silver bullet

In folklore, the silver bullet is supposed to be the only kind of bullet for firearms that is effective against
a Werewolf, witch, or some monsters

Repression

The act of repressing; control by holding down; "his goal was the repression of rudeness"

Acupuncture is a practice in which needles are inserted into various traditionally determined points of
the body ("acupuncture points")

Austerity means harshness, strictness, severity, can be used like Govt. took Austerity measures.

Glory shall be one day yours to enjoy.

Some efforts has been made to clamp down on piracy

1. Consider one breach of international law that takes place routinely in Pakistan’s theatre halls:
that of copyright and intellectual property rights laws regarding literary and artistic works
2. We were sent a legal agreement that asked whether we intended to translate or adapt the
script in any way, detailed how far we could take liberties with it, the ‘rules’ to which we must
adhere while using the author and play’s name for publicity or other purposes, and so on.
3. In the domain of ethical and intellectual corruption, few would find their hands unstained.
4. jockeying yourself in front of the line while renewing your ID card or at an airline counter, most
of us are guilty

Conclusion:

Pakistan is not lawless because of the lack of laws. It is lawless because on the one hand, the will to
enforce the laws is lacking; and on the other hand — more importantly — most people are happy to
break the law if the likelihood is that they will get away with it. Those of us who call themselves law-
abiding are so because we’re afraid of the consequences, not because we’re willing to resist temptation

5. Opposites : “But to no avail” And “To little avail”.

Musical chairs

http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/14/musical-chairs.html

1. Friday`s app-ointments brought with them a sense of déjà vu (already seen) rather than a breath
of fresh air.
2. This is a welcome move in light of the dire state of the economy.

Global repression

http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/global-repression.html

If countries far wealthier and more educated than Pakistan are hampered (restricted) by curbs
(boundaries) on freedom and reactionary appeals to some mythical, glorious past, whether state-
imposed or not, what chance do we have? Even as space for moderate voices shrinks, it is worth
remembering that it is probably shrinking the world over. What this also means is that change will not
come overnight in Pakistan and that we might as well give up hope in our favourite silver bullets —
economic growth and education. The world’s example shows us that those will only go so far.
Meanwhile, we should take comfort in the fact that we are not alone in the league of repressive nations.
In fact, on this front, we are among the leaders of the pack.
6.
Cities And Countries

Http://Www.Englisharticles.Info/2010/05/03/Greece/

GREECE:

Greece is a small country where Western civilization started about 2,500 years ago. In those days,
Greece controlled much of the land bordering the Mediterranean and Black seas. Athens is the capital
and the largest city of Greece. In Athens and other parts of Greece, magnificent ruins stand as
monuments to the nation’s glorious past.

About one-fourth of the workers in Greece earn their living by farming, and agriculture is an important
economic activity. But mountains cover most of Greece, and the land is rocky with little fertile soil. A
Greek legend tells that God sifted the earth through a strainer while making the world.

He made one country after another with the good soil that sifted through, and threw away the stones
left in the strainer. According to the legend, these stones became Greece. No part of Greece is more
than 85 miles (137  ilometers) from the sea. The Greeks have always been seafaring people. About a fifth
of Greece consists of islands. The mainland makes up the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula,
extending into the Mediterranean Sea. Many ancient Greek legends, including those about Ulysses and
Jason, center on sea voyages. Today, Greece has one of the largest merchant fleets in the world. The
Greeks came under the control of invaders for more than 2,000 years. They lost their independence to
the Macedonians in 338 B.C. The Greeks did not regain their independence until A.D. 1829, from the
Ottoman Empire. Since then, Greece has had many serious political problems, largely because of weak
or undemocratic governments. In ancient times, the Greeks established the traditions of justice and
individual freedom that are basic to democracy. Their arts, philosophy, and science became foundations
of Western thought and culture.

