Referencing your work using the Harvard system




CONTENTS


What
is
a
reference?.....................................................................................................................................................3


When
do
you
need
to
supply
references? ..................................................................................................................3


Quotation
&
paraphrase
–
What
is
the
difference?................................................................................................... 3


Citing
your
references
in
your
work ............................................................................................................................4


What
if
there
is
more
than
one
author? .....................................................................................................................4


Direct
quotations ..........................................................................................................................................................4


What
information
do
I
need
to
include
in
my
reference
list? ...................................................................................5


How
do
I
cite
a
website
in
the
body
of
my
text? ........................................................................................................ 5


What
is
secondary
referencing? .................................................................................................................................. 5


Examples
of
how
to
cite
and
reference…....................................................................................................................6


Books .................................................................................................................................................................. 6


Electronic
Books................................................................................................................................................. 7


Institutions
or
organisations
as
authors........................................................................................................... 7


A
chapter
from
a
book
with
items
by
several
people ..................................................................................... 8


Journal
articles ................................................................................................................................................... 8


Electronic
Journal
articles ................................................................................................................................. 8


Electronic
Journal
articles
retrieved
using
a
full
text
database
or
journal
collection ................................... 8


E
Journal
published
directly
on
the
Internet ................................................................................................... 9


Newspaper
articles ............................................................................................................................................ 9


Illustrations
or
photographs ...........................................................................................................................10


Conference
proceedings ................................................................................................................................. 10


Foreign
language
materials.............................................................................................................................11


Theses
and
dissertations ................................................................................................................................. 11


Translations ......................................................................................................................................................12


Brochures
and
leaflets..................................................................................................................................... 12


Personal
Communications
(e‐mails,
letters,
personal
interviews)...............................................................12


British
Standards..............................................................................................................................................13



1

 


Government
or
official
publications...............................................................................................................13


Acts
of
Parliament............................................................................................................................................ 14


Films,
videos
and
broadcasts ..........................................................................................................................14


Performances ...................................................................................................................................................15


For
productions
of
plays
(where
your
subject
is
the
play): .............................................................................15


For
performances
(where
your
subject
is
the
performance
or
company):....................................................15


Theatre
programmes,
prompt
books,
etc: .......................................................................................................16


Websites...........................................................................................................................................................16


Seminar
or
lecture
notes................................................................................................................................. 16


Sample
reference
list ..................................................................................................................................................17


Further
information ....................................................................................................................................................18




2

 


WHAT
IS
A
REFERENCE?


When you have included information from published sources in your work, you must acknowledge
this information fully and accurately. The inclusion of such information is called citation, and the
details about the information are known as a reference, since you are referring to the book, journal
article, website or other source.

The reference list should only contain items that have been cited (specifically mentioned) in the main
text of your work. Why include references?

• They show that you have done some research and have found relevant information.

• They show that you have supported your points properly.

• They enable readers to trace the primary sources and draw their own conclusions from the
original works which you have cited.

• They are part of the marking criteria.

• They help you avoid being accused of Plagiarism. This is using someone else's work as your
own without acknowledging it. Whether you are quoting word for word, or paraphrasing a written
passage, if you do not acknowledge it you are cheating and guilty of plagiarism. Whether this is
done deliberately or unintentionally, the University’s regulations are very strict.

When you use the Harvard System, you are only usually required to produce a reference list.
However, some lecturers may want you to produce a bibliography instead of a reference list. In such
cases, you must list all sources you have consulted, regardless of whether you cited from them or
not. Also, some lecturers may ask you to produce an annotated bibliography or reference list. This
simply means that after each source listed, you write a couple of sentences that appraise the book’s
usefulness in relation to the topic you are discussing.

WHEN
DO
YOU
NEED
TO
SUPPLY
REFERENCES?


You should acknowledge your source with a reference whenever you include:

• Mention of a particular theory, fact, argument or viewpoint (attributable to a specific person, that
is not common knowledge).

• Statistics, examples and case studies.

• Direct quotations from another source.

• Paraphrases of any of the above

QUOTATION
&
PARAPHRASE
–
WHAT
IS
THE
DIFFERENCE?


