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Abstract—In this paper, we study the joint estimation of in- only one OFDM block for training and can achieve a good
phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalance, carrier frequency performance. For CFO estimation, a low complexity maximum
offset (CFO), and channel response for multiple-input multiple- likelihood (ML) technique was proposed in [5] and [6].The
output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) systems using training sequences. A new concept called joint estimation of CFO and I/Q imbalance was investigated
channel residual energy (CRE) is introduced. We show that by in [7]. The authors in [7] combined the techniques in [3]
minimizing the CRE, we can jointly estimate the I/Q imbalance and [5] to jointly estimate the I/Q and CFO parameters using
and CFO without knowing the channel response. The proposed two repeated training blocks. The Cramer-Rao bound of CFO
method needs only one OFDM block for training and the training estimation was derived in [8].
symbols can be arbitrary. Moreover when the training block
consists of two repeated sequences, a low complexity two-step Recently, there have been a lot of interests in combining
approach is proposed to solve the joint estimation problem. the OFDM systems with the multiple-input multiple-output
Simulation results show that the mean-squared error (MSE) of (MIMO) technique. These systems are known as MIMO
the proposed method is close to the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB).
OFDM systems. Many methods have been proposed to deal
Index Terms—MIMO OFDM, CFO, I/Q imbalance, channel with the channel estimation in MIMO OFDM systems. One
estimation.
of these methods is to send the training sequences (known
to the receiver) from the transmitter. The design of training
I. I NTRODUCTION sequences for MIMO OFDM systems was investigated in
when the training data consists of two repeated sequences, Suppose in addition to the CFO, there is also I/Q mismatch at
we derive a low complexity two-step approach for solving the receiver. The received vector due to I/Q mismatch becomes
the joint estimation problem. Simulation results show that the [13]
MSEs of the two proposed methods are very close to the
Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) [8][16]. z𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 y𝑘 + 𝜈𝑘 y𝑘∗ , (6)
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The system where 𝜇𝑘 and 𝜈𝑘 are the I/Q parameters at the receiver. They
model is described in Section II. In Section III, we briefly are related to the amplitude mismatch 𝜖𝑘 and phase mismatch
review the channel estimation problem for MIMO OFDM 𝜙𝑘 as
systems [10]. The joint estimation of the I/Q imbalance, CFO
and channel response is studied in Section IV. The two-step 1 + 𝜖𝑘 𝑒−𝑗𝜙𝑘 1 − 𝜖𝑘 𝑒𝑗𝜙𝑘
𝜇𝑘 ≜ and 𝜈𝑘 ≜ . (7)
approach is discussed in Section V. Simulation results are 2 2
given in Section VI. Conclusions are drawn in Section VII. Substituting (4) into (6), we get
Parts of the results in this paper were presented in [22].
z𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 E𝑘 r𝑘 + 𝜈𝑘 E∗𝑘 r∗𝑘 . (8)
† 𝑇 ∗
Notation: The symbols A , A and A denote respectively The received vector z𝑘 consists of not only the desired base-
the transpose-conjugate, the transpose, and the complex con- band vector r𝑘 but also its complex conjugate r∗𝑘 . Moreover,
jugate of A. the presence of E𝑘 due to CFO will also destroy the subcarrier
orthogonality [5]. In later sections, we will show how to jointly
II. S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION estimate the I/Q imbalance, CFO and MIMO channel response
using training sequences.
Fig. 1 shows an MIMO OFDM system where the numbers
Suppose that we have estimates of the I/Q imbalance and
of the transmit and receive antenna are 𝑁𝑡 and 𝑁𝑟 respectively.