World War I began in 1914. Venizelos urged that Greece fight with the Allies against Germany and its
partners. But King Constantine, whose wife was a sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, kept Greece
neutral. Venizelos started a revolutionary movement. It was supported by the Allies, who had
established a military base at Thessaloniki. In 1917, Constantine was forced to give the throne to his son,
Alexander I. Greece entered the war on the side of the Allies on July 2, 1917. Thousands of Greek troops
joined the British, French, and Serbians at their Thessaloniki base, from which they attacked the
Bulgarians and Turks. In September 1918, the Greeks and other Allied forces moved north. They
defeated the Bulgarians, who signed an armistice at Thessaloniki. The entire war ended on November
11. The peace treaties that followed World War I gave Greece most of the territories it had long sought.
From the Ottoman Empire, Greece got eastern Thrace; some islands in the Aegean Sea, including two at
the entrance to the Dardanelles; and temporary control of the Smyrna (now Izmir) region in Asia Minor.
The Greeks gained western Thrace from Bulgaria.

King Alexander died in 1920, and Constantine I returned to the throne. In 1921, Constantine renewed
the war against the Ottoman Empire by sending Greek forces into Asia Minor. The Ottomans dealt the
Greeks a crushing defeat in 1922, and a military revolt forced Constantine from the throne. His son,
George II, replaced him. A revolution ended the Ottoman Empire in 1922. It became the Republic of
Turkey the next year.
In 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne, Greece returned the Turkish territories it had gained after World
War I. The treaty also provided for ending the tensions produced by Turkish rule over Greeks. It required
over 1,250,000 Greeks in Turkey to move to Greece and 400,000 Turks in Greece to move to Turkey.
After the Greek migration, the only Greeks under foreign rule were in northern Epirus in Albania, British-
held Cyprus, and the Italian-held Dodecanese Islands.

ISRAEL

Israel is a small country in southwestern Asia. It occupies a narrow strip of land on the eastern shore of
the Mediterranean Sea. Israel was founded in 1948 as a homeland for Jews from all parts of the world,
and more than 4 out of 5 of its people are Jews. Even Jews who live elsewhere consider Israel their
spiritual home. Almost all the non-Jews in Israel are Arabs. Jerusalem is Israel’s capital and largest city.

Israel makes up most of the Biblical Holy Land, the place where the religious and national identity of the
Jews developed. According to the Bible, Abraham, the father of the Jewish people, established a Semitic
population in the Holy Land. Many scholars believe this happened sometime between 1800 and 1500
B.C.

Eventually this land fell to a series of conquerors, including–in 63 B.C.–the Romans. Following
unsuccessful Jewish revolts against Roman rule in A.D. 66-70 and A.D. 132-135, the Romans forced most
of the Jews to leave. The Romans then began to call this region by the word that became Palestine in
English. Palestine was ruled by the Roman and then the Byzantine empires until the A.D. 600′s, when
Arabs conquered the region. From that time until the mid-1900′s, the majority of people in Palestine
were Arabs.

In the late 1800′s, European Jews formed a movement called Zionism, which sought to establish a
Jewish state in Palestine. Jewish immigrants began arriving in Palestine in large numbers, and by the
early 1900′s friction had developed between the Jewish and Arab populations. In 1947, the United
Nations (UN) proposed dividing the region into an Arab state and a Jewish state. On May 14, 1948, the
nation of Israel officially came into being. The surrounding Arab nations immediately attacked the new
state, in the first of several Arab-Israeli wars. In 1967, at the end of one of the wars, Israeli troops
occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank–territories that are home to more than 1 million Palestinian
Arabs. Israel’s occupation of these territories further inflamed Arab-Israeli tensions. In 1994, Israeli
troops withdrew from the Gaza Strip, and by 1996, they had withdrawn from most cities and towns of
the West Bank. The withdrawals were part of 1993 and 1995 agreements with the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO), which represents Palestinian Arabs. For more details, see the Recent developments
section of this article. Israel has few natural resources and imports more goods than it exports. Still, it
has achieved a relatively high standard of living. Almost all of its adults can read and write, and the level
of unemployment is low. Jewish settlers have established major industries, drained swamps, and
irrigated deserts.

Although it is a small country, Israel has a diverse terrain that includes mountains, deserts, seashores,
and valleys. Israel has a pleasant climate, with hot, dry summers, and cool, mild winters.

