g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 335

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL

xif{dfg dxh{g / /ldtf dxh{g

cgnfOg ;+;f/d} sfG5f] ldl8of xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ …Go" ldl8ofÚ sf]
sf]6Ldf /flvG5 . o;df 5fkf / k|;f/0f b'j} dfWodsf] u'0f x'G5 . g]kfndf
clxn] k|foM d'Vo b}lgs / ;fKtflxs klqsfx¿ cgnfOgdf ;d]t pknAw
5g\ . s]xL PkmPd /]l8of]x¿ klg cgnfOgdf ;'Gg ;lsG5 .
Oltxf;nfO{ sf]§ØfpFbf tYofÍ ljefusf] k|of]hgsf nflu @)@* df
lelqPsf] sDKo"6/ g} g]kfndf cfPsf] klxnf] sDKo"6/ xf] . cgnfOgsf] cTofjZos
k|ljlw OG6/g]6 g]kfndf @)$* d} k|of]udf cfO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ @)%! h]7df
ds{G6fOn sDo'lgs];gn] Jofj;flos ¿kdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'? u/]kl5 g]kfndf
Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] k|of]udf Jofkstf cfPsf] xf] -pkfWofo @)^)_ .
g]kfnL cgnfOg ldl8ofsf] rrf{ ubf{ O{–klqsf b g]kfn 8fOh]i6 cufl8
cfpF5 . cd]l/sfdf /x]sf g]kfnLx¿n] @)$* df3df of] klqsf rnfPsf
lyP . @)%@ ebf} !^ df cª\uh ]| L klqsf b sf7df08" kf]i6 OG6/g]6df pknAw
ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 c¿ klqsf klg OG6/g]6df pknAw x'g yfn]] .
cgnfOgdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] g]kfn Go"h 86sd @)%^ df ;'? ePsf] xf] .
clxn] ljleGg klqsf k|sfzg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ lxdfn ldl8of, sfdgf k|sfzg,
sflGtk'/ klAns]zG;\ cflbn] klg cgnfOg ldl8of rnfO/x]sf 5g\ .

ldl8of cWoog %M ##%–#%) @)^&

336 • ldl8of cWoog %

cgnfOg ldl8ofn] ;~rf/ ;fdu|L lgdf{tf / k|of]ustf{sf] k'/fgf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ tf]8s ] f] 5 . vf; u/L Anudf o:tf] b]lvG5 . Anu cgnfOg
8fo/L xf], h'g hf]s;}n] k9\g ;S5 / kf7sn] k|ltlqmof n]Vg klg ldN5 .
g]kfndf o;n] Jofkstf eg] @)^! df3 !( kl5 kfof] . To; ;dodf /fhf
1fg]Gb|n] zf;sLo ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnPsf lyP . To;} lbgb]lv g]kfnsf
;Dk"0f{ d'Vod'Vo ;~rf/ u[xdf ;}lgs k7fP/ ;fdu|Ldf ;]G;/ ;d]t u/]sf
lyP . oL ;~rf/dfWodn] lbg g;s]sf] tYo Anux¿ M cfOPgP;Pg, /]l8of]
lk|m g]kfn, o'gfO6]8 lj Anu, ;d'bfo 86 cf]c ] f/hL cflbn] u/]sf lyP .
o;}sf sf/0f ;/sf/n] cfOPgP;Pg, /]l8of] lk|m g]kfn h:tf AnunfO{
k|ltaGw nufPsf] lyof] . To; a]nf cGt/f{li6«o hutsf] Wofg lvRg g]kfnL
Anu ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .
cgnfOg ldl8ofn] ;~rf/sf] ;Defjgf a9fPsf] 5 . o;n] ef}uf]lns
b"/LnfO{ sd u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{ ;"rLdf Anuafx]s OG6/g]6dfk{mt x'g] Jofkf/
/ ljsf;sf k|of;, cgnfOg kqsfl/tf, j]j;fO6 cflbnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL cgnfOg ldl8ofsf ljleGg kIfaf/] 5fkf / cgnfOgsf ;fdu|L
o; ;"rLdf 5g\ . oxfF ;d]l6Psf clwsf+z ;fdu|L n]v, l6Kk0fL jf ;dfrf/sf
¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . yf]/} n]v dfq cg';Gwfgd"ns 5g\ . of] ;"rL tof/ ug]{
qmddf @)^! df3–@)^^ kmfu'g;Ddsf lxdfn va/klqsf, g]kfn, / @)^!
df3–@)^% sflQs ;Ddsf] ;do Dofu]lhg x]l/Psf] lyof] .1
dfl6{g rf}tf/L ldl8of 8s'dG] 6];g ;]G6/df pknAw ldl8of ;fdu|Laf6
of] ;"rL xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf xf}F . o; qmddf ;g\ @))& df :6l8h\ Og
g]kfnL lx:6«L P08 ;f];fO6Ldf 5flkPsf] h]D; zf/f]s -;g\ @))&_ sf] g]kfnL
Anu;DaGwL n]vdf plNnlvt ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L klg w]/} pkof]uL eof] . o;
;fdu|Lsf nflu h]D; zf/f]snfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbG5f}F . g]kfnL cgnfOg
ldl8ofaf/] xfdLn] cgnfOgdf klg w]/} ;fdu|L e]§fPsf lyof}F . o;} sf/0fn]
o; ;"rLdf k/]sf w]/} ;fdu|L cª\uh ]| Ldf 5g\ .

clwsf/L, s~rg . @)^$ . dgsf] ;fyL . g]kfn &-$%_ M $^–$& .

clwsf/L, s~rg . @)^$ . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] df]xgL . g]kfn *-@$_ M $^–$& .
clwsf/L, bLks . @)^# . cfO{6Ldf gf/L cfFvf . g]kfn &-@(_ M $)–$@ .