CFO at the receiver. We will show how to recover the desired
The input vector s𝑗 (see Fig. 1) is an 𝑀 × 1 vector containing
baseband vector r𝑘 from z𝑘 . Define a parameter 𝛼𝑘 that is
the modulation symbols. After taking the 𝑀 -point IDFT of
related to the I/Q imbalance parameters as
s𝑗 , we obtain the 𝑀 × 1 vector x𝑗 . After the insertion of a
CP of length 𝐿 − 1, the signal is transmitted from the 𝑗th 𝜈𝑘
𝛼𝑘 ≜ ∗ . (9)
transmit antenna. Let the channel impulse response from the 𝜇𝑘
𝑗th transmit antenna to the 𝑘th receive antenna be ℎ𝑘,𝑗 (𝑛). If 𝛼𝑘 is known at the receiver, from (6) we can get [3]
We assume that the lengths of all the channels are ≤ 𝐿 and
the length of the cyclic prefix (CP) is 𝐿 − 1. So there is no z𝑘 − 𝛼𝑘 z∗𝑘
𝜇𝑘 y𝑘 = . (10)
interblock interference between adjacent OFDM blocks after 1 − ∣𝛼𝑘 ∣2
CP removal. The received vector at the 𝑘th receive antenna If 𝜃𝑘 is also known at the receiver, from (4) we can recover
can be written as a scaled version of the desired baseband vector by
⎡ x0 ⎤
z𝑘 − 𝛼𝑘 z∗𝑘
[ ]⎢ x1 ⎥ 𝜇𝑘 r𝑘 = E∗𝑘 𝜇𝑘 y𝑘 = E∗𝑘 . (11)
r𝑘 = H𝑘,0 H𝑘,1 ⋅⋅⋅ H𝑘,𝑁𝑡 −1 ⎢ .. ⎥ + q𝑘 (1) 1 − ∣𝛼𝑘 ∣2
⎣ ⎦
.
x𝑁𝑡 −1 III. MIMO C HANNEL E STIMATION
where H𝑘,𝑗 is an 𝑀 ×𝑀 circulant matrix with the first column In the following, we briefly review the problem of MIMO
[ ]𝑇 channel estimation using training sequences described in [10].
h𝑘,𝑗 ≜ ℎ𝑘,𝑗 (0) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ℎ𝑘,𝑗 (𝐿 − 1) 0 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 0 , (2) Given s𝑖 , or equivalently x𝑖 (see Fig. 1), we want to estimate
the channel response from the received vector. Since it has
and q𝑘 is the 𝑀 × 1 blocked version of channel noise. been shown [16] that the channel responses can be estimated
After passing r𝑘 through the 𝑀 -point DFT, we can employ separately for each receive antenna, we drop the receive
a frequency domain equalizer (FEQ) to recover the transmit antenna index 𝑘 in the following discussion for simplicity.
signal s𝑗 . Suppose that there are no CFO and I/Q imbalance. For the
Suppose now that the system suffers from carrier frequency purpose of channel estimation, we rewrite the received signal
offset (CFO) Δ𝑓𝑘 . Define the normalized CFO as in (1) as
Δ𝑓𝑘 ⎡ ⎤
𝜃𝑘 ≜ = Δ𝑓𝑘 𝑀 𝑇, (3) h0
1
𝑀𝑇 [ ]⎢⎢ h1 ⎥
⎥
r = X0 X1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X𝑁𝑡 −1 ⎢ .. ⎥ + q, (12)
where 𝑀 is the size of the DFT matrix and 𝑇 is the sample ⎣ . ⎦
spacing. The vector due to CFO is [18] h𝑁𝑡 −1
y𝑘 = E𝑘 r𝑘 , (4) where h𝑗 is the 𝑀 × 1 vector defined in (2) and X𝑗 is an
𝑀 × 𝑀 circulant matrix with the first column x𝑗 . Define the
where r𝑘 is the desired baseband vector in (1) and E𝑘 is an 𝑀 × 𝐿 submatrix A𝑗 which consists of the first 𝐿 columns
𝑀 × 𝑀 diagonal matrix of X𝑗 and let c𝑗 be
[ ]
ℎ𝑗 (𝐿 − 1) ]𝑇 .
