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Abstract—In this paper, an optimization technique is distortion. There are different approaches for the
proposed to compute switching angles at fundamental selection of switching techniques for the multilevel
frequency switching scheme by solving non linear inverters [4]-[9], one of the important techniques is
transcendental equations (known as selective harmonic selective harmonic elimination (SHE) method. In SHE
elimination equations), thereby eliminating certain
predominating lower order harmonics, and simultaneously,
technique, certain predominating lower order harmonics
control over magnitude of output voltage of a multilevel are eliminated whereas higher order harmonics are
inverter is achieved. As these equations are nonlinear filtered using suitable filter. Switching angles are
transcendental in nature, there may exist simple, multiple or computed by solving the SHE equations, but it is difficult
even no solution for a particular value of a modulation to solve SHE equations because of their nonlinear
index. The proposed scheme is implemented in such a way characteristics. Due to nonlinear nature, solution of these
that all possible solutions are obtained without knowing equations may be simple, multiple or even no solution for
proper initial guess at the solutions. Moreover, this a particular value of modulation index (m). A big task is
technique is suitable for higher level of multilevel inverters how to get all possible solutions when they exist using
where other existing methods fail to compute the switching
angles due to more computational burden. For the values of
simple and less computationally complex method. Once
modulation indices where multiple solutions exist, the these solutions are obtained, the solutions having least
solutions which produce least THD in the output voltage is THD are selected for switching purpose.
chosen. A significant decrease in THD is obtained by In [4], [5], iterative numerical techniques such as
considering multiple solution sets instead of taking a single Newton- Raphson method have been implemented to
set of solution. The computational results are shown solve the SHE equations producing only one solution set,
graphically for better understanding and to prove the and even for this a proper initial guess and starting value
effectiveness of the method. An experimental 11-level of m for which solutions exist are required. Some
cascade multilevel inverter is employed to validate the techniques as discussed in [6], [7], here SHE equations
computational results.
are first converted into polynomial equations, and then
Index Terms—Cascade multilevel inverter, modulation the resulting polynomial equations are solved using
index, objective function, total harmonic distortion (THD), theory of resultants of polynomials and the theory of
sequential quadratic programming (SQP). symmetrical polynomials, producing all possible
solutions. A difficulty with these approaches is that for
I. INTRODUCTION higher levels of multilevel inverter the order of
polynomials becomes very high, thereby making the
Multilevel inverters are more advanced and latest type computations of solutions of these polynomial equations
of power electronic converters that synthesize a desired very complex. Optimization techniques based on Genetic
output voltage from several levels of dc voltages as Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimizations
inputs. By taking sufficient number of dc sources, a (PSO) have been discussed in [8], [9] for computing
nearly sinusoidal voltage waveform can be synthesized. switching angles only for 7-level multilevel inverters.
In comparison with the hard-switched two-level pulse The implementation of these approaches requires proper
width modulation inverters, multilevel inverters offer selection of certain parameters such as population size,
several advantages including their capabilities to operate mutation rate, initial weight etc. It becomes difficult to
at high voltage with lower voltage stress per switching, select these parameters for higher level multilevel
high efficiency and low electromagnetic interferences [1], inverters. To circumvent above mentioned problems, a
[3] etc. simple optimization technique based on sequential
To synthesize multilevel output ac voltage using quadratic programming (SQP) is proposed in this paper to
different levels of dc inputs, semiconductor devices must solve SHE equations which produces all possible
be switched on and off in such a way that desired solutions. The proposed technique is implemented in such
fundamental is obtained with minimum harmonic a way that all possible solutions for any number of H-
bridges connected in series are computed by using any
arbitrary initial guess with negligible computational
1 Corresponding author: Tel. No. +91-9410747840, Email Addresses:
jkb70dee@iitr.ernet.in, jk_bishnoi@yahoo.com
effort. A complete analysis for an 11-level inverter using
S1 S2
v a5 +
n Vdc _
S3 S4
Figure 1. Configuration of a single-phase 11-level CMLI. Figure 2. Output voltage waveform of an 11-level CMLI.
