Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Class:
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CONTEN TS
Lab. Page
Dated Title of Experiments Remarks
No. No
1 Parts of power cable. 1-3
Cable Size Calculation for the given
2 4-7
load.
Measure the High Level Voltage &
3(a) Current using Instrument 8-10
Transformers.
Measure the three phase Power using
3(b) 11-13
kilo Watt meter.
4 Earthing Practices. 14-18
Operation and constructional features
5 19-20
of a Distribution Transformer.
Substation Equipments and its one-
6 21-22
line diagram.
7 Home Appliances Motors. 23-27
8 Using Calculux 28-36
First project on design of general
9 37-43
lighting scheme for an office.
Second project on design of general
10 44-49
lighting scheme for an office.
To design a task & accent lighting for
11 50-56
an office.
12 Luminescence 57-60
Calculate the charges in
13 61-64
Industrial/commercial bill.
Captive Power Generation (DG Set-
14 65-69
Diesel Generating Set).
15(a) Home Electrical Wiring 70-72
15(b) Safety Rules 73-76
LAB SESSION 1
Power Cable
OBJECTIVE
To dissect the power cable into it s distinguished parts.
APPARATUS
Cables
THEORY
A cable is defined as an assembly of conductors and insulators used for the transfer of
power in densely populated urban areas. Cables are mostly laid under the ground in
order not to disturb the land beauty and to avoid using the land for power transmission
purposes.
PARTS OF CABLE
A cable is composed of the following parts;
Core
All cables either have a central core (conductor) or a number of cores made of strands
of Copper or Aluminum conductors having highest conductivity. Conductors are
stranded in order to reduce the skin effect.
Insulation
It is provided to insulate the conductors from each other and from the outside
periphery. The common insulating materials are Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and
Polyethylene.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 01
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Metallic Sheath
Metallic Sheath protects the cable against the entry of moisture. It is made of lead,
some alloy of lead or Aluminum
Bedding
In order to protect the metallic sheath from injury, bedding is wound over it. It
consists of paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.
Armoring
It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of steel tape, to
avoid the mechanical injury. Armoring provides mechanical strength to the cable.
Serving
A layer of fibrous material, used to protect the armoring.
PROCEDURE
Practical demonstration
RESULT
Cables have been studied and their operation is understood.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 01
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE:
Fill the following chart:
Copper Aluminium
S.
Properties Hard Hard
No Annealed Annealed
Drawn Drawn
1 Resistivity at 20 C
(ohm-m × 10 8)
2 Temperature coefficient
of electrical resistance at
20 C
3 Coefficient of linear
expansion per unit per C
4 Thermal conductivity
W/mK
5 Density kg/m3
6 Specific heat kJ/kg K
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 02
APPARATUS
Given Load
Cable Tables Book
Protective Device
Cable
THEORY
INTRODUCTION: The cable selection procedures set out in this LAB SESSION
will give the basic guidelines to be followed to determine the minimum size of cable
required to satisfy a particular installation condition.
The following three main factors influence the selection of a particular cable to satisfy
the circuit requirements:
(a) Current-carrying capacity dependent upon the method of installation and the
presence of external influences, such as thermal insulation, which restrict the
operating temperature of the cable.
(b) Voltage drop dependent upon the impedance of the cable, the magnitude of the
load current and the load power factor.
(c) Short-circuit temperature limit dependent upon energy produced during the
short-circuit condition.
TASK:
Determine the size of cable required & voltage drop in the cable.
SITUATION:
A 7.6kW single phase load is supplied from a 230V, 50Hz supply. The circuit is
protected using BSEN 60898 Type B circuit breaker and is situated 15m away from
the distribution board. It is run with one other circuit and is buried in the ground at a
depth of 0.8m. the soil resistivity being 1.2 ºC.m/W. The temperature within the
installation can be assumed to be 30 C.
DB 7.6kW
LOAD
15m
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
METHOD:
STEP #01
Determine the current requirements of the circuit. This current is known as Design current,
either specified by the manufacturer or can be calculated by the formulae.
