HARDWARE

In this hardware section, we have many modules. Each and every module
has its own functionality. The project has the hard ware as; sensor section, signal
holding section, switch board, power supply and relay section..

POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is one of the important

things. The most of the electronic devices and circuits are
operated in DC only. Actually our acquiring voltage is 220 to
230 volts AC. The electronic circuits are not capable of
operated in this voltage. The 230 V are very high. To make
use of this 230 volts to electronic circuits, we have a
method to step down this. For the step down of voltage, the
steps down transformers are used. The step down
transformer step down the 230 volts to user required
voltage. In this project, 230 volts is step down to 12 volts
AC. But, electronic circuits are worked in DC voltages. For
converting AC to DC, we used another circuit called
‘Rectifier’.

The rectifier is accepted the AC input from step

down transformer and yields output as DC of same voltage.
In the rectifier the diods are arranged as shown as the
figure shown that diods always rectifies the current in both
directions and produce the continuous signal in single
direction. In this project we provide a 1000mp capacitor for
filtering purpose. The filter is a device which allows to pass
only DC or AC through it. Inthis project we provide the AC
filter. The filter in this project allows to pass DC only. Then
another important thing is the voltage regulator. Actually
we use this voltage regulators for regulating voltages. That
means, if you get the out put voltage as 12 volts. But, you
want 9 volts only, then at out put side we put an 9 volts
voltage regulator for getting the 9 volts out put with 12
volts in put. Basically the voltage regulators are classified in
to two types.
They are positive regulators and negative regulators. The
positive regulators has its number as 78XX. The number 78
represents the positive voltage regulator. Remaining XX
follows the number basing on the voltage that device can
regulate. For example the IC number 7812 regulate 12 volts
of voltage. Like that the 79XX version regulate the negative
voltage. The power supply diagram is as shown in figure
below:

In the above figure we can observe the following

components clearly. Transformer, four diods arranged in the
form of bridge, an 1000mp capacitor, an 7812 voltage
regulator for regulate 12 volts of voltage and 0.1 pf
capacitor.
The data sheets about the 7812 is mentioned below and
explained well…………………..

RELAY SECTION

The relays are mainly used for switching purpose.

The relay is working on the principle of the electro magnetic
induction. When the current passed through the relay, then
the magnetic field produced in the relay then the relay get
activated the middle pin the pin shifted from N/C to N/O,
then the relay is said to de in activated………

If the relay is to be activated then the pins

are operating the relay controlling circuit. The relay has four
power connections like transformer. The two of the power
supplies are to operating the relay. Another two supplies
are for the circuit which was controlling by relay…….

RELAY IN CIRCUIT

MICROCONTROLLER SECTION

The microcontroller used in this project is AT89C51. This

is 8 bit CISC based architecture microcontroller belongs to
8051 family. This microcontroller had four ports named
port0,port1,port2,port3. Each port had 8 I/O lines total 32
I/O lines are there in this controller. We use this lines for
sensor interfacing and display controlling and relay, LED
controlling. The circuit diagram is shown below:
This controller 40th pin is connected to 5VDC and 20th pin
to ground. 31st pin of this IC is connected to VCC because
we are using the internal flash ROM to programming HEX
file. This controller accepts HEX file as executable file.
For creating HEX file we can use C51 compiler. After
writing the program in desired language, we can convert
our programe file to hex file and write this file to internal
64KB programmable ROM to pass executable instructions
to controller processor. The controller is provided with
reset circuit to direct the program counter to starting
position or initial position of our programmed ROM every
time while reset power or manual reset. For this we use
10mfd capacitor to 9th pin and grounded this pin with 8k2
resistor, 9th pin is reset pin in this controller.

External clock is provided to controller for

regulating instruction and execution cycles. This circuit is
connected between 18th and 19th pin. This circuit has on
crystal of 11.0592 MHZ and two 33pf capacitors. The
sensors are connected to port 2 and reading the sensor
values to port and basing on that port we are going to
control the entire circuit. This we will see in software
section. We control the relay and LEDs. The remaining
complete information of controller is gathered form its
data sheet.
 DISPLAY UNIT

The display unit used in this project is 16X2 liquid

crystal diode display (LCD display). 16X2 means 16
character 2 line display. This display has 16 pins.

Pin1: Ground-is going to be ground signal.

Pin2: VCC- is provided with vcc 5V DC.
Pin3: VEE- is used to regulate contrast of display.
Pin4: RS-Read status pins to enable read register access.
Pin5: R/W- Read write pin to set the display unit
status read or write, to set it in read mode we should
ground it.
Pin6: E-this pin is used to enable the access of display
unit.
Pin7-Pin14: D0-data0 to controller data port port0.
Pin15: LED+-this pin is for back light of display.
Pin16: LED- - this pin is for back light of display.