AOQ and ATI for Single Sampling Plan by

Using Fuzzy Poisson Distribution

Abstract
In this paper we have introduce the average outgoing quality (AOQ) and
average total inspect (ATI) for single sampling plan when that proportion
defective items is fuzzy number and it is being modeled based on the fuzzy
Poisson distribution. We have shown that AOQ and ATI curves of the
plan are like a band having high and low bounds. We have also shown that
ATI band in this plan is increasing in term proportion of defective items.
In this plan if the process quality is very good or very bad, then the AOQ
will be very good.

1 Introduction
Rectifying inspection of the sampling plan with classical attribute quality char-
acteristic is one of the …elds for statistical quality control (SQC). A major as-
sumption of sampling plan is that fraction defective items (p ) is crisp. However,
sometimes we are not able to obtain exact numerical value for p. Often these
values are estimated or it is provided by experiment.
In this study in face of this ambiguity we will also introduce the fraction
of the lot defective items as a triangular fuzzy number. With this de…nition,
the number of defective items in the sample has a binomial distribution with
fuzzy parameter. Dodge Romig (1956) provided the rectifying single sampling
plan and double sampling plans for attributes with the protection of lots tol-
erance percent defective (LTPD) or average outgoing quality limit (AOQL).
Determinations of rectifying plans for single sampling by attributes were dis-
cussed by Guenther (1984). Bebbington and Govindaraju (1998) have developed
sampling schemes similar to the rectifying inspections. Kleijnen et al. (1992)

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equal to the acceptance number, then the lot will be accepted, otherwise the lot
is rejected.
If N is a large number then the number of defective items in this sample (d)
has a fuzzy binomial distribution, and if p be small, then the random variable
d has a fuzzy Poisson distribution with fuzzy parameter = np [5]. Fuzzy
probability distributions have been studied by J.J. Buckley [5] and [6]. Fuzzy
probability for the number of defective items in a sample size that is exactly
equal to d is

p = (a1 ; a2 ; a3 ); p 2 p [1] ; q 2 q [1] ; p + q = 1;

p[ ] = [p1 [ ]; p2 [ ]] = [a1 + (a2 a1 ) ; a3 (a3 a2 ) ];

[ ] = np[ ] = [na1 + n(a2 a1 ) ; na3 n(a3 a2 ) ];

P (d def ective products)[ ] = [P [ ] ; P [ ]];

e e
P [ ] = minf j 2 np [ ]g and P [ ] = maxf j 2 np [ ]g:
d! d!
The fuzzy acceptance probability obtain as follows:

e
p = P (d c) = j 2 np [ ] = [P [ ] ; P [ ]];
d!
=0

e e
P [ ] = minf j 2 np [ ]gand P [ ] = maxf j 2 np [ ]g:
d! d!
=0 =0

4 Fuzzy average outgoing quality

The rejected lots by a sampling plan are not usually discarded. Instead of
all items in rejected lots are inspected and defective items found are replaced
with good items. Similarly, defective items found in samples from accepted lots
are also replaced with good items before returning the sampled items to the
lot. The practice of replacing bad items with good ones is called “rectifying
inspection”. The aim of rectifying inspection programming is restoring the lot’s
quality. Such this program a¤ect on …nal quality of outgoing product extremely.
In this process if in the inspection of sampling or lot we face with defective
product in order to re…ne it we pointed it to producer and substitute it with
safe one. Consequently the amount of the average of proportion of defective
items of outgoing lots comparison. Thus it is called average outgoing quality
(AOQ). The AOQ is the expected proportion of nonconforming items in all
outgoing lots. In quality control, AOQ is expected average quality of outgoing
product for a given value of incoming product quality. Suppose the size of lot

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is N and the fuzzy proportion of defective items is p. Then with the choosing
and inspection of a sample will the size as n the lot will be rejecting or accept.
The lot with the fuzzy probability (1 p ) will be reject. If the lot would
reject, the inspection will occur one hundred percent, and defective items will
replace with safe items, consequently the number of defective items equal to
zero. If the lot is accepted, according to n unit was inspected and was without
defective items, consequently the remaining items that are accepted without
inspection, averagely have p(N n) number of defective items. Therefore in the
outgoing inspection process the fuzzy average number of defective items with
the probability of p equal to p(N n) and with the probability of (1 p ) equal
zero. Thus cut of fuzzy average outgoing quality by using the de…nition of a
fuzzy mean is as follows:

p p (N n)
F AOQ[ ] = j p 2 p[ ] = [F AOQ [ ]; F AOQ [ ]];
N

p p (N n)
F AOQ [ ] = min j p 2 p[ ] ;
N
p p (N n)
F AOQ [ ] = max j p 2 p[ ] :
N
If the N be large than n, then we can o¤er the above relation as following:

F AOQ[ ] = fp p j p 2 p[ ]g = [F AOQ [ ]; F AOQ [ ]];