STEP #02
Determine the method of cable installation to be used.
STEP #03
Determine the environmental conditions in the vicinity of the cable installation, where
applicable, like
(i) the ambient air or soil temperature
(ii) the depth of laying rating factor
(iii) the soil thermal resistivity rating factor
Use any cable s table book to find out the correction factor values.
STEP #04
Apply the correction factors to determine the current carrying capacity (Ic) of the cable by
using the formula.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
IN IF IC
Therefore,
Rating of the protective device = 40 Amps
The voltage drop can be determine using the following formula for applications where only
the route length and load current of balanced circuits are known.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Here, L = 15m
IN = 33.04 Amps
Vc= 4.2 mV/A.m
Hence the selected cable of 10mm2 is suitable for normal current of 33.04Amps & cable
length of 15m.
EXERCISE:
You are given the three cables of unknown cross- section; find out the following information
about each cables.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
APPARATUS
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Megger
Clip on Ammeter
THEORY
Current Transformers
Ammeters are employed for measurement of current in
circuits. In high voltage transmission lines, it is more
feasible to use Current Transformers for measurement
of current owing to its higher range of measurement. A
current transformer works much the same way as an
ordinary power transformer. High values of currents
flowing in the transmission lines serve as the primary
circuit of a current transformer. The high current is
stepped down to a much lower value (normally not
more than 5A) which is then measured by an ordinary
ammeter. This way, an ammeter is not exposed to high
currents and voltages.
Potential Transformers
Difference between the potential transformers and current
transformers is that potential transformers operate on
voltage signal instead of current and hence is used to
measure high levels of voltages. Another difference
between the two is their connectivity to the main line to
be measured. Where Current Transformers are connected
in series, potential transformers are connected in parallel.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Among the available range of PTs and CTs, the selection is based on the following
factors
Insulation Class
Primary to Secondary ratio
Continuous thermal rating
Service conditions
Accuracy
Clip On Ammeter
Current is measured only when an ammeter is connected
in a circuit in series. What if the current in any wire
connected to a load is required to be measured. Using an
ammeter, we shall first need to disconnect the load from
the source, insert an ammeter and then measure the
current. Instead of doing all this, a clip on ammeter
allows current measurement without disconnecting the
line. It operates on the concept of transformation, as in
transformers where flux linkages produce voltages.
Megger
Megger is a name given to an instrument used to
measure large values of resistance. Measuring
resistance of machines and devices is very helpful in
determining faults like short circuits etc. Once a
machine faces a fault, its internal resistance gets
changed. Machine resistance is regularly monitored in
order to detect any internal faults occurring in the
machines and other devices.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBSERVATION
Using Clip on Ammeter measure the current of a single phase load.
CT ratio: ______
RESULT
Working knowledge of using measuring instruments has been developed. Their use
has been practically demonstrated.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBJECTIVE
To measure the single phase & three phase load using wattmeter.
APPARATUS
Single Phase Watt-meters
Three Phase Watt-meters
Ammeter
Load Banks
THEORY
Power can be measured with the help of
1. Ammeter and voltmeter (In DC circuits)
2. Wattmeter
3. Energy meter
By Wattmeter: A wattmeter
indicates the power in a circuit
directly. Most commercial wattmeter
s are of the dynamometer type with
the two coils, the current and the
voltage coil called C.C & P.C.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Two watt-meters are suitable for three phase three wire circuits for all conditions of
balances load & power factor. This method can be used to measure the power factor
of the load from the two wattmeter readings.
Three watt-meters are used for measurement of power in three phase four wire
circuits. The potential coils are connected between phase and neutral. Such method is
suitable for all conditions of balance load & power factor
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
By Energy Meter:
Power can be measured wuth the help of energy meter by measuring the speed of the
merter disc with a watch, with the help of following formula:
P = N x 60 kW
K
Where
N= actual r.p.m of meter disc
K= meter constant which is equal to disc revolutions per kW hr
PROCEDURE
Arrange the watt-meters according to the load (single phase or three-phase) and
whether neutral available or not (as shown in the above figures).
