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Exercises
E15.1 If one grasps the wire with the right hand and with the thumb pointing
north, the fingers point west under the wire and curl around to point east
above the wire.
E15.2 If one places the fingers of the right hand on the periphery of the clock
pointing clockwise, the thumb points into the clock face.
µI 4π × 10 −7 × 20
E15.6 B = = = 4 × 10 −4 T
2πr 2π10 −2
E15.7 By Ampère’s law, the integral equals the sum of the currents flowing
through the surface bounded by the path. The reference direction for
the currents relates to the direction of integration by the right-hand
rule. Thus, for each part the integral equals the sum of the currents
flowing upward. Refering to Figure 15.9 in the book, we have
∫ H ⋅ dl = 10 A
Path 1
∫ H ⋅ dl = 10 − 10 = 0 A
Path 2
∫ H ⋅ dl = −10 A
Path 3
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E15.8 Refer to Figure 15.9 in the book. Conceptually the left-hand wire
produces a field in the region surrounding it given by
µI 4π × 10 −7 × 10
B= = = 2 × 10 −5 T
2πr 2π10 −1
By the right-hand rule, the direction of this field is in the direction of
Path 1. The field in turn produces a force on the right-hand wire given by
f = Bli = 2 × 10 5 (1)(10) = 2 × 10 −4 N
By the right-hand rule, the direction of the force is such that the wires
repel one another.
E15.10 Refer to Example 15.6 in the book. Neglecting the reluctance of the iron,
we have:
Rc = 0
l gap 1 × 10 −2
Ra = = = 8.842 × 10 6
µ0Aa 4 π × 10 × 9 × 10
−7 −4
2
l gap 0.5 × 10 −2
Rb = = = 6.366 × 10 6
µ0Ab 4π × 10 × 6.25 × 10
−7 −4
Ni 500 × 2
φa = = = 113.1 µWb
Ra 8.842 × 10 6
φa 113.1 × 10 −6
Ba = = = 0.1257 T
Aa 9 × 10 −4
compared to 0.1123 T found in the example for an error of 11.9%.
Ni 500 × 2
φb = = = 157.1 µWb
Rb 6.366 × 10 6
φb 157.1 × 10 −6
Bb = = = 0.2513 T
Ab 6.25 × 10 −4
compared to 0.2192T found in the Example for an error of 14.66%.
N2i2 200i2
E15.11 φ2 = = = 2 × 10 −5 i2
R 10 7
λ12 = N1 φ2 = 200 × 10 −5 i2
λ12
M= = 2 mH
i2
If a dot is placed on the top terminal of coil 1, current entering the dot
produces clockwise flux. Current must enter the bottom terminal of coil
2 to produce clockwise flux. Thus the corresponding dot should be on the
bottom terminal of coil 2.
The voltages are given by Equations 15.36 and 15.37 in which we choose
the minus signs because the currents produce opposing fluxes. Thus we
have
di1 di di di
e1 = L1 − M 2 and e2 = −M 1 + L2 2
dt dt dt dt
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E15.13 (a) Using the right-hand rule, we find that the fluxes produced by i1 and
i2 aid in path 1, aid in path 2, and oppose in path 3.
(c) Because the currents produce aiding flux linkages, the mutual term
carries a + sign.
