Mini Presentation on:

Effect of Transmission Line Resistance on Direction of Real

Power Flow and Inversion of Real Time Spot Prices:

Submitted to:
Dr. M H Shwehdi
EE 525

Submitted by:
Mohd Afzal Biyabani
G200904750
ABSTRACT:
GENERAL DERIVATION OF
This paper describes the effect of transmission line POWER FLOW CONDITIONS
resistance on the direction of real power flow along a
transmission line under specific conditions. If power FOR A TRANSMISSION LINE:
factor of load is poorer than the power factor of the
transmission line impedance, then direction of power Power flow equation at receiving end of a
flow is decided by voltage gradient and it flows from transmission line is written as follows;
lagging phase angle to leading phase bus angle.
Further a new condition has been derived for price
inversion at sending end even under lagging power
factor condition. These facts have been illustrated
with suitable examples.

INTRODUCTION:
Transmission line is an important element of a power
system utilized for transfer of real and reactive Separating the real and imaginary parts, a and b can
powers from source to load end. Under normal be obtained as follows;
conditions, the voltage gradient does not dictate
direction of power (real) flow along the transmission
line1. But, when large reactive power (in proportion
to real power) is to be transferred along a
transmission line, the real power transfer may be due
to voltage gradient. In such a situation the real power
flows from lagging phase angle bus to leading phase
angle bus. In view of the above discussion a general
condition has been derived for a transmission line in
terms of transmission line parameters. Real time spot
pricing has been proposed by researchers like Receiving end voltage is written as follows;
Schweppe Hogan and Read since 1982. In a recent
paper Ward et al have claimed New Zealand is the
only country that depend solely on a spot pricing
market for the dispatch of total electrical power. In
particular it has been established that real power The careful observation of equation (2) reveals
flows from a higher priced node to lower priced node that .b. will be positive under following condition;
in constrained power system. Further it has been
justified in New Zealand’s spot market that spot price
can decrease in the direction of real power flow in an
unconstrained power system. Such price behavior has where tan: is the power factor angle.
been termed as “Price Inversion”. Ward, et al have
demonstrated that price inversion can be caused by Under usual operating condition equation (5) is not
the physical characteristics of the power system. This encountered. Therefore, .b. is negative and real power
even includes the nature of load. It has been flows along the angle gradient. This means that such
established that price inversion takes place under unusual situation may occur at very low power factor.
light loading conditions and when load end voltage of Equation (5) can further be written in terms ofload
the transmission line is more than sending end power factor as follows
voltage. This amounts that either Ferranti effect
predominates or line is operating at leading power
factor. In view of above discussion a condition of
price inversion has been derived in this paper under
lagging power factor operation of the transmission
line using the power flow condition. This means that if load power factor is less than cos f,
(transmission line power factor itself) then real power
flow will be due to voltage gradient and the angle
gradient will be reversed.
INVERSION OF REAL TIME
SPOT PRICES FOR A
TRANSMISSION LINE:
A transmission line is considered where the power is
flowing from generator end to load end. It is a
reasonable expectation that real power price at
sending end is less than the real power price at load
end.
where ps and pl are the real power prices at sending
and receiving end, respectively.
This means that price rises in the direction of power
flow. However, under certain operating condition this
expectation is incorrect. A price inversion may take
place and following relation may be observed;
Ward, et al 7 gave a loss differential spot pricing
(LDSP) formula, which can be utilized to derive the
condition for spot price inversion. LDSP model for
two bus system is given as follows
The partial derivative represents the change in real
power loss for a change in real load at the load bus. It
is obvious from above relation that the spot price
inversion will occur if;
A relation for a single transmission line derived
earlier is considered. Real power loss can be written
in terms of sending end voltages, receiving end
voltages and transmission line parameters as follows
Expression for incremental power loss with respect to
real power load change can be written as follows
Expression for .a. and .b. has been derived earlier.
Usingbexpressions (2) and (3), partial derivatives in
equation (12) arebevaluated and condition for
inversion of spot price is obtained as follows
It is obvious from above relation that necessary
condition for inversion for spot price is
This is a condition derived earlier, and under such
situation power flows mainly due to voltage gradient
and the angle gradient is reversed.
RESULTS:
A transmission line having following parameters and
specified variables is considered.
R = 0.01 pu, X = 0.03 pu, Qd = 4 pu, Pd = 1 pu, V1 =
1.0 +j0.0
It is obvious from the condition specified that
4 and X/R=3
V2 = 0.84625 0.67°
Now it is obvious that real power flow is from bus
No 1 to bus No 2 even though the bus No 2 voltage is
leading to bus No 1 voltage.
Now it is considered that
Qd = 3 pu, and Pd = 1 pu
X/R ratio of the transmission line is equal to .. (3)
of the specified load. Using equations (2) and (3),
voltage at receiving end can be calculated as follows
V2 = 0.88720
It is interesting to note that phase angle difference
across the line is zero, still real power of 1.0 pu is
being transmitted. This is purely due to voltage
gradient.
Next it is considered that a transmission line having
the following parameters
X = 0.5 pu, R = 0.5 pu, V1 = 1.0 pu
These transmission line data are same as in Ward, et
al. Inversion condition given by equation (14) for this
transmission line can be written as follows
Qd - Pd > 0.25
If above condition is satisfied for such transmission
line price inversion will take place. Example of such
loading is Qd = 0.75 and Pd = 0.5
CONCLUSIONS:
A situation has been highlighted where real and
reactive power both flow along voltage gradient.
Such situation will arise when load power factor is
poorer than transmission line power factor itself.
When the above power factors coincide then phase
angle difference across the line is zero. Further the
condition of real power flow derived has been shown
to be necessary for inversion of spot price and using
this a sufficient condition has been derived for spot
price inversion under lagging power factor operation.