TENSIONS BETWEEN ISRAEL AND THE PALESTINIANS

Recent developments. From the mid-1980′s to the early 1990′s, thousands of Ethiopian Jews moved to
Israel. Also, hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews moved there. The influx of newcomers led to
problems in housing and employment. Israel continued to build new settlements in occupied territories,
in part to accommodate the immigrants. Despite protests from Palestinians, Shamir and Likud backed
these construction projects. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. In early 1991, the United States and
other countries defeated Iraq in the Persian Gulf War. During the war, Iraq fired missiles at Israel. In
October 1991, peace talks began between Israel, Syria, Lebanon, and a joint Jordanian-Palestinian
delegation. Israel’s Labor Party gained control of the government in June 1992 parliamentary elections.
In July, Labor Party leader Yitzhak Rabin replaced Shamir as prime minister. Rabin agreed to limit
construction of new Jewish settlements in the occupied territories as a step toward a peace agreement.

The PLO was not a participant in the peace talks that began in October 1991. But in September 1993,
Israel and the PLO recognized each other and signed an agreement that included steps to end their
conflicts. As a result of this agreement and another signed in September 1995, Israel withdrew its troops
from the Gaza Strip and most cities and towns of the West Bank by early 1996.

Palestinians took control of these areas. In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty that
formally ended the state of war that had technically existed between the countries since 1948. Not all
Israelis agreed with the peace process, and some protested it. Some opponents argued, for example,
that Israel was giving away land that should historically belong to it. On Nov. 4, 1995, Rabin was
assassinated in Tel Aviv by a right-wing Israeli university student who was opposed to his policies.
Following the assassination, Peres, who had been foreign minister, became prime minister. In May 1996,
Israel held its first elections in which the people directly voted for the prime minister. Benjamin
Netanyahu, the Likud leader and a critic of the Israeli-PLO peace agreements, defeated Peres in the
elections. Netanyahu claimed that the peace agreements do not include enough provisions for Israel,
such as guaranteed security and allowance for its population growth. Tensions between Israel and the
Palestinians grew after the 1996 elections. In 1996 and 1997, Israel announced plans to expand Israeli
settlements in the West Bank and to build new Israeli housing in East Jerusalem. Both decisions met
with angry and violent protests from the Palestinians. Also in 1997, however, Israel completed an
agreement with the PLO over the withdrawal of Israeli troops from most of the West Bank city of
Hebron. In October 1998, Israel and the Palestinians signed another agreement, called the Wye River
Memorandum. The accord called for Israel to turn over more land in the West Bank to Palestinian
control, and it allowed a Palestinian airport in the Gaza Strip to open. Also as a result of the agreement,
the PLO revised its charter to remove language calling for the destruction of Israel. Many conservative
members of the Israeli parliament and in Netanyahu’s Cabinet opposed the accord. In December 1998,
Netanyahu, claiming that the PLO was not fulfilling its security commitments, suspended Israeli troop
withdrawals. That same month, the Israeli parliament voted to dissolve itself and scheduled new
elections.

In May 1999, Ehud Barak, leader of the Labor Party, was elected prime minister of Israel. Barak favored
renewing the peace process with the Palestinians. In September, Barak and Palestinian leader Yasir
Arafat signed a new agreement that revived and expanded on the previous Wye River Memorandum.
Israel resumed its troop withdrawals from the West Bank shortly after the agreement was signed.

In May 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from the security zone it had established in southern Lebanon.
Hezbollah guerrillas then took control of the area. Hezbollah, also spelled Hizbollah, is a movement that
opposed the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. Guerrillas from the group had often clashed with the Israelis
and the Israeli-backed South Lebanon Army.
China

China, (People’s Republic of China), is situated in eastern Asia, bounded by the Pacific in the
east. The third largest country in the world, next to Canada and Russia, it has an area of 9.6
million square kilometers, or one-fifteenth of the world’s land mass. It begins from the
confluence of the Heilong and Wusuli rivers (135 degrees and 5 minutes east longitude) in the
east to the Pamirs west of Wuqia County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (73 degrees and
40 minutes east longitude) in the west, about 5,200 kilometers apart; and from the midstream
of the Heilong River north of Mohe (53 degrees and 31 minutes north latitude) in the north to
the southernmost island Zengmu’ansha in the South China Sea (4 degrees and 15 minutes north
latitude), about 5,500 kilometers apart.