1
@)^% sflQskl5 ;do aGb ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 337

clwsf/L, bLks . @)^$ . k|jf;df kqsfl/tf . g]kfn *-!%_ M #@ .

clwsf/L, dbgdf]xg . @)^% . k]m;a'ssf] km;n . cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, @^ r}t, k[=& .
clwsf/L, /fw]Zofd, cWoIf . @)^# . ;"rgf k|ljlw÷l8lh6n dfWod / ;'wf/ .
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u k|ltj]bg, @)^#, k[= @&–#@ . sf7df8f}F M
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] ;lrjfno .
cof{n, b]j]Gb| …cfF;'Ú . @)^# . ;d:ofleq cgnfOg ;flxTo . uf]/vfkq -zlgaf/_,
# c;f/, k[= # .
cof{n, afa'/fd . @)^$ . ;fOa/ ck/fw / Goflos k|lqmof . gofF klqsf, ! c;f]h,
k[= & .
cof{n, afa'/fd . @)^$ . l8lh6n l;h{gfdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ . gofF klqsf,
!& df3, k[= ^ .
cof{n, afa'/fd . @)^% . ;fOa/ ;]S; M o;/L lgodg ug{ ;lsG5 . lxdfn !*-&_ M
$^–$& .
cof{n, /d]zs'df/ . @)^@ . dbgkf]v/f ;fd'bflos ax';~rf/ s]Gb| dbgkf]v/f
-l;Pd;L_ Ps emns . af]nL :dfl/sf–@)^@ . emk]Gb| lh;L, ;+of]hs . k[= $%–$& .
kfNkf M ;fd'bflos /]l8of] dbgkf]v/f .
cfrfo{, pHHjn . @)^! . OG6/g]6sf] v'nf 8fo/L . g]kfn %-#@_ M #^ .
cfrfo{, ;'a|t / ljb'/ vltj8f . @)^^ . l8lh6n ld;o'h . ;fKtflxs,
@) sflQs, k[= ^–& .
pkfWofo, uf}/j/fh . @)^) . OG6/g]6 / g]kfnL ldl8of . ldl8of pTkfbg /
cGtj{:t' . /d]z k/fh'nL / k|To"if jGt, ;+=, k[= !!#–!@$ . sf7df8f}F M
dfl6{g rf}tf/L / ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| .
Png, /fds'df/ . @)^^ . k]m;a'sdf a9\b}5 cZnLntf . ;fKtflxs, !# sflQs,
k[= @( .
s;h", ljgos'df/ . @)%$ . kqsfl/tfsf] ;]jfdf sDo'6/ . sflGtk'/, @( k';,
k[= $ .
s;h", ljgos'df/ . @)^) . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u .
sf7df8f}F M l8«D; P08 cfOl8ofh k|fln .
s;h", ljgos'df/ . @)^@ . ca slt s'g{] . g]kfn ^-$_ M #*–#( .
s;h", ljgo . @)^% . OG6/g]6df xL/f ls sL/f < uf]/vfkq, ! c;f]h, k[= ^ .
s;h", ljgo . @)^% . ljsf;sf nflu /]l8of] / OG6/g]6sf] d]n . emÍf/ %*-!_ M
!–# .
s;h", ljgo / uf}/j/fh pkfWofo . @)^# . hgtfsf] ;~rf/ / ;"rgf clwsf/
Pj+ cleJolQm / k|]; :jtGqtfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw÷l8lh6n dfWodsf] e"ldsf /
338 • ldl8of cWoog %

;d:ofaf/] k/fdz{ / ;'emfj . ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg, pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj

cfof]u, @)^# .
sfˆn], slkn . @)^@ . cgnfOg÷Go' ldl8of . kqsfl/tf 86 vf]h, k[= !@%–!$@ .
sf7df8f}F M db/Nof08 ckm g]kfn .
sfof{no n]vs . ldlt gv'n]sf] . g]kfndf sDKo'6/ Joj;fosf] ;'? . :jtGq ljZj
!&-@_ M !(–@! .
s'jF /, ;'/h . @)^$ . ;fOg–Og ;fOg–cfp6 . sflGtk'/ -kGw|fF}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iffÍ_,
& kmfu'g, k[= ª .
s]=;L=, /fds'df/ . @)^% . OG6/g]6df gofF cWofo . uf]/vfkq, @ h]7, k[= & .
If]qL, OGb|Wjh . @)^# . cgnfOgdf g]kfnL ;dfrf/ M ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL .
kqsfl/tf, c;f/, k[= *–( .
vltj8f, rGb| . @)^$ . OG6/g]tf 86sd . g]kfn *-#@_ M $$ .
vltj8f, ljb'/ . @)^@ . klxnf] g]kfnL cgnfOg /]l8of] ;]jf . ;fKtflxs, @& h]7,
k[= * .
vltj8f, ljb'/ . @)^# . k|ljlw ;~hfndf Pd h]g/] ; ] g . ;fKtflxs, @! k';,
k[= !÷^ .
vltj8f, ljb'/ . @)^$ . O{ h]g/] ; ] g . ;fKtflxs, !! df3, k[= !÷^ .
vltj8f, ljb'/ . @)^^ . kmGbf k]m;a'ssf] . ;fKtflxs, ( c;f]h, k[= !÷^ .
vgfn, >j0fs'df/ . @)^$ . ;d:of 86 sd . sflGtk'/ -sf];n ] L_, ! dª\l;/,
k[= u .
vkfËLdu/, g/]z . @)^% . Anu/ lj1fg dGqL / ;kgf . uf]/vfkq, !! c;f]h,
k[= & .
lu/L, cflGjsf . @)^@ . ;dfrf/sf] gofF ;|f]t . ;do ^^ M $@–$# .
lu/L, cflGjsf . @)^% . OG6/g]6 8fo/Lsf] sdfn M k}mlnFb} 5 Anusf] hfnf] .
;~rfl/sf lkmr/ ;]jf !!-!)_ M !–@ .
3tL{du/, dgf]h . @)^% . g]6df df]8n . ;do @!* M %@ .
l3ld/], /d0f . @)^^ . ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL . g]kfn !)-@$_ M $^–$& .
rfkfufO{,+ afns[i0f . @)^$ . Od]n–OG6/g]6df g]kfnL efiff . cfd;~rf/ / g]kfnL
efiff, k[= %^–^) . sf7df8f}F M Pl;of klAns]zG;\ k|f=ln= .
hf]zL, on' . @)^% . OG6/g]6k|lt gofF k':tfsf] cfsif{0f a9\bf] . uf]/vfkq,
@* ;fpg, k[= % .
9sfn, k'?iff]Qd . @)^@ . g]kfndf cgnfOg ;dfrf/ M cj;/ / r'gf}tL . g]kfn
s]an 6]lnlehg ;‹åf/f sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]lht …k|:tfljt k|;f/0f k|flws/0f
ljw]ossf ;DaGwdf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] ;j{kIfLo cGt/lqmofÚ
sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq, !@ kmfu'g .
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 339