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NI 1000
E15.15 H gap = = = 200 × 103 A/m
l gap 0.5 × 10 −2
Vs ′ 100∠0 o
I2 = = = 3.536∠ − 45 o
Rs + Z L 10 + 10 + j 20
′
V2 = Z L I2 = (10 + j 20) I2 = 79.06∠18.43o V
2
3.536
PL = I 2
RL =
2rms (10) = 62.51 W
2
2 2
N 1
E15.17 RL′ = 1 RL = 400 = 25 Ω
N2 4
100∠0 o
I1 = = 1.538∠0 o
Rs + RL′
N
I2 = 1 I1 = 0.3846∠0 o
N2
V2 = RL I2 = 153.8∠0 o
PL = RL′I 12rms = RL I 22rms = 29.60 W
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Answers for Selected Problems
P15.5* r = 66.67 cm
P15.11* B = 0.6 T
P15.15* φ = 0.0314 Wb
λ = 0.157 Wb turns
e = 157 V
P15.16* µ r = 1592
NI
P15.34* φ =
lg x
+
µ 0π (d + l g )L µ 0π (d 2)
2
P15.37* 800 mH
P15.38* L = 0.3183 H
R = 78.54 × 10 4
µ r = 405.3
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P15.48*
P15.52* Two causes of core loss are hysteresis and eddy currents. To minimize
loss due to hysteresis, we should select a material having a thin
hysteresis loop (as shown in Figure 15.21 in the book). To minimize loss
due to eddy currents, we laminate the core. The laminations are
insulated from one another so eddy currents cannot flow between them.
P15.53* P = 28.88 W
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P15.67* (a) The dots should be placed on the top end of coil 2 and on the
right-hand end of coil 3.
(b) V2 = 50∠0 o I2 = 10∠0 o
V3 = 100∠0 o I3 = 10∠0 o
(c) N1 I1 − N2I2 − N3I3 = 0
I1 = 15∠0 o
On the other hand if the peak value of B is much higher than the
saturation point, much more magnetizing current is required resulting in
higher losses.
Practice Test
T15.1 (a) We have f = ilB sin(θ ) = 12(0.2)0.3 sin(90 o ) = 0.72 N . (θ is the angle
between the field and the wire.) The direction of the force is that of il ×
B in which the direction of the vector l is the positive direction of the
current (given as the positive x direction). Thus, the force is directed in
the negative y direction.
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(b) The current and the field are in the same direction so θ = 0 and the
force is zero. Direction does not apply for a vector of zero magnitude.
To account for fringing, we add the gap length to the width and depth of
the gap.
0.3 × 10 −2
R gap = = 3.145 × 10 6
4π × 10 −7 × 2.3 × 10 −2 × 3.3 × 10 −2
The equivalent reluctance seen by the source is:
Req = Rcore + R gap = 3.443 × 10 6
The flux is :
F 4 × 350
φ= = = 406.6 × 10 -6 Wb
Req 3.443 × 10 6
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(b) The inductance is
N2 350 2
L= = = 35.58 mH
Req 3.443 × 10 6
T15.5 The two mechanisms by which power is converted to heat in an iron core
are hysteresis and eddy currents. To minimize loss due to hysteresis, we
choose a material for which the plot of B versus H displays a thin
hysteresis loop. To minimize loss due to eddy currents, we make the core
from laminated sheets or from powered iron held together by an
insulating binder. Hysteresis loss is proportional to frequency and eddy-
current loss is proportional to the square of frequency.
T15.6 (a) With the switch open, we have I2rms = 0, I1rms = 0 and the voltage
across Rs is zero. Therefore, we have V1rms = 120 V and V2rms =
(N2/N1)V1rms = 1200 V. (The dots affect the phases of the voltages but
not their rms values. Thus, V2rms = −1200 V would not be considered to be
correct.)
(b) With the switch closed, the impedance seen looking into the primary
is RL′ = (N1 / N2 ) 2 RL = 10 Ω. Then, using the voltage division principle, we
RL′
have V1rms = 120 = 114.3 V. Next, V2rms = (N2/N1)V1rms = 1143 V.
Rs + RL′
The primary current is I 1rms = 120 /(10.5) = 11.43 A. The secondary
current is I2rms = (N1/N2)I1rms = 1.143 A.
T15.7 Core loss is nearly independent of load, while loss in the coil resistances
is nearly proportional to the square of the rms load current. Thus, for a
transformer that is lightly loaded most of the time, core loss is more
significant. Transformer B would be better from the standpoint of total
energy loss and operating costs.
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