2𝜋 2𝜋
E𝑘 ≜ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 1 𝑒𝑗 𝑀 𝜃𝑘 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝑒𝑗 𝑀 (𝑀−1)𝜃𝑘 . (5) c𝑗 ≜ [ ℎ𝑗 (0) ℎ𝑗 (1) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (13)
CHUNG and PHOONG: JOINT ESTIMATION OF I/Q IMBALANCE, CFO AND CHANNEL RESPONSE FOR MIMO OFDM SYSTEMS 1487
where x𝑘,𝑖 is the 𝑘th column of X𝑖 and x((𝑘))𝑀 ,0 is the Our goal is to find 𝛼 that minimizes the CRE. Since for most
((𝑘))𝑀 th column of X0 . Recall that A𝑖 are formed by the applications, 𝛼 is small, (33) can be approximated as
′
first 𝐿 columns of X𝑖 . If the 𝑀 × (𝜌 − 𝐿) matrix A𝑖 is
′
defined such that [ A𝑖 A𝑖 ] contains the first 𝜌 columns of CRE ≈ ∥PB−1 (z − 𝛼z∗ )∥2 . (34)
X𝑖 , using (28) we see that the 𝑀 × 𝑀 matrix B defined in From linear algebra, it is known that the optimal 𝛼 that
(22) is in fact equal to X0 , which is unitary and circulant. minimizes the CRE is
IV. P ROPOSED J OINT E STIMATION M ETHOD (PB−1 z∗ )† (PB−1 z)
𝛼𝑜𝑝𝑡 = . (35)
In this section, we propose a new method to estimate the ∥PB−1 z∗ ∥2
channel response when there are CFO and I/Q imbalances. We By substituting 𝛼𝑜𝑝𝑡 into (30), we get the estimated MIMO
will first consider the simpler problem of the joint estimation channel response 𝜇d̂. For the compensation of I/Q imbalance,
of channel response and I/Q imbalance under the assumption one can employ (29) to obtain 𝜇r. Notice that there is no need
that there is no CFO. In this special case, the optimal solution to compensate the factor 𝜇 because it will be canceled when
is given in closed form. Then the joint estimation of the we use 𝜇d̂ to implement the FEQ. From (35), we see that to
channel response, CFO and I/Q imbalance will be studied. get 𝛼𝑜𝑝𝑡 , we only need to compute B−1 z (as B is fixed, B−1
Below we will show how to estimate 𝛼𝑘 and 𝜃𝑘 from one can be precomputed) and perform vector inner products at the
received vector z𝑘 at the 𝑘th receive antenna. For notational numerator and denominator2. When the training sequence in
simplicity, we will drop the receive antenna index 𝑘 as the [9] is used, B becomes unitary and circulant. As B−1 is also
problem can be solved separately for each receive antenna. circulant and unitary, B−1 z can be efficiently realized using
circular convolution.
A. Joint Estimation of Channel Response and I/Q Imbalance
In this subsection, we assume that there is no CFO. Hence B. Joint Estimation of Channel Response, I/Q Imbalance and
we have 𝜃 = 0 and E = I. From (11), 𝜇r is related to the CFO
received vector z as
z − 𝛼z∗ When the receiver suffers from both CFO and I/Q mismatch,
𝜇r = . (29) the received vector z is given by (8). From Sec. 2, we know
1 − ∣𝛼∣2
that if 𝜃 and 𝛼 are known, we can recover the desired baseband
From (23) and (29), if 𝛼 is given, an estimate of the MIMO vector from z using (11) and it is given by
channel response can be obtained as
[ ]𝑇 z − 𝛼z∗
𝜇r = E∗ 𝜇y = E∗ , (36)
𝜇d̂ = 𝜇 d̂𝑇0 d̂𝑇1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ d̂𝑇𝑁𝑡 −1 1 − ∣𝛼∣2
z − 𝛼z∗ where the diagonal matrix E is given in (5). We can obtain
= B−1 𝜇r = B−1 , (30)
1 − ∣𝛼∣2 an estimate of the MIMO channel response as
where B is defined in (22). When 𝛼 is estimated perfectly, the z − 𝛼z∗
first 𝐿 entries of each ĥ𝑗 in the above expression will give us 𝜇d̂ = B−1 𝜇r = B−1 E∗ . (37)
1 − ∣𝛼∣2
an estimate of the channel response and the last (𝜌−𝐿) entries
of d̂𝑗 are solely due to the channel noise. For moderately high From the above equation, when 𝛼 and 𝜃 are perfectly esti-
SNR, the energy of these entries should be small. Let us define mated, the last 𝜌 − 𝐿 entries of d̂𝑗 are again solely due to the
a quantity called the channel residual energy (CRE) as channel noise. By summing up the energy of these entries, we
have the CRE
𝑁
∑ 𝜌−1
𝑡 −1 ∑
Once the optimal 𝜃𝑜𝑝𝑡 is obtained from the above optimization, z𝑎 = 𝜇y + 𝜈y∗ + q𝑎 , (48)
the optimal 𝛼𝑜𝑝𝑡 can be obtained by substituting 𝜃𝑜𝑝𝑡 into (41) z𝑏 = 𝜇𝑒𝑗𝜋𝜃 y + 𝜈(𝑒𝑗𝜋𝜃 y)∗ + q𝑏 , (49)
and the estimated channel response is found by substituting
𝑀
𝛼𝑜𝑝𝑡 and 𝜃𝑜𝑝𝑡 into (37). Then we can use (36) for symbol re- where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the OFDM block indexes and y is an ×1 2
covery. Note that no iteration is needed in the above optimiza- vector in (4). Our goal is to jointly estimate CFO, I/Q and
tion process. However, a one-dimensional search is needed to channel response from z𝑎 and z𝑏 . Below we will first show
obtain the CFO estimate. In many practical applications, the how to solve the two subproblems: (A) given 𝛼, estimate 𝜃 and
training data often consist of repeated sequences. In this case, (B) given 𝜃, estimate 𝛼 and ℎ(𝑛). Then the joint estimation
the one-dimensional search problem in (42) can be avoided of 𝛼, 𝜃 and ℎ(𝑛) will be solved by a two-step approach.