F AOQ [ ] = min fp p j p 2 p[ ]g ; F AOQ [ ] = max fp p j p 2 p[ ]g :

Example 1 Suppose that the size of lot be equal to 100 and c = 0; n =
10; p = (0:01; 0:02; 0:03 ), then fuzzy average outgoing quality is

p [ ]= e j 2 np[ ] ; np[ ] = [0:1 + 0:1 ; 0:3 0:1 ];

F AOQ = 0:9pe 10
j p 2 p[ ] ;
(0 1+0 1 ) (0 3 0 1 )
F AOQ[ ] = [0:9(0:01 + 0:01 )e ; 0:9(0:03 0:01 )e ]:
Under = 0 we obtain F AOQ[0] = [0:0081; 0:02] ,i.e., it is expected that in
such a process, for every 100 lots 81 to200 products will be defective items. And
under = 1 we obtain F AOQ[1] = [0:0146; 0:0146] . Figure 4 shows the FAOQ
in comparison with the input quality process has improved.
FAOQ is the function of the quality of the lot and with its changing, the
FAOQ will change. If the FAOQ is drawn in terms of the proportion of defective
items of the input lot, then the diagram will be a band which has downward
and upward bounds and it is called the FAOQ band. To achieve this aim we
consider the structure of p as follows

p = (k; a2 +k; a3 +k); p 2 p[ ]; q 2 q[ ]; p+q = 1; [ ] = (nk; na2 +nk; na3 +nk);

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 Figure 2: FAOQ band with N = 200; n = 20; c = 0; a2 = 0:01; a3 = 0:02

Figure 2 shows the FAOQ band for the sampling plan with a fuzzy parameter.
We observe, if the proportion of defective items of the input lot are very good
or very bad, the FAOQ will be very good. If the incoming quality of lot is good,
then a large proportion of the lots will be accepted by the sampling plan and
only a smaller fraction will be screened and hence the outgoing quality will be
small. Similarly, when the incoming quality is not good, a large proportion of
the lots will go for 100% inspected and in this case also, the outgoing quality
will be good since defective items will be replaced. Only for intermediate quality
levels, lot acceptance will be at a moderate rate and hence the AOQ will rise.
One measure of how sampling plans perform is the average outgoing quality
limit (AOQL). The AOQL is the maximum percentage of defective items that
can be expected in the lots examined by the plan [15]. The maximum amount
of FAOQ is the worse amount of FAOQ which will be earned in terms of an
amount like in terms of a p that will be called FAOQL. In Example 2 is as:
p = [0:04066; 0:06066]; F AOQL = [0:01446; 0:01655]:

5 Fuzzy average total inspection

An important measure relevant to rectifying inspection is fuzzy average total
inspection (FATI) for sampling plans with a fuzzy parameter. That is de…ned as
the average number of units inspected per lot based on the sample for accepted
lots and all inspected units in lots not accepted. If the lot is accepted the number
of inspection items equal to n (the fuzzy probability being p ), otherwise, it
is equal to N (the fuzzy probability being (1 p )). Consequently the FATI

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 Figure 3: FATI band with N = 100; n = 10; c = 0; p = (0:01; 0:02; 0:03)

according to the de…nition of a fuzzy mean is de…ned by

F AT I[ ] = fn + (1 p )(N n) j p 2 p[ ]g = [F AT I [ ]; F AT I [ ]];

F AT I [ ] = min fn + (1 p )(N n) j p 2 p[ ]g ;
F AT I [ ] = max fn + (1 p )(N n) j p 2 p[ ]g :
According to the de…ned structure for p in section 4, we can draw FATI band
in terms of p. Then this diagram is a band which has upward and downward
bounds. The degree of uncertainty of a proportion parameter is one of the factors
that the bandwidth of FAOQ and FATI depends on. The less uncertainty value
results in less bandwidth, and if proportion parameter gets a crisp value, the
lower and upper bounds will become equal, which means that AOQ and ATI
curves are in a classic state. The FATI band is an increasing function of the
proportion of defective items of the input lot. The fuzzy average total inspection
in the Example 1 is as follows:

p [ ]= e j 2 np[ ] ; np[ ] = [0:1 + 0:1 ; 0:3 0:1 ];

F AT I = 10 + 90(1 e )j 2 np[ ] ;
and the cut of FATI is

(0 1+0 1 ) (0 3 0 1 )
F AT I[ ] = 10 + 90(1 e ); 10 + 90(1 e ) :

Under = 0 we obtain F AT I[0] ' [19; 33] and under = 1we obtain F AT I[1] '
26. Figure3 illustrates a fuzzy average total inspection in Example 1. Suppose
that N = 200; n = 20; c = 0; a2 = 0:01; a3 = 0:02 then FATI band is

p[ ] = [k + 0:01 ; k + 0:02 0:01 ];

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