OBSERVATION
RESULT
The methods of power measurements have fully understood & performed.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 04
Earthing Practices
OBJECTIVE
To model the earthing process in the Lab.
APPARATUS
A Transparent Box
NaNo3
Sea salt
Coal
Soil
Grounding Rod
Grounding Plate
THEORY
Earthing provides protection to personnel and equipment by ensuring operation of protective
control gear and isolation of the faulted circuit in the following cases.
Insulation puncture or failure
Breakdown of insulation between primary & secondary windings of a transformer.
Lighting stroke
1. Nature of soil
2. Extent of moisture
3. Presence of suitable salts dissolved in moisture.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Plate Electrodes:
Plate electrodes consist of copper, cast iron or steel plate.
The minimum thickness of plate is recommended as
For cast iron - 12mm
For GI or steel - 6.3mm
For Copper - 3.15mm
And size not less than 600mm x 600mm
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Resistivity of Soil:
It has been found that the resistivity of the soil can be reduces by a chemical treatment with
the following salts.
Normal Salt (NaCl) and a mixture of salt & soft coke. Economical and most
MgSO4 commonly used salts
CuSO4
CaCl2
Na2CO3 More common salts
Usually the mixture of NaNo3 + sea salt + coal is used in the ratio of 1:3:5
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Figure: Measuring the ground resistance with the help of a ground tester
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
The same test can also he conducted with the help of a battery, voltmeter and an
ammeter, as illustrated in Figure 22.8. The voltmeter must now indicate the same
reading at all three locations. When V becomes constant, read the current I. Then the
ground resistance
Rg= V / I ( )
Figure: Measuring the ground resistance with the help of a ammeter & voltmeter
PROCEDURE
Practical demonstration.
RESULT
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 05
Distribution Transformer
OBJECTIVE
To study the operation and constructional features of a Distribution Transformer
APPARATUS
Distribution Transformer
THEORY
Distribution transformer is used to convert electrical energy of higher voltage (usually
11-22-33kV) to a lower voltage (250 or 433V) with frequency identical before and
after the transformation. Its main application is mainly within suburban areas, public
supply authorities and industrial customers. With given secondary voltage,
distribution transformer is usually the last in the chain of electrical energy supply to
households and industrial enterprises.
CONSTRUCTION
There are 3 main parts in the distribution transformer:
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
A transformer s core and windings are called its Active Parts. This is because these
two are responsible for transformer s operation.
Tank serving as a mechanical package to protect active parts, as a holding vessel for
transformer oil used for cooling and insulation.
Transformer Accessories
Bucholz relay
Breather
Pressure relief device etc
PROCEDURE
Practical demonstration.
RESULT
Complete working of the distribution transformer has been understood.
EXERCISE:
Give the definitions of following parts of Distribution Transformer
1. Bucholz Relay
2. Conservator or expansion tank
3. Breather
4. Pressure relief device
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 06
OBJECTIVE
To study the major equipments of the substation and make a one-line diagram.
APPARATUS
A visit will be arranged to a sub-station.
THEORY
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and
distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low levels using transformers.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer,
and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
Feeders
The electrical distribution system begins with a source of electrical energy that must be
distributed to each and every electrical load. The starting point of this system, which feeds
electrical energy into it, is known as a Feeder. The electricity delivered by a feeder is actually
distributed to different loads in the system.
Distributors
A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken to the consumers. The current
through a distributor is not constant due to the tapings taken off at various places along its
length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration
as the voltage variation limits are about 6% of the rated voltage at the consumer terminals.
Switch Gears
The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to the
combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical
equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to
clear faults downstream Panels are the compartments used for switchgear arrangement.