and the joint optimization problem can be solved efficiently (A) Given 𝛼, Estimate CFO 𝜃: Rearranging (48) and (49),
using a two-step approach as demonstrated later. we can obtain
An Analysis of CRE: In the following, we assume that 𝛼 z𝑎 − 𝛼z∗𝑎
is small so that the second order term can be ignored. Also we 𝜇y = , (50)
1 − ∣𝛼∣2
assume that SNR is moderately high so that 𝛼q can be ignored z𝑏 − 𝛼z∗𝑏
in the analysis below. Let the estimate of 𝛼 and 𝜃 be 𝛼 ˆ and 𝑒𝑗𝜋𝜃 𝜇y = . (51)
1 − ∣𝛼∣2
𝜃ˆ respectively. Replacing 𝛼 in (40) and 𝜃 in F with 𝛼 ˆ and 𝜃ˆ
respectively and substituting the relation z = E𝜇r + 𝛼(E𝜇r)∗ So given 𝛼, one can estimate CFO by
into (40), we approximate the CRE as 1 { }
𝜃ˆ = angle (z𝑎 − 𝛼z∗𝑎 )† (z𝑏 − 𝛼z∗𝑏 ) , (52)
𝜋
CRE ≈ PB−1 Ê∗ EB(𝜇d)
2 where we have used the fact that (𝜇y)† (𝜇y) and (1 − ∣𝛼∣2 )2
+(𝛼 − 𝛼 ˆ)PB−1 Ê∗ E∗ B∗ (𝜇d)∗ + PB−1 Ê∗ E(𝜇q)(44) . are both positive. Notice that the estimate CFO 𝜃ˆ in the above
equation is in the range of −1 ≤ 𝜃ˆ < 1. The case where the
Define the estimation errors Δ𝛼 ≜ 𝛼 − 𝛼 ˆ and Δ𝜃 ≜ 𝜃 − CFO is outside this range (i.e. ∣𝜃∣ > 1) will be discussed later.
ˆ Assume Δ𝜃 is small so we can make the approximation
𝜃.
Ê∗ E ≈ I + Δ𝜃Υ, where Υ is 𝑀 × 𝑀 diagonal with the 𝑘th (B) Given 𝜃, Estimate 𝛼 and ℎ(𝑛): Using (37), we obtain
entry 𝑗 2𝜋𝑘 two independent estimates of 𝜇d from (50) and (51) as
𝑀 . Then we can rewrite the CRE as
z𝑎 − 𝛼z∗𝑎
CRE ≈ P(𝜇d) + Δ𝜃PB−1 ΥB(𝜇d) 𝜇d̂𝑎 = B−1 E∗ (53)
2 1 − ∣𝛼∣2
+ Δ𝛼PB−1 (E∗ )2 B∗ (𝜇d)∗ + PB−1 Ê∗ (𝜇q) .(45) z𝑏 − 𝛼z∗𝑏
𝜇d̂𝑏 = 𝑒−𝑗𝜋𝜃 B−1 E∗ , (54)
1 − ∣𝛼∣2
Using (32), (20) and (21), it is found that P(𝜇d) = 0. Suppose
that the noise samples are i.i.d. complex random variables with where B and E are defined in (22) and (5) respectively (except
zero-mean and variance 𝒩0 . The mean value of CRE is given that their dimensions are 𝑀 𝑀
2 × 2 now). From the above two
by equations, we define the CRE as
[ ]
[ ] Δ𝜃 CRE𝑎 = ∥P𝜇d̂𝑎 ∥2 and CRE𝑏 = ∥P𝜇d̂𝑏 ∥2 , (55)
𝐸 {CRE} = Δ𝜃 Δ𝛼∗ V† V
Δ𝛼
respectively. Our goal is to find 𝛼 by minimizing the CRE𝑎
+ ∣𝜇∣2 (𝑀 − 𝑁𝑡 𝐿)𝒩0 , (46)
[ ] and CRE𝑏 . Substituting (53) and (54) into the CRE𝑎 and CRE𝑏
where V ≜ PB−1 ΥB(𝜇d) PB−1 (E∗ )2 B∗ (𝜇d)∗ . and using (41), we obtain two independent estimates of 𝛼 as
From the right hand side of (46), we see that the CRE contains (Fz∗𝑎 )† (Fz𝑎 ) (Fz∗𝑏 )† (Fz𝑏 )
two parts: the first term is channel dependent and the second ˆ𝑎 =