9'Ëfgf, s[i0f . @)^$ . Anu/sf] sdfO . gofF klqsf, @* c;f/, k[= * .

9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^# . OG6/g]6 hfnf]df g]kfnL ;dfrf/ . /fhwfgL, ^ ebf}, k[= @ .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^# . aLr af6f]df Anu/ . /fhwfgL, @@ sflQs, k[= @ .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^$ . hdfgf gful/s kqsfl/tfsf] . /fhwfgL -;f}hGo_,
* j}zfv, k[= & .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^$ . a9\b5 } Xofs/ cftÍ . gofF klqsf, ! k';, k[= * / ( .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^$ . cf}n
F fn] grfpg';\ ;+;f/====. gofF klqsf -cfO6L kl/lzi6fÍ_,
!^ df3, k[= 0f .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^$ . dHh} a]Un} O–kqsfl/tfsf] . gofF klqsf, @) df3, k[= * / ( .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^$ . OG6/g]6df lszf]/–lszf]/L . gofF klqsf, & kmfu'g, k[= ( .
9'Ëfgf, s]kL . @)^$ . cgnfOg klqsf . :jtGq cfjfh !-!_ M !%–!^ .
bfxfn, Clifs]z . @)^# . df]8n O{–g]kfn . g]kfn &-@$_ M #*–#( .
bLlIft, cho . @)^^ . …er{c ' nÚ a|Xdf08 / lzIff . g]kfn !)-*_ M ^ .
b]jsf]6f, ljgo . @)^$ . kqsfl/tfdf cfZro{hgs 5nfª . /fhwfgL -;f}hGo_,
@@ j}zfv, k[= % .
gfd gv'n]sf] . @)^# . …jfo/n];Ú dxfjL/ . lxdfn va/klqsf !^-(_ M &@ .
gfd gv'n]sf] . @)^$ . ;fOa/ ;+;f/sf] sfpG68fpg . gofF klqsf, @ df3,
k[= * .
gfd gv'n]sf] . @)^^ . u'un M g]kfnL rnlrqsdL{ . ;fKtflxs, @# c;f]h,
k[= @) .
gfd gv'n]sf] . @)^^ . k]m;a'sn] x/fPsf cfdf5f]/fnfO{ e]§fOlbof] . ;fKtflxs,
!& k';, k[= $ .
gfd gv'n]sf] . @)^^ . nf]slk|o x'bF 5
} u'un j]j . ;fKtflxs, @@ df3, k[= * .
g]kfn, ;'wL/ . @)^$ . sfFrsf] kbf{df df]8nsf] ¿k . g]kfn &-@%_ M $*–$( .
g]kfn, ;'wL/ . @)^$ . gUgtfsf] kbf{ . g]kfn &-$&_ M $$–$^ .
Gof}kfg], ;'/z
] /fh / z}nL a:g]t . @)^$ . ;':t 5 k|ult . lxdfn va/klqsf
@!! M %$–%^ .
Gof}kfg], ;'/]z/fh . @)^$ . l;h{gzLntfsf] lht . lxdfn va/klqsf !&-!_ M
%*–%( .
kl/of/, uf]ljGb . @)^# . ;"rgf;Fu} dgf]/~hg klg . ;do !#( M #(–$% .
kf7s, ltns . @)^@ . sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df k':tsfno . g]kfn ^-@)_ M $$ .
k'g, dxfjL/ . @)^^ . ;"rgf zlQmsf] ;DkGgtf . g]kfn !)-(_ M %@ .
k'gdu/, h]aL / ljj]s/fh df}o{ . @)^$ . uk}m a9L . lxdfn va/klqsf !&-%_ M
%)–%! .
340 • ldl8of cWoog %

kf]v/]n, /fdk|;fb . @)%& . kqsfl/tfsf] Ps ztfAbL / OG6/g]6 o'usf] huhuL .

