Keep the load disconnected during the voltage buildup.

7. Gradually change the load resistance from no load to about 120 % rated load.
Maintain the motor speed to same value.

8. Record the speed of the motor. Enter the load voltage, load current and field
current as in table.1 for different loading conditions. Take at least 10 sets of
readings.

Table.1

20
 VL
IL
If

9. Repeat the procedure for the compound generator given in fig.2.

10. Enter your readings in table similar to table.1.

+
A
R SERIES
+ LINE
Ia IL
If
+ + +
M G Ea V
DC - -
-
SUPPLY
SHUNT LOAD
+
- A

Fig.2: Connection Diagram for Compound Generator

REPORT:

1. Plot the load voltage and field current of the shunt generator against the load
current.
2. Repeat the above for the compound machine.
3. Find the voltage regulation at rated load from your experimental results for
both shunt and compound machines.
4. Comment which generator is better in terms of load characteristics and why?

21
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electrical Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#7

Torque Speed Characteristics of DC Shunt and Compound Motors

Objectives:

1. To study the variation of speed of shunt motor when load is changed.

2. To study speed vs. load characteristics of a compound motor.

Apparatus:

1 DC motor- generator set

1 Tachometer
1 DC Voltmeter
2 DC Ammeters
1 Power supply
1 Resistance

Theory:

For DC shunt and long shunt compound motors, current and flux are related by:

Vt = Ea + Ia Ra (1)

Ea = Ka ω m Φ (2)

Which gives

Vt − I a Ra
ωm = (3)
KaΦ

Using the equation

Ia = Tdev / (KaΦ) (4)

We can write

22
 1 Ra
ωm = Vt − Tdev (5)
KaΦ ( K a Φ) 2

Equation (5) shows the relation between torque, speed, terminal voltage and flux
of the motor.

Procedure:

1. Record the rated voltage, current and speed of the motor and the generator.
The generator is used to load the motor.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1

A A

+
Ia

+
DC + + DC FIELD
Ea
SUPPLY M G SUPPLY V
- - -
LOAD
-

Fig.1: The Shunt Motor Generator Connection

3. Adjust the generator field resistance to maximum and motor field to

minimum.

4. Start the motor and bring the speed to slightly more than rated.
5. Apply the generator field and buildup the voltage to its rated value.

6. Load the generator from no load to approximately 120 % full load by

switching in the load rack. Adjust the generator terminal voltage to the rated
value every time by varying the field rheostat and/or the field supply voltage.

7. Record the motor speed n (rpm) and the motor armature current Ia for every
load value of load.

8. Make connection as given in fig.2 for the compound motor.

23
 A A

+ SERIES
FIELD

+ + +
DC DC FIELD
M G V
SUPPLY - - SUPPLY
-
LOAD
-

Fig.2: The Compound Motor Generator Connection

9. Repeat steps 3 thru 7 for the compound motor.

Report:

1. Plot the speed vs. motor armature current for the DC shunt motor.

2. Repeat 1 for the compound motor.

3. Calculate the speed regulation from no load to full load of the DC shunt
motor.

4. Repeat 3 for the compound motor.

Compare the torque-speed characteristics of the two motors and note your
observation.

24
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#8

Determination of Parameters of Synchronous Generators

Objectives:

1. To determine the synchronous impedance of an alternator.

2. To determine its voltage regulation.

Apparatus

1 3Φ alternator
1 DC motor
1 AC Voltmeter
1 DC Ammeter
1 DC voltmeter
1 DC power supplies
1 Tachometer

Theory:

For a certain excitation the synchronous impedance per phase of a synchronous

machine can be calculated as

Zs = Ea / Ia (1)

Where Ea is the open circuit voltage per phase and Ia is the short circuit current.
The synchronous reactance then can be calculated as

X s = Z s2 − Ra2 (2)

Ra is considered as 1.5 times the armature DC resistance Rdc .Xs is the saturated
reactance when Ea is taken from the open circuit characteristics and
Ia is the corresponding short circuit current for the same excitation.
For a certain load current Ia, the internal voltage per phase can be written as

25
 Ea = Vt + Ia ( Rs + jXs ) (3)

Where Vt is the terminal voltage per phase. Note, Ia is a complex number

The voltage regulation of the generator at the rated load is given as:

VR = (VNL-VFL)/VFL X 100% (4)

Where, VNL = Ea

and VFL = Vt (rated)

Procedure:

1. Note the rated values of current, voltage and speed of the synchronous
generator as well as the motor that will drive the generator.
2. Connect the motor generator set as shown in fig.1 for the open circuit test.

