Diagram Fasa

Fe-Fe3C PHASE DIAGRAM
In their simplest form, steels are alloys of Iron

铁
(Fe) and Carbon (C). The Fe-C phase diagram
is a fairly complex one, but we will only 碳
consider the steel and cast iron part of the
diagram, up to around 7% Carbon. 相
图
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IMPORTANCE OF Fe-Fe3C SYSTEM
l Of all binary alloy systems, the one that is possibly
the most important is that for iron and carbon.
l Both steels and cast irons, primary structural
materials in every technologically advanced
culture, are essentially iron-carbon alloys.
l The focus of this lecture is to study the phase
diagram for this system and the development of
microstructures.
l The relationships between heat treatment,
microstructure, and mechanical properties are
based on the phase diagram of this system.

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT IRON?
铁素体
α-ferrite  solid
solution of C in BCC Fe
ØStable form of iron at room
temperature.
ØThe maximum solubility of C
is 0.022 wt%.
ØTransforms to FCC γ-
austenite at 912oC
奥氏体
γ-austenite - solid
solution of C in FCC Fe
ØThe maximum solubility of C
is 2.14 wt %.
ØTransforms to BCC δ-ferrite
奥氏体 at 1395oC
ØIs not stable below the
eutectoid temperature (727oC)
unless cooled rapidly

δ-铁素体
δ-ferrite solid
solution of C in
BCC Fe
ØThe same structure
as α-ferrite
ØStable only at high
T, above 1394oC
ØMelts at 1538oC

Fe3C (iron carbide or

cementite)
ØThis intermetallic compound
is metastable, it remains as
a compound indefinitely at
room T, but decomposes
(very slowly, within several
years) into α-Fe and C
(graphite) at 650-700oC
渗碳体
A FEW COMMENTS ABOUT Fe-Fe3C
l C is an interstitial
impurity in Fe. It
forms a solid
solution with α, γ, δ
phases of iron.
l Maximum solubility
in BCC α-ferrite is
limited (max.0.022
wt% at 727oC) -
BCC has relatively l Maximum solubility in FCC
small interstitial austenite is 2.14 wt% at
positions. 1147oC - FCC has larger
interstitial positions
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
l Cementite is very hard and brittle - can strengthen
steels.
l Mechanical properties also depend on the

microstructure, that is, how ferrite and cementite
are mixed.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
l α -ferrite is magnetic below 768oC,
l Austenite is non-magnetic.

Commercially pure iron Steel Cast Iron
(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS ALLPYS

(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
Eutectoid Steel
(C=0.76%)
共析钢

(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
Hypoeutectoid Steel
(C<0.76%)
亚共析钢

(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
Hypereutectoid Steel
(C>0.76%)
过共析钢

(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
Eutectic Cast Iron

(C=4.3%)
共晶白
口铸铁

(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
Hypoeutectic Cast Iron

(C<4.3%)
亚共晶
白口铸铁

(C<0.02%) (C:0.02~2.14%) (C:2.14~6.70%)
Hypereutectic Cast Iron

(C<4.3%)
过共晶
白口铸铁

IMPORTANT LINES AND REACTIONS

A
H B
J
Liquidus line
D
E F
C
Solidus line

A
H B
J
E F
莱氏体
C
Ledeburite
S
珠光体
P A1 k
Pearlite

A
H B
J
L+δ D
E F
C
γ, Austenite
Peritectic: 0.17 wt%C, 1493oC

L+δ ↔ γ

A
H B
J
Liquidus line
D
E F
C
Solidus line
Acm
G
Solvus line, solubility limit of C in γ.
A3 Fe3CII, proeutectoid Fe3C,二次渗碳体，
S
P 由奥氏体中析出，常呈网状分布于奥氏
体的晶界
Solvus line, solubility limit of C in α.

QFe3CIII, 三次渗碳体，沿铁素体晶界，较少，略

EQUILIBRIUM MICROSTRUCTURE
2 1 3 5 4 6

EUTECTOID
l When alloy of
eutectoid
composition (0.76
wt % C) is cooled
slowly it forms
pearlite, a lamellar
or layered
structure of two
phases: α-ferrite
and cementite
(Fe3C)

Pearlite
l The pearlite exists as grains, often termed “colonies”;
within each colony the layers are oriented in the
same direction, which varies from one colony to
another.
colony
ferrite
cementite
Pearlite
l The layers of alternating phases in pearlite are
formed for the same reason as layered structure of
eutectic structures: redistribution C atoms between
ferrite (0.022 wt%) and cementite (6.7 wt%) by
atomic diffusion.
l Mechanically,
pearlite has
properties
intermediate to soft,
ductile ferrite and
hard, brittle
cementite.