The border stretches over 22,000 kilometers on land and the coastline extends well over 18,000
kilometers, washed by the waters of the Bohai, the Huanghai, the East China and the South
China seas. The Bohai Sea is the inland sea of China.

There are 6,536 islands larger than 500 square meters, the largest is Taiwan, with a total area of
about 36,000 square kilometers, and the second, Hainan. The South China Sea Islands are the
southernmost island group of China.

JAPAN (in Japanese Nihon or Nippon)

An island nation in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean, off the coast of East Asia. It
occupies four main islands—Hokkaido, Hon¬shu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—and many smaller ones,
extend¬ing in an arc from Hokkaido in the northeast to the Ryukyu Islands in the southwest;
Honshu, with three fifths of the total land area, is most important. Japan is separated from the
southeastern Pacific coast of the Soviet Union and the east coast of Korea by the Sea of Japan.
It is separated from China by the East China Sea. At the point nearest to the Asian continent it is
separated from the tip of the Korean peninsula by 110 miles (177 km) of the Korea Strait. To the
north of Japan lies the island of Sakhalin, and to the north¬east, the Kuril Island chain, both of
which belong to the Soviet Union. Japan has a total area of 143,706 square miles (372,197 sq
km). It has an estimated 119,000,000 inhabi¬tants in 1983.
Little more than 100 years ago, Japan was a feudal state living in self-imposed isolation.   
However, by the beginning of the 20th century it had become a world power. This re¬markable
transformation was made evident by Japan’s vic¬tory in the Russo-Japanese War. Japan was
defeated in World War II, but in the postwar period it recovered and prospered. Today, Japan is
not only the most western¬ized and technologically advanced nation in Asia, it is also the third
greatest industrial power in the world. Nonetheless, Japan is still an old nation, and much of the
older culture survives in the daily life of the people, in the practice of traditional arts and crafts,
and in the treasures of art and architecture from the past. Japan is also famous for the beauty
of its countryside. The capital and center of national life is Tokyo, the most populous city in the
world
JOHANNESBURG

The largest city of the Republic of South Africa, in the province of the Trans¬vaal, situated in
the center of the Witwatersrand goldfields and of the greatest industrial complex in the republic.
It lies at an elevation of 5,750 feet (1,756 meters) about 300 miles (483 km) from the Indian
Ocean ports of Maputo and Durban and about 800 miles (1,287 km) northeast of Cape Town. Jan
Smuts airport, the country’s international air gateway, is about 15 miles (24 km) away.

The city is a center of the gold-mining industry; many of the world’s largest mining firms and
many of Africa’s largest financial and industrial concerns have their headquar¬ters there.
Although Johannesburg was famous for its gold¬mines and more recently for production of
industrial diamonds and uranium, the contribution of secondary indus¬tries now outranks that of
mining. These include the manu¬facture of mining equipment, automobile parts, transistors,
electrical and communications equipment, railroad rolling stock, and chemicals.
Johannesburg is a city of skyscrapers. Its most conspicu¬ous landmarks are two radio and
telephone towers 760 feet (230 meters) high and a 50-story office building. The huge yellow
mine dumps that lie scattered throughout the munici¬pal area are reminders of the former gold-
mining period. Johannesburg’s railroad station is twice as large as Grand Central Terminal in
New York. The city has several the¬aters, an opera, and two symphony orchestras; an art gallery;
museums of transport, Africana, and war; and a snake park, a bird sanctuary, and a zoo. Its
annual Witwatersrand In¬dustrial Exhibition draws exhibitors from many foreign countries. An
educational center, the city is the site of the University of the Witwatersrand (with 11,300
students in 1976-1977) and Rand Afrikaans University (3,000 students). There are art, drama,
and ballet schools, two teachers train¬ing colleges, and a technical college. The South African
In¬stitute for Medical Research is also in Johannesburg.

Settlement began with the discovery of gold on the Rand. A township was laid out on
Randjeslaagte Farm in 1886 and named for Field-Cornet Johannes Petrus Meyer. Within a year
its population exceeded 10,000 and by 1895 had reached 100,000. It was a scene of conflict
between Boers and British settlers prior to the South African (Boer) War.
Pop. (est. 1971), urban area, 1,274,400, including 431,300 whites.