• Quotation is the direct transcription in your work of words from the original text. Quoted
passages should be made obvious by enclosing them in quotation marks, or indenting longer
passages, followed by the citation. (see the section on Citing references in your work)

• Paraphrase is rewriting the original text to suit the style of your piece of work, but still using the
ideas of the original writer. Quotation marks are not used, but there should still be a citation to
show that the ideas are not original.


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• You should note down the details of material you use at the time you are using it, rather than wait
until you have finished your research. It may be difficult to remember the details or find the
material later on.

• Be very precise in recording page numbers for quotations that you may wish to include in your
work. Page numbers are required for quotes only.

CITING
YOUR
REFERENCES
IN
YOUR
WORK


The referencing system used here is known as the Harvard System, having originated at Harvard
University. It is one of the most common systems, and used in many departments of the University.
However, some departments may prefer another style, and it is wise to check with your academic
tutors whether your subject area uses another preferred system.

You can cite a document in two different ways:

• By specifically mentioning the author’s name(s) within your own text, followed by the year of
publication in brackets, for example:

It may be, as Burchard (1999) points out, that they have no assistants.

• By just presenting the information or idea without direct reference to the author in your own text,
but followed by both the author and year of publication in brackets, for example:

It may be that they are reluctant to delegate (Smith, 1980).

The reader can then easily find the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the
alphabetical list of references at the end of your work.

An author’s initial is only used to avoid confusion when two or more authors have the same surname
and have published in the same year. If more than one item has been published in the same year by
the same author, use lower case letters after the date (e.g. Smith, 1980b)

Where more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed
chronologically.

Smith, (1981); Brown, (1982); and Jones, (1983).

For documents with no obvious author, use 'Anon' instead.

WHAT
IF
THERE
IS
MORE
THAN
ONE
AUTHOR?


If there are two authors, the surnames of both should be given. If there are three or more, the first
author only should be given followed by the phrase et al. (an abbreviation for the Latin phrase
meaning and others). See the examples below:

The main involvement has been at the stage of the production of reading lists (Shepherd and Yeoh,
1990)

History reveals that sick people required and received care long before nursing became an organised
occupation (Roper et al., 1990).

DIRECT
QUOTATIONS




4

 


If you refer to a document as a whole, there is no need to give page numbers. However, if you refer
to a specific point or wish to quote directly from it, you need to cite the appropriate page or chapter in
both the main text of the work and also in the list of references.

Newman states: “that many authors’ names are interspersed in the text like stones in a cherry pie.”
(Newman, 2001, p.235).


Quotations of up to two or three lines (which fit naturally into your own text without appearing too
cumbersome) may be inserted as in the above example.

Longer quotations should be introduced by a colon and indented, typed with single spacing but
without quotation marks, and with the reference at the end, as in the example below:

Silvestri emphasises the resistance towards community policing:

The resistance towards community policing is also borne out in the British case. It has been
widely noted that community policing initiatives have had to contend with subversion and
opposition by the lower ranks in particular. (Silvestri, 2003, p.37)

You can introduce quotations into your text in various ways. Some useful introductory words and
phrases may include:

• As X states, “………………” (or believes / suggests /indicates / points out / observes / indicates /
argues / outlines / proposes / contradicts etc.)

• For example, X has argued “………………..” (or alternative as above)

• According to X, “………………….”

• X suggests that “………………..” (or alternative as above

WHAT
INFORMATION
DO
I
NEED
TO
INCLUDE
IN
MY
REFERENCE
LIST?


A number of elements must be present in the reference for an item to be easily identified. It is better
to give extra or redundant information than to omit vital features, but the usual elements for various
types of material are shown in the following examples.

HOW
DO
I
CITE
A
WEBSITE
IN
THE
BODY
OF
MY
TEXT?


Give the author of the page, if known (individual or organisation), and the date (if known). If the
author of the page is not clear, use the first few words of the page title. See the examples below:

• It is crucial not to assume that all information found on the Web is of equal value (Grassian,
1999).

• The Government’s proposals on mental health law reform met with a mixed response (Mind,
2000).

• In some cases "people's assemblies" are advocated as more democratic (Abolish Politicians, no
date).

WHAT
IS
SECONDARY
REFERENCING?




5

 


In some cases you may wish to mention a piece of work that has been referred to in something you
have read. This is called secondary referencing as you have not read the original piece of work. It is
important to read the original work, but this may prove difficult on occasion and it is accepted that it is
not always possible. If you still wish to refer to it, you must make it clear that you have not read the
original source but are referring to it from a secondary source. The use of secondary references is
not usually encouraged in academic work.