A
+

+
FIELD DC FIELD
DC SUPPLY
SUPPLY - E
A

- C B

DC MOTOR SYN. ALTERNATOR

Fig.1: The Open Circuit Test

3. Adjust the alternator field rheostat to the maximum value and that for the
motor to the minimum value.
4. Adjust the motor speed to the synchronous speed of the alternator. You can
control the speed by the resistors in the line or in the motor field circuit.
5. Vary the field current in steps by varying the rheostat in the field circuit
and/or the supply voltage. Record the line-to-line voltage (E) and the filed
current If. Make sure that the speed remains constant through the whole test.
6. Take the readings upto 110 % of the rated voltage of the alternator.
7. Stop the motor and connect as in fig .2 for the short circuit test of the
alternator

26
 IA
A
A

A
+
DC FIELD
SUPPLY
FIELD
DC MOTOR -

C B

DC MOTOR SYN. ALTERNATOR

Fig.2 The Short Circuit Test

8. With the generator exciter off, bring DC motor upto synchronous speed.
Close the 3Φ switch and gradually increase the excitation. Record the field
current If and the armature current Ia. Take readings upto 120 % of the rated
generator current.
9. Switch the alternator exciter off. Stop the motor and make connection as
given in fig.3 for measurement of DC resistance of the armature.

A B

+
+
DC
V
POWER
SUPPLY -

- C
A

Fig.3: DC Resistance measurement Of The Alternator

10. Adjust the DC power supply so that the current flowing through the alternator
winding does not exceed the rated value. The DC resistance is given as

Rdc = Vdc / 2Id c

The armature resistance Ra can be considered to be 1.5 times Rdc

Note: the armature DC resistance can also be measured by an accurate

millimeter, or by some resistance measurement bridge.

27
Report:

1. Using the OCC and SCC test results, plot EA and IA against If on the same
graph paper.
2. From the plotted graphs, determine Zs and Xs using equations (1) and (2).
Calculate only the saturated value.
3. Calculate, analytically, the voltage regulation of the generator for the
following loading conditions:

One. Rated load, unity power factor

Two. Rated load, 0.8 lagging p.f
Three. Rated load, 0.8 leading p.f
Use equations (3) and (4).

28
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering - Experiment#9

Torque Speed Characteristics of 3Φ Induction Motors

Objectives:

1. To determine the torque speed characteristics.

2. To determine slip-torque characteristics.
3. To observe variation of efficiency.

APPARATUS:

1 3Φ induction motor
1 Prony brake
2 Wattmeters
1 3Φ variable power supply
1 Tachometer
1 Single pole switch
1 Digital Torquemeter

Theory:

The slip of an induction motor is defined as

ns − nr
s=
ns
where

ns is the synchronous speed

nr is the rotor speed

The efficiency of the motor is calculated from the ratio of the output mechanical
power to input electrical power as
Pout
η= x 100%
P

29
Procedure:

1. Record the rated values of the induction motor. Note the synchronous speed.
2. Couple the induction motor to the prony brake as shown in fig.1, adjust the
prony brake belt so that it is not very tight.
3. Connect the two wattmeters to read the total power.
4. Start the motor and perform a load to 5 Nm in steps of 0.5 Nm.

P1 M
a A
A

3Φ ac T

V1
ROTOR

B
b C
A

INDUCTION MOTOR Prony Brake

Fig.1: Connection of 3Φ Induction Motor

5. Prepare a table similar to table.1 on a separate sheet of paper. Record the

motor speed n (rpm) and load T(Nm) and the wattmeter readings P1 and P2
(watts).

Report

1. Calculate the total input power, the slip and the output power for each
reading.

Pout = 2 ( π / 60) Tn watts

Slip s = ( ns – n ) / ns

ns = 1800 rpm ( syn. Speed ).

2. Plot torque vs speed and torque vs slip.

3. Calculate efficiency of the motor and enter it in table.1.
4. Plot efficiency vs torque.
5. Find maximum torque and slip conditions.

30
Table.1

Torque-T Speed P1 P2 Ptotal Slip Pout (watts)

(P1+P2)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

31
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 306 Electric Energy Engineering-Experiment#10

DETERMINATION OF INDUCTION MOTOR PARAMETERS

Objective

The goal of this experiment is to determine the electrical parameters of a 3-ϕ

induction motor (primary and secondary resistance and reactance and the
magnetization branch values).

APPARATUS
1) 1 Three-Phase Induction Motor.
2) 1 Prony Brake.
3) 2 Digital Wattmeters.
4) 1 Three-Phase Variable AC Power Supply.
5) 1 DC Power Supply.
6) 1 DC Ammeter.
7) 1 DC Voltmeter.
8) 2 Three Phase Switches.

Introduction

Induction motor is an AC machine in which an alternating current is supplied to

the stator armature windings directly and to the rotor windings by induction.
Because it operates at balanced conditions, only a single phase is necessary. So,
the per-phase equivalent circuit of the induction motor in which the rotor
parameters are referred to the stator side is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen
from Figure 1 that the core loss represented by RC is neglected since its effect is
lumped with the rotational losses. The following equations can be derived:

V1 = E1 + (R1 + jX 1 )I 1 ................................................... (1)

⎛R ⎞
E1 = ⎜ 2 + jX 2 ⎟ I 2 ...................................................... (2)
⎝ s ⎠
To determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the three-phase
induction motor, it is subjected to three tests.