Switching Devices A device designed to close, open, or both, one or more electric
circuits. These include
HRC fuses
Magnetic contactor
Circuit Breaker (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)
Load Break Switch
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE:
Using Magnetic Contactor control the single phase & three phase load & draw the schematic.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 07
APPARATUS
Fan Motor (Ceiling & Exhaust)
Washing Machine Motor
Pump Motor
Juicer Motor
Toys Motor
Transformers
THEORY
Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is always
transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of
voltage and currents. The total VA at primary and secondary is always constant.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Universal Motor
The universal motor is a rotating electrical machine similar to DC series motor,
designed to operate either from AD or DC source. The stator & rotor windings of the
motor are connected in series through the rotor commutator. The series motor is
designed to move large loads with high torque in applications such as crane motor or
lift hoist.
The single-phase induction motor has no intrinsic starting torque. Starting torque can
be achieved by either one of the method.
1. Split phase windings
2. Capacitor type windings
3. Shaded pole stator
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
PMDC motor
A permanent magnet DC motor is the simple motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy through the interactions of the two fields. One field is
produced by a permanent magnet poles, the other field is produces by electrical
current flowing in the armature windings. These two fields result in a torque which
tends to rotate the rotor.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Hystersis Motor
A Hystersis motor is a type of shaded pole motor, operate on the principle of
Hystersis.
PROCEDURE
Practical Demonstration.
RESULT
The working of household motors has fully understood.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE
Give the application of following AC/DC motors
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 08
OBJECTIVE
To become familiar with the basic environment of lighting design software
Calculux
THEORY
This Lab session will introduce the main feature of lighting design software and with
the environment of Calculux.
Calculux Indoor is a software tool which helps lighting designers in selecting and
evaluating lighting systems for offices and industrial applications.
· Select luminaires from an extensive Philips database or from specially formatted files
for luminaires from other suppliers;
The logical steps used for project specification save you time and effort, while the report
facility gives you the opportunity to keep permanent records of the results.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
When you start Calculux, the Calculux main window is displayed. This window
always contains the menu bar, and if selected, it may also contain a tool bar and/or
status line. When a project file is open and data has been entered, a 2D top view or 3D
layout is shown.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Rooms
Use this dialogue box to specify or display the settings for the room.
Application Fields
An application field can be used to graphically mark the area of interest for lighting
calculations. The following types of application fields are available:
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Luminaire list
The luminaire list contains information about the individually placed luminaires used
in the project. You can view, set, edit, copy or delete information of project
luminaires. In the luminaire list the following luminaire information, if applicable, can
be set:
Luminaire Type
Luminaire Quantity
Luminaire Position (POS X, POS Y and POS Z)
Luminaire Orientation (aiming type)
Drawings
Use this option to add a drawing to the project.
Following shapes could be added,
Rectangle (for a table etc)
Text (to mark text on the object)
Line ()
Arc
Grid
A grid is a set of points in a 2 dimensional plane, at which the lighting calculations
will be carried out. A grid must always be rectangular of shape and can be in any
plane in space. The position and size of a grid is defined by its corner points A, B and
C, and the number of points in the AB and AC direction and the direction of the
normal vector.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
3. Calculation:
By means of the Calculation Menu you can define the
calculations which need to be carried out for your
lighting project. You can also calculate the quality figures
and specify how the results of the calculations will be
presented.
Room Illuminance:
Use this dialogue box to view the average luminance and illuminance values calculated for
the room surfaces. The accuracy of the values depends on the selected interreflection
accuracy.
4. Report:
By means of the Report menu you can
define the contents and layout of your
reports. By means of the 'Print Preview'
option you can preview the report print-out.
5. Finance:
By means of the Finance
menu you can set the
parameters for the cost
calculations for the current
project.
6. View:
By means of the View menu you can set the view options for the project overviews in
the Calculux main window.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
The following view types can be displayed in the Calculux main window.
Select from:
3D Project View;
2D Top View;
2D Left View;
2D Right View;
2D Front View;
2D Back View.
7. Options:
By means of the Options menu you can enter or change the default settings for your
Calculux projects. The settings in the Options menu will affect all new created
projects.