HYPOEUTECTOID
l In α+γ region, the

composition of α
phase changes along
MN, the composition 先共析铁素体
of γ phase changes
along MO…
HYPOEUTECTOID
l Hypoeutectoid alloys
contain proeutectoid
ferrite (formed above
the eutectoid
temperature) plus the
eutectoid pearlite that
contain eutectoid
ferrite and cementite.
Microstructure of a 0.38wt% steel.

Courtesy Republic Steel Corp.

HYPEREUTECTOID
l In γ+Fe3C region, the

composition of
cementite phase
remains constant, the 二次渗碳体
composition of γ phase
changes along PO…
HYPEREUTECTOID
l Hypereutectoid alloys
contain proeutectoid
cementite (formed
above the eutectoid
temperature) plus
pearlite that contain
eutectoid ferrite and
cementite.
Microstructure of a 1.4wt% steel.

Courtesy U.S. Steel Corp.

CALCULATION OF PHASE AMOUNT
l Application of the lever rule with tie line that extends
from the eutectoid composition (0.75 wt% C) to α–
(α+ Fe3C) boundary (0.022 wt% C) for hypoeutectoid
alloys and to (α + Fe3C) – Fe3C boundary (6.7 wt%
C) for hypereutectoid alloys.
Fraction of pearlite:
T C0' − 0.022 C0' − 0.022

Wp = = =
T + U 0.76 − 0.022 0.74
Fraction of proeutectoid α:
U 0.76 − C0' 0.76 − C0'
Wα ' = = =
T + U 0.76 − 0.022 0.74

CALCULATION OF PHASE AMOUNT
l Application of the lever rule with tie line that extends
from the eutectoid composition (0.75 wt% C) to α–
(α+ Fe3C) boundary (0.022 wt% C) for hypoeutectoid
alloys and to (α + Fe3C) – Fe3C boundary (6.7 wt%
C) for hypereutectoid alloys.
Fraction of pearlite:
X 6.7 − C1' 6.7 − C1'

Wp = = =
V + X 6.7 − 0.76 5.94
Fraction of proeutectoid cementite:
V C1' − 0.76 C1' − 0.76
WFe C ' = = =
3
V + X 6.70 − 0.76 5.94

EUTECTIC
L
莱氏体Ld
Fe3CII γ+Fe3C
共晶渗碳体
二次渗碳体
P+ Fe3CII +Fe3C
变态莱氏体Ld’
HYPOEUTECTIC
L
先共晶奥氏体
γI+L
Fe3CII γI+Ld(γ+Fe
Fe3C)
C
莱氏体
二次渗碳体
P+Fe3CII + Ld’( P + Fe3CII+ Fe3C )

由γI析出由γ析出

HYPEREUTECTIC
L
一次渗碳体
L+Fe3CI
Fe3CII Ld(γ+Fe3C) +Fe3CI
二次渗碳体莱氏体
Ld’( P + Fe3CII +Fe3C ) +Fe3CI

INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
l Addition of alloying elements affects the position of
eutectoid with respect to temperature and to carbon
concentration.
l The purpose of alloying: improve corrosion resistance,
and/or render amenable to heat treatment.

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Fe-Fe3C PHASE DIAGRAM

In their simplest form, steels are alloys of Iron

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Fe3C (iron carbide or

l Mechanical properties also depend on the

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Eutectic Cast Iron

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Hypoeutectic Cast Iron

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Hypereutectic Cast Iron

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Peritectic: 0.17 wt%C, 1493oC

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Solvus line, solubility limit of C in α.

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l In α+γ region, the

Microstructure of a 0.38wt% steel.

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l In γ+Fe3C region, the

Microstructure of a 1.4wt% steel.

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T C0' − 0.022 C0' − 0.022

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X 6.7 − C1' 6.7 − C1'

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P+Fe3CII + Ld’( P + Fe3CII+ Fe3C )

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Fe3CII Ld(γ+Fe3C) +Fe3CI

Ld’( P + Fe3CII +Fe3C ) +Fe3CI

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