In the body of your work, you need to refer to the author whose work you have read in one of these
ways:

Francis (1998) cites the work of Chandler and Ross (1985) who developed the Segment lifestyle
questionnaire.

Or:

Chandler and Ross (1985, cited by Francis 1998) developed the Segment lifestyle questionnaire.

Or:

Francis (1998, citing Chandler and Ross, 1985) refers to the Segment lifestyle questionnaire.

In your reference list it would appear as follows:

Chandler, F. and Ross, P. (1985) Marketing and lifestyles. London: Bellwood Press. Cited in: Francis,
J. (1998) Defining a life. 2nd ed. Oxford: Scarecrow Press.

Some published works are secondary sources (e.g. digests or reviews) of published material which
have used reports of studies to inform their own writing. Much of this material is very useful and
brings a lot of research information together in a systematic way, but it needs to be clearly shown that
you have not read the original research if you have merely read about it in a review or digest.

EXAMPLES
OF
HOW
TO
CITE
AND
REFERENCE…


BOOKS


• Originator (Author/s, Editor/s, or the institution responsible for writing the document)

Authors should have the surname first, followed by a comma and then their initials (do not use
author’s full first names), with a full stop after each initial.

• Year of publication (in round brackets)

• Title (in italics or underlined– be consistent throughout)

• Series and individual volume number (where present)

• Edition (if not the first edition)

• Place of publication (if known), followed by a colon. Don’t get this confused with where the item
was printed

• Publisher



6

 


Details of these should normally be obtained from the title page of the book or the reverse of the title
page (but not from the front cover, which may have a shortened or different form of the title).

• For one author:

Bigge, M.L. (1982) Learning theories for teachers. 4th ed. London: Harper and Row.

• For two authors:

Aldrich, R. & Leighton, P. (1985) Education: time for a new act? London: University of London
Institute of Education.

• For three or more authors, all the names should be included:

Gibbons, M.,Lomoges,C.,Nowotny,H.,Schwartzman,S.,& Trow, M. (1994) The new production of

knowledge. London: Sage.

• If there are editors rather than authors, add 'ed.' or 'eds.' to the names:

Leishman, F. and Mason, P., eds. (2003) Policing and the media. Portland: Willan Publishing.

To maintain consistency in your reference list you should only use the initial letters of the writer's
forename(s), even when you have more information.

ELECTRONIC
BOOKS


Citation order

• Author
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of book (underline or italicise)
• Name of e-book supplier [online]
• Available at: URL [Date accessed]

Example

Hoffman, E. (2001) Ace the corporate personality test. Ebrary [online]. Available at:<

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uoh/docDetail.action?docID=10045590> [Accessed 27 July 2010].

INSTITUTIONS
OR
ORGANISATIONS
AS
AUTHORS


If a piece of work has been written by an organisation, and no specific authors identified, then the
organisation is regarded as the author, and cited as such in the reference.

If the publisher has already been cited as the corporate author, it is usual to shorten it to initials in the
‘publisher’ part of the reference.

Royal College of Nursing (1984) What the RCN stands for. London: RCN.

If the name appears as a group of initials, the full form (if known) may be added in square brackets,
unless the body is usually identified by its initials only. For example:

NATO



7

 


CILIP [Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals]

UNESCO

A
CHAPTER
FROM
A
BOOK
WITH
ITEMS
BY
SEVERAL
PEOPLE


When referring to a chapter or contribution in an edited book, or a particular conference paper from
conference proceedings, in the text list the author and date of publication of the chapter or
contribution and not the editor of the book. In the reference list at the end, the reference is listed
alphabetically under the author’s name followed by the word ‘In’ and the details of the book where the
item can be found.
st
Duderstadt, J. (2010) Possible futures for the research library in the 21 Century. In: Barnet, D. and
st
Heath, F., eds. The research library in the 21 Century. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 4-12.

If you make this kind of reference correctly, your reader will immediately know what is the book to
look for (i.e. Barnet and Heath) and not waste time searching for a non-existent (or a different) work
with the title, Possible futures for the research library in the 21st Century.