cfzo @-!_ M !–^ .
kf}8]n, ;'/]Gb| . @)^$ . OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{ . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq -;f}uft_, ( r}t,
k[= u .
a~hf/f, af]ndfof . @)^% . OG6/g]6df b[li6ljxLgsf] kx'Fr . ljZju|fd . Zofd
l/dfn, ;+, k[= %@–%# . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;‹, /f;; zfvf .
a:g]t, lbg]z . @)^$ . lSnsleqsf] ;+;f/ . uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, !@ df3, k[= u .
a:g]t, lbg]z . @)^% . d"nwf/df cgnfOg kqsfl/tf . ljZju|fd . Zofd l/dfn, ;+=,
k[= $(–%! . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;‹, /f;; zfvf .
a:g]t, dgf]h . @)^^ . k"0f{ k|of]udf cfPg cfO6L kfs{ . sflGtk'/ -;"rgf–k|ljlw
ljz]if_, @( k';, k[= 3 .
a:ofn, dx]Gb| . @)^$ . ;~rf/ hutdf OG6/g]6sf] e"ldsf . xfFs, !@ ebf}, k[= $ .
e§, /fdrGb| . @)^$ . OG6/g]6sf u|fxs ^& xhf/ gf3] . g]kfn ;dfrf/kq,
@^ kmfu'g, k[= !) .
e§/fO{, s[i0f . @)^^ . j]j;fO6df 5}g ?lr Û ;fKtflxs, !# sflQs, k[= !) .
ef6, ef]h/fh . @)^) . ;]G;/;Lkdf dfcf]jfbL OG6/g]6 . va/ ^-!_ M !@–!# .
ef6, ef]h/fh . @)^! . bnfnL OG6/g]6 8f]d]gsf] . g]kfn %-#@_ M #$–#% .
ef6, ef]h/fh . @)^@ . aL; ;fO6x¿ …AnsÚ . g]kfn %-@(_ M #^ .
ef6, ef]h/fh . @)^@ . snd af]ss ] f u'l/Nnf . g]kfn ^-#_ M !*–!( .
ef6, ef]h/fh . @)^@ . ;QfO; cf]6f ;fO6 …AnsÚ . g]kfn ^-*_ M $) .
e';fn, wd{/fh . @)^$ . cgnfOg kqsfl/tfdf Jofj;flostfsf] k|Zg . kqsfl/tf,
df3, k[= !!–!@ .
d'lvof, lzj . @)^% . lg;fgf ;fOa/ Sofk]m . ;fKtflxs, !* k';, k[= !÷* .
d]/f] ;+;f/ . ;g\ @))* . aNn cfpg] eof] ;:tf] OG6/g]6 . j]j;fO6 http://www.
mysansar.com/mysansar/?p=129 df pknAw .
d]/f] ;+;f/ . ;g\ @))* . d"nwf/sf] ;~rf/dfWodeGbf …dfO;+;f/Ú sf kf7s
cufl8 . j]j;fO6 http://www.mysansar.com/mysansar/?p=115 df
pknAw .
df}o,{ ljj]s/fh . @)^# . lj:tf/;Fu} ljsf; . lxdfn va/klqsf !^-!*_ M %@– %% .
df}o,{ ljj]s/fh . @)^$ . cfO{6Lsf cfOsg . lxdfn va/klqsf !&-!_ M ^@–^# .
df}o,{ ljj]s/fh . @)^$ . ;Fu;Fu} M efiff / k|ljlw . lxdfn va/klqsf !&-!_ M
()–(! .
o1z . @)^$ . 8fpgnf]l8ª ;f];fO6Lsf ;kgfhLjL -O{–:jKg ;+jfb ljgo s;h";uF _ .
gofF klqsf -cfO6L kl/lzi6fÍ_, !^ df3, k[= h–em .
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 341

/fpt, ab|L . @)^! . ck"/f] ;fOa/ sfg"g . sflGtk'/, % df3, k[= & .
/fh]Gb|s'df/ . @)^^ . cgnfOg cfkt . /fhwfgL, !& kmfu'g, k[= ^ .
l/dfn, ;Gtf]if . @)^$ . cfO6Ldf ;]lna|]6L . gofF klqsf -cfO6L kl/lzi6fÍ_,
!^ df3, k[= t .
/f}n], g/]Gb| . @)^$ . Anusf] a9\bf] nf]slk|otf . o'jfd~r @)-!)_ M #*–#( .
/f}n], g/]Gb| . @)^^ . ;]lnla|6L Anu/x¿ . g]kfn (-#*_ M $^–$& .
/f}n], g/]Gb| . @)^^ . d]8 Og\ g]kfn M cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df g]kfnL k|ljlw . g]kfn
!)-*_ M $@–$$ .
n'OF6]n, u'0f/fh . @)^# . Anu/x¿sf] b'lgofF . sflGtk'/, % dª\l;/, k[= ^ .
jfO Dofulhg . ;g\ @))^ . /fhfn] agfPsf] Anu/ . @ M !$–!% .
jfUn], lbg]z . @)^@ . OG6/g]6 cfGbf]ng . sflGtk'/ -jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iffÍ_,
& j}zfv, k[= !! .
jfUn], lbg]z . @)^# . OG6/g]6df 8fo/L . sflGtk'/, ( sflQs, k[= !@ .
jfUn], lbg]z . @)^$ . nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf OG6/g]6 . sflGtk'/, !# c;f]h,
k[= & .
jfUn], lbg]z . @)^$ . k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tf / OG6/g]6 . kqsfl/tf, k';,
k[= !%–!^ .
zdf{, s]bf/ . @)^@ . g]kfnLdf sDKo'6/ M s'g'{ kb}{g . g]kfn ^-^_ M !) .
zdf{, ;~hLj . @)^^ . kf]gf]{u|fkmLsf] nt . lxdfn va/klqsf !(-$_ M @#–@$ .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%& . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& . sf7df8f}F M lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfno .
>]i7, cg'zLn . @)^# . O{–df]8lnªsf] cfsif{0f . lxdfn va/klqsf !^-!@_ M
!!(–!@@ .
>]i7, pd]z . @)^@ . j}slNks kqsfl/tf M Anu . lxdfn va/klqsf !%-!(_ M
#)–#! .
;fksf]6f, blb/fd . @)^@ . ;dfrf/ P]Soa4tf . g]kfn ^-#$_ M $^ .
l;Ub]n, z}nG] b| / /fh]z zfSo . @)^$ . O{–ueg]G{ ;sf] dxŒj . sflGtk'/, & j}zfv,
k[= & .
l;+x, bLks . @)^$ . OG6/g]6df dVv ;'b"/klZrd . /fhwfgL, ( c;f/, k[= ^ .