Note: When Calculux is installed, the settings in the Options menu are set to the
factory defaults. When starting the first project, it is likely you will need to set your
own defaults according to the local requirements.
8. Window:
By means of the Window menu you can arrange windows and icons.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Use To
Create a new window sharing a 2D-Top View of the
New
currently selected project.
Close Result Views Close all windows which are result views.
Resize and layer all open windows so that each title bar is
Cascade
visible.
Tile Resize and arrange all open windows side by side.
Arrange Icons Evenly arrange icons in a window.
In the 'open windows' field a listing of all open windows is
'open windows' given. The name of the currently selected window is
checked.
9. Help Menu:
By means of the Help menu you can search for help information about Calculux
topics.
You can also access Help by pressing F1 for context-sensitive help on the dialogue
box you are currently using.
Before you start 'My First Project' first you should check the default settings of
Calculux.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Do not use the Option menu when you want use different parameters for one
particular project only.
For 'First Project' you are going to check the following default settings:
Environment (options) (default settings concerning the program environment)
Report Setup Defaults (default settings concerning the contents and layout of
the report)
Calculation Presentation Defaults (default settings concerning the Calculation
Presentation)
Environment
Select Environment from the Options menu.
Select the Directories tab.
Check the directory settings of the Project files, Phillum files and Vignette files.
Select the Database tab.
Check the directory settings of the Database files.
Click OK to return to the Main View.
The Environment Options only have to be set after installing Calculux.
In the Presentation Forms box, select the presentation forms of the calculation
presentation result views.
Select Textual Table, Iso Contour,Filled Iso Contour
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Show box, select the elements to be displayed by default in the calculation
presentation and report.
Select Luminaires, Luminaire Code, Luminaire Legend, Drawings,Fill Color
Legend, Room,Connected Field,Connected Grid
In the Iso Contour Method box, select which Iso Contour Method will be used by
default for the calculation presentation.
Select Relative
In the Sizing box, select the default sizing of the calculation presentation result views,
select:
By setting the above scaling, the size of the defined objects in the calculation
presentation result overviews will be based on the size of the grid and the field. The
size is determined by the 'Zoom Factor'.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 09
OBJECTIVE
Design a general lighting scheme of an office using CALCULUX. This will be your
first task of this Lab.
Reflections
Ceiling 0.50 Walls 0.30 Floor 0.10
Luminaire Specifications
Luminaire type TBS600/135 C7-60
Lamp type TL5 35W
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In general, for indoor lighting designs, the luminaire split-up is needed only for
precise calculations, such as indirect lighting (uplighter).
In the Position box you can define the position of the Left Front corner of the
room.
By means of the 'Centre' button you can position the centre of the room in origin (x=0,
y=0). For this project the position of the Left Front corner is 0,0.
2. In the Quick Estimate box you can specify the requested illuminance level as
general lighting. The value you specify will be used by Calculux to calculate
the number of luminaires needed to meet the required Illuminance level.
In the Application Area box you can select the application area(s) you want to use.
Select Indoor Lighting
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
3. Click Open.
In the Add Project Luminaires dialogue box, select the family name and/or family
code of the luminaire:
Family Name TBS600
Family Code TBS600
By default both the family name and the family code are set to 'any' (no luminaires
will be selected). Nevertheless, you should select 'any' for the family name if the
family name is unknown or select 'any' for the family code if the family code is
unknown.
5. Click Add.
6. Click OK, then Close (twice) to return to the Main View.
OR
b) Clicking on Toolbar shortcut button.
1. Click on in the Calculux menu bar.
Select the housing and light distributor of the luminaire, select:
Housing TBS600/135
Light Distributor C7-60
2. Click Add.
3. Click OK to return to the main View.
If the luminaire is not in your database you can select another Indoor luminaire. If you
wish you can view luminaire details by clicking on the Details button.
Positioning luminaires:
Calculux allows you to position luminaires individually as well as in arrangements.