𝛼 , and 𝛼
ˆ 𝑏 = , (56)
∥Fz∗𝑎 ∥2 ∥Fz∗𝑏 ∥2
term is the noise term, which is independent of 𝛼 and 𝜃. Since
V† V is in general positive definite, we have where F = PB−1 E∗ . By taking the average, one can estimate
𝛼 as
𝐸 {CRE} ≥ ∣𝜇∣2 (𝑀 − 𝑁𝑡 𝐿)𝒩0 , (47)
1
where the equality is achieved if and only if Δ𝛼 = Δ𝜃 = 0. ˆ = (ˆ
𝛼 𝛼𝑎 + 𝛼ˆ𝑏 ). (57)
2
1490 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 5, MAY 2010
Substituting 𝛼
ˆ into (53) and (54), we obtain two estimates of −2
10
channel response 𝜇d̂𝑎 and 𝜇d̂𝑏 . By taking the average, we
have the estimated channel vector
−3
1 10
𝜇d̂ = (𝜇d̂𝑎 + 𝜇d̂𝑏 ). (58)
2
−4
(C) CFO with ∣𝜃∣ > 1: When the CFO is outside the range 10
MSE(I/Q)
of [−1, 1), we can write it as 𝜃 = 𝜃ˆ+ 2𝜏 where 𝜏 is an integer
and 𝜃ˆ is in the range of [−1, 1). Then 𝜃ˆ can be estimated by −5
10
using (52). To get an estimate of 𝜏 , we can substitute 𝜃ˆ +
2𝜏 into (55). Using (42), we obtain different CRE values for −6
different 𝜏 . Using the observation that when 𝜏 is estimated 10 Proposed (Sec. 4)
perfectly, the CRE should be a minimum, the estimate of 𝜏 is Two−Step (Sec. 5)
IQ−CFO−FD [7]
therefore given by −7
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
𝜏ˆ = arg min (CRE𝑎 + CRE𝑏 ) . (59) SNR(dB)
𝜏 ∈integer
(a)
Notice that in practice, 𝜏 is usually a small integer. We only
−2
need to search for 𝜏 within a narrow range. 10
TABLE I
T RAINING SEQUENCES IN C ASE A
−3 −2
10 10
Proposed (Sec. 4) Proposed (Sec. 4)
Two−Step (Sec. 5) Two−Step (Sec. 5)
−3
−4 IQ−CFO−FD [7] 10 IQ−CFO−FD [7]
10
CRB [8][16], Type I CRB [8][16], Type I
CRB [8][16], Type II CRB [8][16], Type II
MSE(Channel)
−4
−5 CRB [8][16], Type III 10 CRB [8][16], Type III
10
MSE(CFO)
−5
−6 10
10
−6
−7
10
10
−7
10
−8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10 SNR(dB)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SNR(dB)
(a)
(a)
0
2
10
10
0 −2
10 10
MSE(Channel)
Proposed (Sec. 4)
−2
MSE(CFO)
10 Two−Step (Sec. 5) −4
10
IQ−CFO−FD [7]
CRB [8][16], Type I
−4
CRB [8][16], Type II Proposed (Sec. 4)
10
−6 Two−Step (Sec. 5)
CRB [8][16], Type III 10 IQ−CFO−FD [7]
−6
CRB [8][16], Type I
10 CRB [8][16], Type II
−8 CRB [8][16], Type III
10
−8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10 SNR(dB)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SNR(dB) (b)
(b) Fig. 4. MSE of channel responses in (a) case A; (b) case B.