32
 I1 R1 j X1 I2 j X2

+ +
V1 j Xm E1 R2 / s

_ _

Figure 1: Per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction motor referred to the stator

Proceedure

A. DC Test

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2 (while the motor is at standstill), apply
the dc voltage Vdc until the current Idc flowing in the induction motor is the rated
value. The stator resistance per phase can be calculated as R1 = Vdc / (2 Idc)..
I dc
A A

V
Vdc R1

R1

B R1
C

Figure 2: DC test for the determination of the stator resistance

B. No Load Test

Rated balanced voltage at rated frequency is applied to the stator, and the motor
is allowed to run on no-load. When the machine runs on no-load, the slip is close
to zero, and the circuit to the right of the shunt branch in Figure l is taken to be
an open circuit. Thus the equivalent circuit to the no-load test conditions is given
in Figure 3. Because of the relatively low value of rotor frequency, the rotor core
loss is practically negligible at no-load. From Figure 3, it follows that

Protational = Pnl − 3I nl2 R1 ................................................... (3)

P
Rnl = nl2 = R1 + lumped losses .................................... (4)
3 I nl
Vnl
Z nl = = Rnl2 + X nl2 ............................................ (5)
3 I nl
X nl = Z nl2 − Rnl2 = X 1 + X m ......................................... (6)

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 Pnl
No load power factor = cos ϕ 0 = ..................... (7)
3 Vnl I nl
Inl R1 j X1

+
Vnl /sqrt(3) j Xm

Figure 3: Approximate equivalent circuit for no load test

Perform the following:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4. Apply the rated voltage.

2. Measure the rated voltage Vo = Vnl.
3. Measure the line current (Ia = Ib = Ic = Inl).
4. Measure the wattmeters powers W1 and W2, so Pnl = W1 + W2.
5. Calculate Rnl, Xnl, Znl, and φ0 from equations (4)−(7).
a W1
Ia
A

b V0
3 Phase Supply Rated
Voltage Ib

c B C
Ic
W3
2

Figure 4: Schematic diagram for the no load test

C. Blocked-Rotor Test

In this test, the rotor of the induction motor is blocked so that the slip is equal to
unity, and a reduced voltage value is applied to the machine stator terminals so
that the rated current flows through the stator windings. The iron losses are
assumed to be negligible in this test. Also, the shunt branch is neglected for this
test since the excitation current is small. The equivalent circuit corresponding to
the blocked rotor test condition is given in Figure 5. From Figure 5, it then
follows that
Pbl
Rbl = = R1 + R2 .................................................... (8)
3 I bl2

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 Vbl
Z bl = = Rbl2 + X bl2 ............................................ (9)
3 I bl
X bl = Z bl2 − Rbl2 = X 1 + X 2 .......................................... (10)
The following assumption can be taken:
1
X1 = X 2 = X bl ......................................................... (11)
2
Finally, the magnetization reactance can be found:
X m = X nl − X 1 ............................................................ (12)
Ibl R1 j X1 j X2

+
Vbl /sqrt(3) R2
_

Figure 5: Approximate equivalent circuit for blocked rotor test

Perform the following:

1. Connect the circuit as in Figure 6. Keep the applied voltage to zero at
starting.
2. Increase the applied voltage until the rated current flows in the stator
winding.
3. Measure the applied voltage VS = Vbl.
4. Measure the line current (Ia = Ib = Ic = Ibl).
5. Measure the wattmeters powers W1 and W2, so Pbl = W1 + W2.
6. Apply equations 8−12 to calculate the parameters X1, X2 , Xm , R2 .

a W1
Ia
A

V
VS
b 0
3 Phase
Supply Ib

Brake
c B C
Ic
W32
Figure 6: Schematic diagram for the blocked-rotor test

35
Report

1. Record the ratings of the induction motor and determine the number of its
poles.
2. Find the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the three-phase induction
motor.
3. Draw the equivalent circuit of the induction motor and put the values of the
parameters that you found in the previous question along with their symbols.
4. Determine the no load power angle.
5. Determine the combined rotational losses of the motor.

36
 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS

Electric Engineering Department

EE 360 LAB – EXP # 1 & 4

Loading Combination for different power factors

(New load banks).

1. Y CONNECTION

Pf Loading P1 P2 PT VAB VCB IA P.f P.f

(W) (W) (W) (V) (V) (A) Cal.

480W+420W+120W
480W+420W
480W+120W
480W
0.8 480W+420W+420W
lag +all inductance (22.9)
mH
0.8 480W+420W+420W
Lead +all capacitors (22.9)
mH

2. DELTA (∆) CONNECTION

For the above combinations of loading in ∆ connection reduce the applied

voltage (60 V) to limit the line current (same as in Y connected load).

37