For 'First Project' you will create a Room Block arrangement. The number of
luminaires needed will be calculated according to the utilization factor (UF factor).
3. Click Generate.
A Room Block arrangement of 4 luminaires will be generated.
In the Definition box enter the name of the arrangement, enter:
Name General
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Add Grid dialogue box, enter the name of the grid, enter:
Name Working Plane
In the Coupling box, select:
Connected to Working Plane
Performing a calculation:
All settings concerning the definition or presentation of a calculation for a specific
project are performed in the Calculation menu. For 'First Project' project you will use
the default settings (as previously done), so no settings have to be done.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
A A
A A
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X(m)
- 41-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
A A A A
table
A A A A
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBSERVATION:
Attach the Self generated Report with each task.
INSTRUCTION:
All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with
the workbook.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 10
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this lab is to measure the LUX level on the working plane. This will
be your first task of this Lab.
Room Specifications
Room dimensions
Width 7.32 m Length 7.62 m Height 3.66 m
Working Plane Height 0.80 m
Reflections
Ceiling 0.50 Walls 0.30 Floor 0.10
Illuminance level
To be measured
Luminaire Specifications
Luminaire type Lamp Type Color
FBS331/218 M6 2xPL-L18W 840
TBS300/236 M1 2XTL-D36W 840
Luminaires Location
Red Lamps (12 in Number)
Spacing
X- Spacing = 1.2m
Y- Spacing = 1.6m
Position
X=1.20 Y=1.60 Z=3.66
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
8
7 .5
7
6 .5
A A A A A
6
5 .5
B B B B
5
A A A A A
4 .5
4
Y(m )
B B B B
3 .5
A A A A A
3
2 .5
B B B B
2
1 .5
A A A A A
1
0 .5
0
- 0 .5
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
X(m)
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Position box you can define the position of the Left Front corner of the
room.
2. In the Quick Estimate box, fill none. you can specify the requested
illuminance level as general lighting. But here in this project,
Positioning luminaires:
Calculux allows you to position luminaires individually as well as in arrangements.
For 'Second Project' you will create two separate Room Block arrangements.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Add Grid dialogue box, enter the name of the grid, enter:
Name Working Plane
In the Coupling box, select:
Connected to Working Plane
Performing a calculation:
For 'Second Project calculations' use the default settings.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
7
B B B B
6
Table 2
B B B B
5
A A A A A A A
4
Y(m)
A A A A A A A
3
B B B B
2
Table 1
B B B B
1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X(m)
Rectangle1
X=0.60 Y=0.70m Z=3.66m
Length= 2.0m Width=6.0m
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Rectangle2
X=0.60 Y=4.80m Z=3.66m
Length= 2.0m Width=6.0m
Rectangle3
X=0.60 Y=3.10m Z=3.66m
Length= 1.50m Width=6.00m
3. Make two separate grids, one for working plane & one for Table 1.
4. Calculate the results.
5. Generate & Print the report.
6. Save the project.
OBSERVATION:
Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.
INSTRUCTION:
All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with
the workbook.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 11
OBJECTIVE:
Design a task and accent lighting for an office.
Room Specifications
Room dimensions
Width 3.50 m
Length 5.60 m
Height 2.70 m
Working Plane Height 0.80 m
Reflections
Ceiling 0.50
Walls 0.30
Floor 0.10
Luminaries Used
TBS600/135 C7-60
MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D [13672]
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Y(m)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
X(m)
Steps To Follow:
Adding furniture.
1. Add Bureau (desk), consist of three elements Bureau, Bureau corner,
& Bureau left corner.