Acharya, B. 2007. Online News Portals in Nepal: An Exploratory Study.

Master’s degree dissertation, Purvanchal University.
Adhikari, Deepak. 2006. A Nepali Journalist Abroad: An Interview with
Dharma Adhikari on Blogs, Citizen Journalism and Mainstream Media.
342 • ldl8of cWoog %

Available at http://journalism.missouri.edu/alumni/dharma-adhikari-
04.html. Accessed on 25 April 2008.
Adhikari, Deepak. 2006. The Interview that was Never Published. Available
at http://deepakadk.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-that-was-never-
published.html. Accessed on 30 April 2008.
Adhikari, Deepak. 2007. (Some) Thoughts from Nepal on Blogging. Nepal
Monitor. Available at http://www.nepalmonitor.com/2007/01/
some_thoughts_from_n.html. Accessed on 11 February 2007.
Adhikari, Suraj. 2005. Online Journalism in Nepal. Master’s degree
dissertation, Journalism, Tribhuvan University (TU).
Adhikary, Nirmala Mani. 2007. Online Journalism. In Mass Communication
and Journalism for Higher Secondary (Part I) pp. 221-223.
Kathmandu: Prashanti Prakashan.
Akhtar, Shahid and Jon Gregson. 2001. Internet Technologies in the
Himalayas: Lessons Learned During the 1990s. Journal of Information
Science 27(1): 9-17.
Aryal, Mallika. 2006. Blog Talk: What They are Saying These Days. Nepali
Times, 3 November, p. 12.
Aryal, Mallika. 2006. Citizen Scribes: Blogs Offer a Grassroots View of the
Pro-democracy Movement. Nepali Times, 28 April, p. 12.
Aryal, Sudip. 2007. Rural Transformation by the Establishment of
Community Information Centers in the Rural Areas of Nepal: A Pilot
Project. Unpublished report, ICT Applications Section Information,
Communication and Space Technology Division United Nations
Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP),
Rajadamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand. Available at
http://telecentresap.org/meeting/cmap2007/Nepal_Paper_
NRIDS.pdf. Accessed on 9 May 2008.
Banjade, Arjun. 2002. Development News: Content Analysis of the South
Asian Online Newspapers. Humanities and Social Sciences Journal
1(1): 54-62.
Besant, Annie. 2005. Blogs Rise above the Nepal Information Coup.
http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=21285.
Accessed on 24 April 2008.
Bhattarai, Rabi. 2001. Digital Division of the Society: Due to Web. In
International Conference on Information Technology,
Communications and Development. Gaurab Raj Upadhyaya and
Alfred Diebold, eds., pp. 321-324. Kathmandu: Friedrich-Ebert-
Stiftung.
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 343

Bhutia, Karma Tshering and Kirsty Martin. 2007. Forging Innovations

Community Multimedia Centres in Nepal. New Delhi: UNESCO.
Bista, Ashok. 2062 v.s. Concept of E-Governance in Nepal: How
Challenging? Nepal 36(3): 35-41.
Chapagin, Kiran. 2007. Blogs in Nepal. Master’s degree dissertation,
Journalism, TU.
Diebold, Alfred. 2001. Launching of the Website: www.nepalde
mocracy.org. In International Conference on Information
Technology, Communications and Development. Gaurab Raj
Upadhyaya and Alfred Diebold, eds., pp. 373-375. Kathmandu:
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Dixit, Kunda. 2006. Virtual Freedom in Nepal. Available at
http://freeexpressionasia.wordpress.com/tag/presentations/.
Accessed on 14 July 2006.
Friel, Terry. 2005. Nepali Reporters Take Democracy Fight to Cyberspace.
Available at http://in.news.yahoo.com/050323/137/2kcdi.html.
Accessed on 3 April 2006.
Ghimire, Bhumika. 2007. Citizen Journalism in Nepal. Available at
http://towardfreedom.com/home/content/view/1178/1/. Accessed on
23 April 2008.
Ghimire, Safal. 2010. Impact of ICT on the Rural Livelihood: A Study of
Nangi Village, Ramche VDC in Myagdi. Unpublished report, Martin
Chautari.
Ghimire, Bhumika. 2008. Nepali Blogs and Political Unrest: Nepali Bloggers
Debate Volatile Situation in the Country. Available at http://nepal.
suite101.com/article.cfm/nepali_blogs_and_political_unrest.
Accessed on 30 April 2008.
Ghimirey, Prasanna. 2004. Development of Internet Marketing Strategy
by Studying Internet Surfing Habits of People. Master's degree
dissertation, MBS, TU.
Giri, Anbika. 2008. Quarry the Internet. In Unheard Voices: Reports of
Women Journalists. Nirmala Sharma, ed., pp. 187-189. Kathmandu:
Sancharika Samuha.
Glaser, Mark. 2005. Nepalese Bloggers, Journalists Defy Media
Clampdown by King. Online Journalism Review. Available at
www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/050223glaser/. Accessed on 6 September 2007.
Harris, Roger, Alain Jacquemin, Subra Ponthagunta, Jaysingh Shah and
Deepak Shrestha. 2002. Rural Development with ICTs in Nepal:
Intergrating National Policy with Grassroots Resourcefulness. In
Proceedings of International Conference on Information
344 • ldl8of cWoog %