Fig. 3. MSEs of CFO in (a) case A; (b) case B.
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and compensation of Tx and Rx I/Q imbalance in OFDM-based MIMO
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2003.
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Process., Oct. 2006.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT channel response for MIMO OFDM system," in Proc. EUSIPCO, Sept.
The authors would like to thank all the reviewers for their 2007.
helpful comments and suggestions.
Yuan-Hwui Chung (S’06) was born in Tainan,
R EFERENCES Taiwan, in 1979. He received the B. S. degree in
electrical engineering from National Cheng Kung
[1] A. Tarighat, A. H. Sayed, “Compensation schemes and performance University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, in 2002 and
analysis of I/Q imbalances in OFDM receivers," IEEE Trans. Signal M.S. degree and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineer-
Process., Aug. 2005. ing and communication engineering from National
[2] M. Windisch and G. Fettweis, “Preample design for an efficient I/Q Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, in 2004
imbalance compensation in OFDM direction-conversion receivers," in and 2009 respectively. He is now a Postdoctoral Fel-
Proc. 10th Intl. OFDM Workshop, Aug./Sep. 2005. low at NTU. His current research interests include
[3] J. Tubbax, B. Come, L. V. der Perre, S. Donnay, M. Engels, H. D. Man, signal processing for MIMO communications and
and M. Moonen, “Compensation of IQ imbalance and phase noise in OFDM systems.
OFDM systems," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., May 2005.
[4] W.-J. Cho, T.-K. Chang, Y.-H. Chung, S.-M. Phoong, and Y.-P. Lin,
“Frame synchronization and joint estimation of IQ imbalance and See-May Phoong (M’96-SM’04) was born in Johor,
channel response for OFDM systems," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Mar. Malaysia, in 1968. He received the B.S. degree
2008. in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan
[5] P. H. Moose, “A technique for orthogonal frequency division multplex- University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1991
ing frequency offset correction," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, no. 10, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineer-
pp. 2908-2914, Oct. 1994. ing from the California Institute of Technology
[6] T. M. Schmidl and D. C. Cox, “Robust frequency and timing synchro- (Caltech), Pasadena, California, in 1992 and 1996,
nization for OFDM," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1613- respectively.
1621, Dec. 1997. He was with the Faculty of the Department
[7] J. Tubbax, A. Fort, L. Van der Perre, S. Donnay, M. Engels, M. Moonen, of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Nanyang
and H. De Man, “Joint compensation of I/Q imbalance and frequency Technological University, Singapore, from Septem-
offset in OFDM systems," in Proc. IEEE Globecom, 2003. ber 1996 to September 1997. In September 1997, he joined the Graduate
[8] M. Morelli and U. Mengali, “Carrier-frequency estimation for transmis- Institute of Communication Engineering and the Department of Electrical
sions over selective channels," IEEE Trans. Commun., Sep. 2000. Engineering, NTU, as an Assistant Professor, and since August 2006, he has
[9] Y. Li, “Simplified channel estimation for OFDM systems with multiple been a Professor.
transmit antennas," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. Dr. Phoong has previously served as an Associate Editor for IEEE
67-75, Jan. 2002. T RANSACTIONS ON C IRCUITS AND S YSTEMS II: A NALOG AND D IGINAL
[10] I. Barhumi, G. Leus, and M. Moonen, “Optimal training design for S IGNAL P ROCESSING (Jan. 2002 – Dec. 2003), IEEE S IGNAL P ROCESSING
MIMO OFDM systems in mobile wireless channels," IEEE Trans. L ETTERS (March 2002 - Feb. 2005) and IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON C IRCUITS
Signal Process., June 2003. AND S YSTEMS I: R EGULAR PAPERS (Jan. 2006 - Dec. 2007). His interests
[11] H. Minn and N. Al-Dhahir, “Optimal training signals for MIMO OFDM include multirate signal processing, filter banks and their application to com-
channel estimation," in IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., May 2006. munications. He received the Charles H. Wilts Prize (1997) for outstanding
[12] S. Sun, I. Wiemer, C. K. Ho, and T. T. Tjhung, “Training sequence independent research in electrical engineering at Caltech. He was also a
assisted channel estimation for MIMO OFDM," in Proc. IEEE WCNC, recipient of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering’s Outstanding
Mar. 2003. Youth Electrical Engineer Award (2005).