JOURNAL
ARTICLES


• Author

• Year of publication

• Title of article (in single inverted commas)

• Title of journal (in italics or underlined)

• Volume number (if present)

• Part, issue or season of the year number (in brackets - if present)

• Page number(s) using p. for a single page and pp. for a range of pages

Manninen, A. (1997) 'Critical reading in accounting' Accounting Education, 6, (4) pp.281-294.

Where an article in a journal or newspaper has no obvious author (either a person or an organisation)
use Anon. This will make it easier to cite the article in your text.

ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL
ARTICLES



The way in which the reference for an electronic journal (‘e-journal’) article should be written depends
on whether the journal is an electronic version of a printed journal, or a journal which is published
only on the Internet (i.e. not in printed form). At the moment, the majority that are retrieved through
full text databases and journal collections are of the former rather than the latter type.

ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL
ARTICLES
RETRIEVED
USING
A
FULL
TEXT
DATABASE
OR

JOURNAL
COLLECTION


For the reference, the following information is required.



8

 


• Author (or editor) – surname and initials

• Year of Publication (original print version or online version )

• Title of article (in single inverted commas. If it is an editorial, indicate this in square brackets
after the title)

• Title of the journal (in italics or underlined)

• Date (month or season),

• Volume number (if any)

• Part or issue number (in brackets if present)

• Page numbers ( pp. plus page range )

• [online]

• Available from : the database provider, e.g. Business Source Premier

• <URL>, [Date accessed] – the actual date you viewed the article

For example:

Morrison, C. and Jutting, J. (2005) ‘Women’s discrimination in developing countries: a new data set for
better policies’, World Development. July, 33 (7), pp.1065-1081 [online] Available from: Summon
<http://library.hud.ac.uk/summon> [Accessed 31 July 2010].

E
JOURNAL
PUBLISHED
DIRECTLY
ON
THE
INTERNET


The information required is as for the example above, except that in the Available at statement you
should give the precise URL for the article. Sometimes page numbers will be given, sometimes a
running number within the “volume”. Whatever the practice, reference the article precisely as given
on the screen.

For example:

Pattinson, S.D. (2003) ‘Paying living organ providers’. Web Journal of Current Legal Issues. [online]
Available at: http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/2003/issue3/pattinson3.html [Accessed 4 July 2004].

Sometimes an article has been given a date of revision at the end of the text; however, you need to
cite the original details at the top of the article. By giving the date of access, the reader will be clear
which version you are identifying.

NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES


• Author

• Year of publication



9

 


• Title of article (in single inverted commas)

• Name of the newspaper (in italics or underlined)

• Date of publication

• Page number(s)

Hunt, L. (1995) ‘GPs admit failing to diagnose Dementia’, Independent. July 3. p.7.

For newspaper articles in electronic form, give the complete reference as above, followed by:

• [online] Available at: <URL> [Accessed date, month, year]

Prowse, M. (2003) ‘A show of force meets an outbreak of terrorism’, Financial Times. May 24, p.13
[online] Available at: <http://library.hud.ac.uk/summon> [Accessed 31st July 2010].

ILLUSTRATIONS
OR
PHOTOGRAPHS


For an illustration in a book:

• Artist/photographer

• Year

• Title of the illustration

• Medium of the illustration (in square brackets)

• “In” followed by details of the book

Versace, G. (1991) Gold Medusa watch [photograph] In: Townsend, C. (2002) Rapture: art’s seduction
by fashion since 1970. London: Thames and Hudson, p.9.

For online images:

• Author/artist/photographer

• Year of publication (if no date, use n.d.)

• Title of image (in italics)

• [online image]

• Available at: <URL>

• [Accessed date]

Wood, N. (n.d.) Venice [online image] Available at: < http://www.nickwoodphoto.com/ html/frame-
pages/TRAVEL-frameset.html> [Accessed 12 August 2005].

CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS


• Name of the organising body (where appropriate)

• Name of the conference

• Number (if appropriate)



10

 


• Date

• Location (if appropriate)

• Date of publication

• Title of published work, if different from the name of the conference (In italics or underlined)

• Author/Editor

• Place of publication

• Publisher

IEEE Computer Society, Technical Committee on Software Engineering & Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (1991) Conference on software maintenance, October 15-17, 1991. Sorrento,
Italy. Los Alamitos (California): IEEE Computer Society Press.