Technology, Communications and Development (ITCD 2002).

Gaurab Raj Upadhyaya, ed., pp. 1-10. Kathmandu: Computer
Association of Nepal (CAN).
Hughes, Stella and Ian Pringle, eds. 2005. Madan Pokhara. In Community
Multimedia Centres around the World: A Global Directory,
pp. 128-130. Paris: UNESCO.
Hughes, Stella and Ian Pringle, eds. 2005. Rupandehi. In Community
Multimedia Centres around the World: A Global Directory,
pp. 131-134. Paris: UNESCO.
Hughes, Stella and Ian Pringle, eds. 2005. Tansen. In Community
Multimedia Centres around the World: A Global Directory,
pp. 135-138. Paris: UNESCO.
Humagai, Ram. 2004. Nepal: Landmark Cyber Law is Silent about Online
Media. Available at http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?
parentid=14934. Accessed on 23 April 2008.
ITU. 2000. The Internet from the Top of the World: Nepal Case Study. .
Geneva: International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
INSN. 2005. INSN Denounces Blocking of Sites on Government Orders.
Available at http://insn.org/?p=1438. Accessed on 30 April 2008.
INSN. 2005. INSN.org Website Blocked in Nepal. Available at http://www.
nepalresearch.org/coup_2005/papers/2005_0702in.pdf. Accessed on
28 April 2008.
Jayalakshmi, C.P. and Alejandro Camino. 2001. Mountain Forum: An
Innovative Knowledge Netwaork for Sustainable Mountain
Development. In International Conference on Information
Technology, Communications and Development. Gaurab Raj
Upadhyaya and Alfred Diebold, eds., pp. 148-151. Kathmandu:
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Jones, Kristin. 2005. Out of the Silence. Available at http://www.cpj.
org/Briefings/2005/DA_spring05/Nepal_DA/Nepal_DA.html.Accessed
on 3 April 2006.
Journalism Online. 2006. Nepali News Sites. Available at http://www.
journalism.com.np/?p=43. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Journalism Online. 2006. Online Problems. Available at http://www.
journalism.com.np/?p=46. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Journalism Online. 2006. Broadcasting Media. Available at
http://www.journalism.com.np/?p=44. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Journalism Online. 2006. Cyberlaw. Available at http://www.journalism.
com.np/?p=41. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 345

Journalism Online. 2006. Foreign Based Nepali News Sites. Available at

http://www.journalism.com.np/?p=42. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Karmacharya, Avash. 2007. Cyber Modeling: Models Exposed. The
Kathmandu Post (City Post), 7 December, p. I.
Kasajoo, Vinaya. 2006. New Media/Online Journalism Potentials and
Challenges. Available at http://www.fnjnepal.org/Mission3/
papers/New%20media%20-%20B.Kasajoo.ppt. Accessed on 29 April
2008.
Kasajoo, Vinaya. 2006. Use of the Internet for Democracy, Development
and Empowerment in Nepal. In Internet, Governance and Democracy.
Jens Hoff, compiler, pp. 71-87. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Khadka, Asaya and Ponaam Maharjan. 2009. What Keeps You Hooked
to Facc.VOW, March, pp. 16-18.
Kshetri, Indra Dhoj. 2006. Citizen Journalism in Nepal: Challenging the
Traditional Media. Available at http://english.ohmynews.com/
articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=336600&relno=1.
Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Kshetri, I.D. 2008. Sustainability of online newsportals in Nepal. Master’s
degree dissertation, Purvanchal University.
Kshetri, Indra Dhoj. 2008. Online News Portals in Nepal: An Overview.
Bodhi 2(1): 260-267.
Lim, Vincent. 2005. Nepal: Government Blocks Access to Websites with
Content about Maoists. Available at http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/
article.asp?parentid=30692. Accessed on 11 September 2006.
Lim, Vincent. 2006. Blogging for Democracy in Nepal. Available at
http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=43000.
Accessed on 24 April 2008.
Luger, Kurt. 2001. Development Communication in the Hindu Kush-
Himalya Region. In Internet in Asia. Sankaran Ramanath and Jorg
Beckerm, eds., pp. 117-131. Singapore: AMIC.
Luintel, Prem Kumar. 2005. Internet Culture Among Youth: A Survey Study
on the Internet using Habit of Youth in Kathmandu District. Master’s
degree dissertation, Journalism, TU.
Macfarlance, Alan. 2007. Digital Himalya: Nepal in Context. European
Bulletin of Himalayan Research (EBHR) 31: 144-154.
Magar, Minoda. 2002. Country Report on Internet in Nepal. Available at
http://www.tc.apii.net/~nepal/country%20report%20Nepal.html.
Accessed on 1 May 2008.
346 • ldl8of cWoog %