Similarly from (1), expressions for 5th, 7th, 11th, and
By connecting the sufficient number of H-bridges in th
13 harmonic components (scaled values) are given as:
182
© 2009 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
RESEARCH PAPER
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 1, No. 3, May 2009
optimization toolbox [12].
cos(5α1 ) + cos(5α 2 ) + ... + cos(5α 5 ) = h5
V. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS
cos(7α 1 ) + cos(7α 2 ) + ... + cos(7α 5) = h7
By implementing the proposed method, all possible
cos(11α1 ) + cos(11α 2 ) + ... + cos(11α 5 ) = h11 solution sets for an 11-level CMLI were computed and a
complete analysis is also presented. Starting with any
cos(13α1 ) + cos(13α 2 ) + ... + cos(13α 5 ) = h13 (3)
random initial guess all solution sets were computed by
incrementing m in small steps from 0 to 1. The nature of
Equations (2) and (3) in combined form are known as the results obtained is shown (only in the range of m
SHE equations in terms of five unknowns α1, α2, α3, α4, where solutions occur) in Fig. 3. By using preliminary
and α5; provided that h5, h7, h11, h13 are identically zero. computed results from Fig. 3, complete solution sets were
For the given value of m (from 0 to1), it is required to get computed as shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen from the Fig.
complete and all possible solutions for the switching 4 that the solutions do not exist at lower and upper ends
angle (0 to π/2) when the solutions exist, with minimum of the modulation indices and also for m = [0.3800
computational burden and complexity. 0.4400], [0.7300 0.7310], and [0.7330 0.7470]. Multiple
Following objective function is formulated to solve solution sets exist for m = [0.5050 0.5800], [0.6120
SHE equations using optimization technique: 0.7000]. Even some solutions existing in very narrow
range of m = [0.3760 0.3790], [0.5470 0.5490], [0.7320]
Φ (α1 ,α 2 , α 3 ,α 4 , α 5 ) = h5 + h7 + h11 + h13 (4)
2 2 2 2 were also obtained by implementing the proposed
method, hence this demonstrate the capability of
proposed method in computing all possible solution sets.
Now, (4) is to be minimized subject to equality
constraints given by (2) and 0 ≤ α1 < α2 < … < α5 ≤ π/2.
Feasible solutions exist only where objective function (4)
is identically zero.
183
© 2009 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
RESEARCH PAPER
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 1, No. 3, May 2009
2 2 2
V17 + V19 + ... + V49 Figure 5. THD of different solution sets.
THD = × 100 (5)
V1
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© 2009 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
RESEARCH PAPER
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 1, No. 3, May 2009
VII. CONCLUSION
The selective harmonic elimination method at
fundamental frequency switching scheme has been
implemented using the optimization technique that
produces all possible solution sets when they exist. In
comparison with other suggested methods, the proposed
technique has many advantages such as: it can produce all
possible solution sets for any numbers of multilevel
inverter without much computational burden, speed of
convergence is fast, it can produce continuous solutions
for the complete range of modulation index thereby
giving more flexibility in control action etc. The proposed
technique was successfully implemented for computing
the switching angles for 11-level CMLI. A complete
analysis for 11-level inverter has been presented and it is
shown that a significant amount of THD reduction can be
attained if all possible solution sets are computed.
REFERENCES
[1] Jih-Sheng Lai, Fang Zheng Peng, “Multilevel Converters-
A New Breed of Power Converters”, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 509-517,
May/June 1996.
[2] Fang Zheng Peng, Jih-Sheng Lai, et al, “A Multilevel
Voltage-Source Inverter with Separate DC Sources for
Static Var Generation”, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1130-1138,
September/October 1996.
[3] F. Z. Peng, J. W. McKeever, and D. J. Adams, “Cascade
Multilevel Inverters for Utility Applications”, IECON
Proceedings (Industrial Electronics Conference), vol. 2, pp.
437-442, 1997.
[4] L. M. Tolbert, F. Z. Peng, and T.G. Habetler, “Multilevel
converters for large electric drives”, IEEE Transactions on
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