Name Bureau
Position, dimensions and orientation of the bureau (front desk):
X =1.30 m Y= 3.10 m Z =0.80 m
Length 1.60 m Width 0.80 m Rotation 0.00 deg
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Line box, enter the position, quantity and spacing of the luminaires:
First X = 0.75, Y = 1.90, Z = 2.65
Last X = 0.75, Y = 0.90, Z = 2.65
Number of Luminaires 2
Spacing 1.00 m
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Define Calculation grids for the bureau, conference table and the right wall
Grid on Bureau
Position
A X = 1.3, Y = 3.1, Z = 0.8
B X = 2.1, Y = 3.1, Z = 0.8
C X = 1.3, Y = 4.7, Z = 0.8
Number of Points in
AB = 4 AC = 8
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Switching Modes box, check 'General Lighting', 'Task Lighting Bureau', 'Task
Lighting Table' and 'Accent Lighting Painting'.
Defining Calculations
Before you can perform a calculation, you have to specify the calculation name and
the calculation parameters first.
Working Plane
Double click on 'Working Plane' in the Calculation dialogue box.
In the Change Calculation dialogue box, check and/or select:
Name Working Plane
Grid Working Plane
- 54-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Include box, double click on the + or - sign to include (+) or exclude (-) a
calculation.
For this project Working Plane, Bureau, Table and Right Wall have to be included.
In the Presentation Forms box, select in which presentation forms the calculation
results are presented. Select:
Click OK.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBSERVATION:
Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.
INSTRUCTION:
All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with
the workbook.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 12
Luminescence
OBJECTIVE
To verify the Laws of Illumination.
APPARATUS
A wooden board
Connecting wires
Fluorescent Light
Incandescent Light
LUX Meter
The inverse-square law, which states that the illuminance at a point on a surface
perpendicular to the light ray is equal to the luminous intensity of the source at that
point divided by the square of the distance between the source and the point of
calculation.
Where:
E = Illuminance in footcandles
I = Luminous intensity in candles
D = Distance in feet between the source and the point of calculation
TYPES OF LAMPS
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
HALOGEN BULBS
Halogen light bulbs produce light in a similar method to a regular incandescent bulb.
A halogen bulb has a filament made of Tungsten, which glows when electricity is
applied, same as a regular incandescent bulb. What makes a halogen bulb different is
that it is filled with halogen gas instead of argon gas like a regular bulb is. The
halogen gas removes the carbon deposits on the inside of the bulb, caused by the
burning of the tungsten filament, and re-deposits it back on to the filament, resulting
in a light bulb which can be burned at a higher temperature therefore creating, both a
whiter as well as a brighter light per watt than a regular bulb. The average rated life of
halogen bulbs are typically between 2,000 and 4,000 hours.
Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same
amount of light, generally last longer, but are bulkier, more complex, and more
expensive than a comparable incandescent lamp.
- 58-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
- 59-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Distance from
S. No. Type of Lamp LUX
the source
1
2 Incandescent
3
1
2 Fluorescent Lamp
3
RESULT
The inverse square law understood.
EXERCISE
On wooden board, make the circuitry of Fluorescent lamp & also draw the circuit diagram of
a fluorescent lamp showing fluorescent tube, ballast & starter.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 13
Theory:
The rates of utility companies are based upon the following guidelines:
The amount of energy consumed is measured by Energy meter and the demand of the
system during the demand interval is measured by Demand meter.
Demand Measurement
Demand varies by customer and month. To record demand, a special meter
tracks the flow of electricity to a facility over a period of time, usually 30-
minute intervals.
Over the course of a month, the 30-minute interval with the highest demand is
recorded and reflected on a monthly bill.
Minimum Charges means a charge to recover the costs for providing customer service
to consumers even if no energy is consumed during the month.
Fixed Charges means the part of sale rate in a two-part tariff to be recovered on the
basis of Billing Demand in kilowatt on monthly basis.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Variable Charge means the sale rate per kilowatt-hour (kWh) as a single rate or part
of a two-part tariff applicable to the actual kWh consumed by the consumer during a
billing period.
Maximum Demand where applicable , means the maximum of the demand obtained
in any month measured over successive periods each of 30 minutes duration.
Sanctioned Load where applicable means the installed load in kilowatt as applied for
by the consumer and allowed/authorized by the Company for usage by the consumer.