Manzar, Osama, Ashis Sanyal and Syed S Kazi, eds. 2009. Equal Access
Nepal. Development and Digital Inclusion: Cases from India &
South Asia, pp. 45-48. India: Digital Empowerment Foundation.
Messerschmidt, Don. 2006. Spreading the Nepali Web. The Himalayan
Times (Perspective), 12 March, p. 1.
Montgomery, Layton. 2002. NGOs and the Internet in Nepal. Available at
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue2/montgomery.html. Accessed on
6 May 2008.
Mulmi, Rajendra. 2006. Effects of ICT on Youth Activism in Asia. Available
at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/workshops/regm_asia_
rajendra_mulmi.pdf. Accessed on 30 April 2008.
Name not mentioned. 2008. Virtual Reality. The Himalayan Times (TGIF),
18 January, p. 1.
Nepalnews Team. 2006. Online Media in Nepal: An Overview. A paper
presented at seminar on 'Proposed Electronic Media Ordinance',
organized by Nepal Cable TV Sangh, Kathmandu, 24 February.
Ngudup, Penjor, Jason C.H. Chen, Binshan Lin. 2005. E-commerce in
Nepal: A Case Study of an Underdeveloped Country. International
Journal of Management and Enterprise Development 2(3/4): 306 -
324.
Onta, Pratyoush. 2006. Beyond the Internet Hoopla. In Mass Media in
Post-1990 Nepal, pp. 136-138. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.
Opennet. 2007. Nepal. Available at http://opennet.net/research/profiles/
nepal. Accessed on 5 February 2010.
Pandey, Sangita. 2001. ICIMOD and Intenet. In Internet in Asia. Sankaran
Ramanath and Jorg Beckerm, eds., pp. 110-116. Singapore: AMIC.
Parajuli, Rama and Pratyoush Onta. 1998. A Virtual Nepali Chautari: The
Nepal Digest. Face to Face, January-March, pp. 29-32.
Parsons, Cherilyn. 1998. Online News in Nepal: How World Wide is the
Web? Available at http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1017967802.php.
Accessed on 4 April 2006.
Pradhan, Junelee and Mike Metcalfe. 2001. Information Technology in
Nepal: What Role for the Government ? In International Conference
on Information Technology, Communication and Development.
Gaurab Raj Upadhaya and Alfred Diebold, eds., pp. 207-216.
Kathmandu: Friederich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Pradhan, Kishor. 1999. The Internet in Nepal: A Survey Report. The
International Information & Library Review 31(11): 41-47.
Pradhan, Kishor. 2003. A Country Paper on Development of E-Service in
Nepal. Paper presented at 12 AMIC Annual Conference: E-Worlds:
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 347

Government, Business and Civil Society, 6-7 November, 2003,

Singapore.
Pradhan, Kishor. 2004. Hybrid Technologies Emerge Winners in Nepal.
Available at http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/80064/1. Accessed
on 9 May 2008.
Press, Larry, Seymour Goodsman, Tim Kelly and Michael Minges. 2000.
A Case Study of Electronic Commerce in Nepal. Paper presented at
American Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS).
Pun, Mahabir. 2007. Connecting Rural Nepal to the Global Village. Nepal
Monitor: TheNational Online Journal. Available at http://www.
nepalmonitor.com/2007/09/connecting_rural_nepal_to_the_global_
village.html.
Radachowsky, Sage and Harsha Man Maharjan. 2007. Few Aspects of
International Nepal Solidarity Network: Interview with Its Creator
Sage Radachowsky. Available at http://mediaharsha.blogspot.com/
2007/09/few-aspects-of-international-nepal.html. Accessed on
25 April 2008.
Rai, Samridhhi. 2010. Anti-Social Networking. Friday, February 4-10,
pp. 1-2.
Rana, Greta M., Kesang T. Lama and Manohar K. Bhattarai, eds. 2001.
Information Technology for Development IT Policy and Strategy
Papers for Nepal. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development.
Rana, Soni. 2001. Using ICT in Development: "Perspectives on Nepali
Experiences." In International Conference on Information
Technology, Communication and Development. Gaurab Raj
Upadhaya and Alfred Diebold, eds., pp.167-174. Kathmandu:
Friederich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Rangeenchara. 2009. Which Nepali Online Media has Best Breaking-
news Coverage? Available at http://www.rangeenchara.com/which-
nepali-online-media-has-best-breaking-news-coverage. Accessed in
3 February 2010.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF). 2004. Internet under Surveillance:
Nepal. Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=107s89.
Accessed on 3 April 2006.
RSF. 2005. Nepal "We Tell the Outside World What's Happening". In
Handbook for Bloggers and Cyber-Dissidents. Available at
http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/handbook_bloggers_cyberdissidents-
GB.pdf. Accessed on 27 April 2008.
348 • ldl8of cWoog %