International Conference on CAD/CAM, 6th. 1991. South Bank Polytechnic, (1992) Robotics and
factories of the future Bera, H. & Gill, R., eds. London: Southbank Press.


To reference an individual paper from conference proceedings, use

• Author’s name

• Date.

• Title of paper, followed by “In”

• The reference to the proceedings

• The relevant page numbers

Balow, H. (1991) ‘Maintenance productivity – a case study’. In: IEEE Computer Society, Technical
Committee on Software Engineering & Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Conference on
software maintenance, October 15-17, 1991. Sorrento, Italy. Los Alamitos (California): IEEE Computer
Society Press, pp.250-253

FOREIGN
LANGUAGE
MATERIALS


When referencing a book or journal article written in another language you should either give the title
exactly as it appears on the page, or an English translation of it with the language acknowledged.

Either:

Semprun, J. (2004) Veinte años y un día. Barcelona: Difusion.

Or:

Semprun, J. (2004) Twenty years and a day. (in Spanish). Barcelona: Difusion.

THESES
AND
DISSERTATIONS


• Author

• Year of publication

• Title and subtitle (if any) (in italics or underlined)



11

 


• Type of document (e.g. PhD thesis, Degree dissertation)

• Place of publication (if not clear from institution name, e.g. Preston, University of Central
Lancashire)

• Awarding institution

Peck, M. (2000) Methodology for analysis and improvement of planning within the engineer to order
sector. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Huddersfield.

TRANSLATIONS


For a book or journal article translated into English you will need to include the translator’s details and
the original language from which it was translated. You need to include the following information in
this order:

• Author(s)

• Year of publication in brackets

• Title

• The words Translated from the

• The language of the original

• The word by

• The translator’s name (note that the translator’s name is not written surname first)

• Place of publication

• Publisher

BROCHURES
AND
LEAFLETS



• Organisation

• Date (if no date, use n.d.)

• Title (in italics)

• [Brochure]

• Place of publication (if known)

• Publisher (if known)

York Art Gallery (n.d.) Take your own grand tour: discover 600 years of British and European art [Brochure].

PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS
(E‐MAILS,
LETTERS,
PERSONAL
INTERVIEWS)


If you refer in your text to a letter or email you have received from someone, or a conversation you
have had with someone you should only cite it as a personal communication in the text. It is usually
good practice to seek permission from the person concerned before using it as a reference. The
citation should contain:

• The person’s name (if that does not appear in your text) laid out as surname followed by initial(s)


12

 


• The words “personal communication” (for letters or emails you should add “by letter” or “by email”
• The date the communication took place (for emails or letters this is the date on which it was sent
to you).

Personal communications do not appear in your reference list. However many people do thank the
person in a brief "Acknowledgements" section at either the beginning or the end of your text.

Emails posted to a bulletin board or weblog should be cited as for other webpages.

Example: Charles North (personal communication. 23 August 2005) suggests that leisure is often the
first activity to be cut in times of financial constraint

• while “leisure is often the first thing to suffer when funds are tight” (North, personal
communication. 23 August 2005)

or

• while the Head of Service declares that the company has never needed family friendly
policies (Sanderson, personal communication by email. 23 August 2005)

BRITISH
STANDARDS


• British Standards Institution

• Date of publication

• British Standard number and year (separated by a colon)

• Title and subtitle (if any) (in italics or underlined)

• Place of publication (if known)


• Name of publisher, which is the abbreviation "BSI"

British Standards Institution (1989) BS1629:1989 Recommendations for references to published

materials. London: BSI.

GOVERNMENT
OR
OFFICIAL
PUBLICATIONS


• Government department or organisation for which the publication was produced

• Date of publication

• Title (in italics or underlined)



13

 


• Official reference number (if there is one), comma, place of publication, colon

• Publisher, followed (if there is a chairperson) by round brackets containing name of the
chairperson and the word Report

Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009) The protection of children in England: action plan the
government's response to Lord Laming. Cm 7589. London: TSO



ACTS
OF
PARLIAMENT


Acts of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the Act’s chapter number for clarity.
Acts are organised numerically throughout the year and the chapter number in this context is the
number of the Act passed that year. For example, the Consumer Protection Act 1987 was the 43rd
Act to be passed that year and may be cited as 1987 (c.43). In the reference list include the following
information:

• Title of the Act including the date (in italics or underlined)

• The chapter number of the Act

• Place of publication

• Publisher

Further and Higher Education Act 1991 (c.13) London: HMSO.