Power Factor shall be to the ratio of kWh to KVAh recorded during the month or the
ratio of kWh to the square root of sum of square of kWh and kVARh,.
Formulae to be used:
then
Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x MXD
then
Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x 50% of connected load
4. Additional Surcharge
5. Income Tax
6. Sales Tax
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
- 63-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Calculations:
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 14
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 14
OBJECTIVE
To study the various components of a Diesel Generating Set
THEORY
It is common practice to provide the standby emergency source of supply at all
important installations such as large factories, railways, airports & other essential
services. This is usually achieved with the use of a captive Diesel Generator Set (DG
Set).
Engine
This is the main prime mover (PM) for the generator and may be a gas, petrol or
diesel engine, depending upon the availability of fuel. In this LAB we will discuss the
Diesel generating Set, being used more commonly for captive power generation.
The control of power output is obtained through this PM only. It has a drooping
characteristic.
Governor
This senses the speed of the machine and performs extremely fast and accurate
adjustments in the fuel supply to the PM. In turn it regulates the speed and output of
the PM within predefined limits, depending upon the droop of the PM. The governor
may be a mechanical (manual), hydraulic or electronic (automatic) device.
Generator
Generator is responsible for changing engine power (hp or kW) into electrical power
(kVA). They also must satisfy high magnetizing current draws (kVAR) of electrical
equipment.
- 65-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 14
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
- 66-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 14
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Fig:
A front View of a Diesel Generating Set
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 14
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE:
This chart is very useful in calculating the size of the generator required for your
home.
- 68-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 14
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Question:
- 69-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
APPARATUS
A large wooden board
Kilo Watt-hour Meter
Wires & Cables
Switches & Sockets
Bulbs & Fans
THEORY
Designing the home electrical wiring needs careful consideration because of safety.
For wiring in residential buildings or industrial buildings, wiring layout should be first
prepared on the drawing board.
The number of light and power points in a building is determined not only by its size,
but is also a matter of individual preference especially in the case of residential
buildings and as such the owner should be consulted for this.
- 70-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE
Make connection of the three phase watt hour meter with the service main and
distribute the three-phase incoming service main & neural wire to different
distribution boards & electrical points (for appliances) in different rooms of
the house.
Select cables for them.
Measure the total energy
Also draw the circuit diagram using the standard symbols of switch fan bulb
etc.
R+N
R ROOM NO. 01 ROOM NO. 02
Y KWh
B Meter
N
Wash Wash
Room Room
Y+N
B+N
Wash Wash
Room Room
- 71-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Make an extension board with & without fuse with three sockets & one switch
in it and show the wiring diagram with color pencil.
1 2 3
SWITCH SOCKETS
Phase Neutral
1 2 3
5A
Phase Neutral
- 72-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Safety
OBJECTIVE
To understand the importance of safety.
APPARATUS
Multimedia
THEORY
Safety rules should be taken in doing any electrical work because electricity could be
very dangerous if precautions not taken.
Hazards of Electricity
There are two types of hazards caused by electricity.
Effects of Electrocution
Sufficient current flowing through the body will create serious harms, depending on
the magnitude of current:
- 73-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Worst Condition:
220V / 200 ohms = 1.1 Amp.
Best Condition:
220V / 1,000,000 ohms = 0.22 mA
- 74-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Prevention of Electrocution
1. Safe Electrical System
Protective Devices in the electrical supply system
Required by local code and regulations
Required for fixed installation and portable equipment
2. Safe Equipment
Use of Safe Equipment (with adequate protection)
3. Proper Maintenance
Hazardous Conditions
1. Direct contact with exposed current carrying parts
a. Maintenance process - need to open up enclosure
b. Defective/damaged enclosure or insulation materials
c. Unsafe design
d. Maintenance people are more at risk
- 75-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Always Remember .
Electricity can kill!
Your body is a great conductor of electricity!
Do not work on or near live parts!
Never use an electrical tool near water
Never us an electrical tool that has fallen into water
It does not take high voltage to kill
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