RSF. 2005. Royal Army Launches Offensive in Cyberspace. Available at

http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=14461. Accessed on
23 July 2005.
RSF. 2005. Reporters Without Borders backs a New Nepalese-Language
Blog Nepal Info. Available at http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_
article=14170. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
RSF. 2004. Nepal. In Internet Under Surveillance. Available at http://www.
rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10789&Valider=OK. Accessed on 29
April 2008.
Rhodes, Arthur. 2006. Between Activism and Journalism. Available at
http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=43380. Accessed
on 24 April 2008.
Riazati, Saba. 2006. Nepalese Journalist to Speak on Benefits of News
Blogs. Available at http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.
asp?parentid=42858. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Ricchiardi, Sherry. 2006. Online Opposition. American Journalism Review,
April/May, pp. 60-62.
Salik. 2007. Nepali Blogosphere- A look at Citizen-Journalism in Nepal
Available at http://kathmanduspeaks.blogspot.com/2007/03/nepali-
blogosphere-look-at-citizen.html. Accessed on 29 April 2008.
Salik. 2007. How much Money Nepali Bloggers Earn? Available at
http://kathmanduspeaks.blogspot.com/2007/07/how-much-money-
nepali-bloggers-earn.html. Accessed on 1 May 2008.
Samudaya.org. 2005. Press release: Samudaya.org Concerned Over the
Blocking of Its Website. Available at http://insn.org/?p=1444.
Accessed on 30 April 2008.
Sapkota, Santosh. 2004. A Study on the Language used in Email, Chat
and Text Messaging (SMS). Master’s degree dissertation, TU.
Shakya, Subarna and Deepak Rauniyar. 2001. Information Technology
Education in Nepal: An Inner Perspective. In International
Conference on Information Technology, Communications and
Development. Gaurab Raj Upadhyaya and Alfred Diebold, eds.,
pp. 175-183. Kathmandu: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Shakya, Subarna and Deepak Rauniar. 2002. The Role of Information
Technology in the Overall Development of Nepal. In Proceedings of
International Conference on Information Technology,
Communications and Development (ITCD 2002). Gaurab Raj
Upadhyaya, ed., pp. 82-89. Kathmandu: Computer Association of
Nepal (CAN).
 g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8of M ;Gbe{ ;"rL • 349

Sharma, Ankur and Birodh Rijal. 2009. Imapct of IT in Society(Nepal).

Unpublished report, available at http://www.archive.org/details/
ImpactOfItInSocietyNepal_962. Accessed in 16 February 2010.
Sharma, Shreeman. 2007. Online News Portals in Nepal: An Exploratory
Study. Master’s degree dissertation, Journalism, Purvanchal
University.
Sharrock, James. 2007. Nepali Blogging and Democracy. Studies in Nepali
History and Society 12(1): 55-94.
Shrestha, Jagan Nath. 2001. Role of Renewable Energy Technology for
Information and Communication Technology Applications in Rural
Areas of Nepal. In International Conference on Information
Technology, Communications and Development. Gaurab Raj
Upadhyaya and Alfred Diebold, eds., pp. 68. Kathmandu: Friedrich-
Ebert-Stiftung.
Shrestha, Umesh. 2006. Citizen Journalism Can Succeed in Nepal.
Available at http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/ article_view.
asp?article_class=11&no=300546&rel_no=1. Accessed on 16
November 2006.
Subba, Rajib. 2003. E-Business in Nepal: Lesson Learn and Vision.
Kathmandu: Computer Association of Nepal.
Subedi, Dhanapati. 2063/064 v.s. Present Status of ICT in Nepalese
Education System. Nepal 37(5): 40-53.
Thapa, Priyata. 2007. Interview with Mr. Mahabir Pun. Available at
http://hkminority.com/2008-12-29-03-25-34/53-interview-with-mr-
mahabir-pun.html. Accessed on 17 February 2010.
The Mediadrop. 2005. Q&A: Radio Free Nepal blogger. Available at
http://www.themediadrop.com/archives/003445.php. Accessed on 29
April 2008.
The Radiant Star. 2009. Online Media in Nepal: Short History. Available at
http://www.nepalivoices.com/nepal-blog/2009/06/22/online-media-in-
nepal-short-history/. Accessed in 3 February 2010.
Timilsina, Janak. 2009. Ballooning Internet Craze in Nepal. Available at
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/109264. Accessed
on 5 February 2010.
Tuladhar, Sumnima, Cecile Lampe and Archita Pant. 2008. A Study on the
Use of Internet by Children (Study carried out in the Kathmandu
Valley). Kathmandu: Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre
(CWIN), Nepal.
350 • ldl8of cWoog %

Turin, Mark. 2000. From Offset to Online New Digital Media in Nepal.
IIAS Newsletter Online 23. Available at http://www.iias.nl/
iiasn/23/regions/23SA1.html. Accesed on 24 April 2008.
UNDP. n.d. E-commerce for Development:The Case of Nepalese Artisan
Exporters. New York: UNDP.
Upadhyaya, Gaurab Raj. 2003. Nepal. In News Media and New Media:
The Asia-Pacific Internet Handbook. M. Rao, ed., pp. 341-50.
Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
Upadhyaya, Gaurab Raj, Atmaram Ghimire, Pawan Adhikari and Bhim
Dhoj Shrestha, eds. 2002. Proceedings of CAN IT Conference 2002.
Nepal: Computer Association of Nepal (CAN).
Wagle, Dinesh. 2007. The Old and New Media Debate. Journalism,
December, pp. 11-12.
Westberg, Gabriella. 2006. Digital Communication for Development in
Nepal: An Evaluation of the Digital Broadcast Initiative. Global Times
3(3). Available at www.glocaltimes.k3.mah.se/viewarticle.aspx¿
articleid=57&issueid=5. Accessed on 31 October 2007.
Wilmore, Michael. 2007. The Digital Divide and the Social Divide in New
Media Access and Their Implications for the Development of Civil
Society in Nepal. ASIARIGHTS Journal 8. Available at http://rspas.
anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Issue%20Eight%20Wilmore.pdf.
Accessed on 5 May 2008.
Yadav, Chandra Bhushan. 2008. Digital Library of Nepal Health Research
Council: Initiatives and Problems. Available at http://www.
healthnet.org.np/ocs/index.php/icikm-2008/icikm/paper/
viewPDFInterstitial/5/97. Accessed on 9 May 2008.