• Acts are included in the reference list in alphabetical order of the first main word of the Act.

• Public General Acts are given Arabic numerals (as above). Local and Personal Acts are given
lower-case roman numerals.

Note:

Pre 1963 a different system operated based on the date of the Sovereign’s accession to the
throne and the dates of the Parliamentary session.

Education Act 1944 (7&8 Geo 6 c. 31) London: HMSO.

FILMS,
V IDEOS
AND
BROADCASTS


Most films, videos and broadcasts are the co-operative output of many individuals, no one of whom
has a dominant role as the originator. They should be cited with the title as the first element in the
reference.

• Film title (in italics or underlined)

• Date of release



14

 


• Director's name

• Place of publication

• Production company name

• Medium : Format (in square brackets)

Macbeth (1948) Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Picture. [Film: 35mm].

For individual broadcast programmes within a series, the number and title of the episode should
normally be given, as well as the series title, transmitting organisation and channel, the full date (i.e.
year, month and day).

• Series title

• Series number

• Year of release

• Programme title (in italics or underlined)

• Place of publication

• Publisher (i.e. transmitting organisation and channel, where appropriate)

• Date of release (month, day)

• Medium : Format (in square brackets)

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1. (1986) The Ministerial Broadcast. London: BBC2, January 16, [Video:
VHS].

PERFORMANCES


FOR
PRODUCTIONS
OF
PLAYS
(WHERE
YOUR
SUBJECT
IS
THE
PLAY):



 Playwright

 Play (in italics or underlined)

 Date

 Place of performance (which may be a radio station for broadcast productions)

Oscar Wilde, The Importance of being Earnest, 12 December 1998, Bristol Old Vic.

FOR
PERFORMANCES
(WHERE
YOUR
SUBJECT
IS
THE
PERFORMANCE
OR
COMPANY):


• Name of company performing the work

• Title of performance (in italics or underlined)

• Date

• Place of performance, (which may be a radio station for broadcast productions)

th
Nameless Theatre Company, The Big Show!, 5 September 2003, Lawrence Batley Theatre,
Huddersfield.



15

 


It is extremely important that you record this information when you go to the theatre, or trace it for
performances that you have seen in the past. If you are referring to performances that you have not
seen, but have read about, treat them as you would other sources cited in texts - see Secondary
Referencing above.

THEATRE
PROGRAMMES,
PROMPT
BOOKS,
ETC:



• Author (full name)/theatre group/performer

• Title of performance (in italics or underlined)

• Date

• Type of material - e.g. programme/prompt book

• Place of performance
th
William Shakespeare, The Tempest 12 May 1993, programme, The Swan, Stratford-upon-Avon.

WEBSITES


• Author.

• (Year) If no date of creation is evident, then write (no date)

• Article Title (in italics or underlined) followed by [online]

• Available at: <URL>

• [Accessed – Day, Month (spelt out), Year]

Li, X. and Crane, N. (1996), Bibliographic formats for citing electronic information [online] Available at:
th
<http://www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/> [Accessed 10 August 1998].

For online versions of journals and newspapers, see the paragraphs on rules for individual articles.

As online material is continually updated or revised, the material you refer to may have undergone
change since you cited it. Therefore the date that you accessed the material must be included in the
reference list.

Since internet addresses contain full stops and commas which may be confusing when you are
referencing, the common convention is to use diamond brackets < > to start and end a URL.

Any online sources you use should be printed out and filed, so that you have a record of the
information in case the pages are subsequently updated, deleted or moved.

SEMINAR
OR
LECTURE
NOTES


• Lecturer's surname

• Lecturer's initial(s) (each initial with full stop)

• Year of lecture in brackets

• Lecture Notes

• Open square bracket



16

 


• Description of the lecture note

• Full date of lecture (day, date, month and year)

• Close square bracket

For example:

Lecturer, I.N. (YEAR). Lecture Notes. [Description of Lecture Note Tuesday 10th September 2003].

SAMPLE
REFERENCE
LIST


The following is a sample reference list using references given elsewhere in this document. It should be in the
format described under the different source types above and in alphabetical order by author surname.

Aldrich, R. & Leighton, P. (1985) Education: time for a new act? London: University of London
Institute of Education.

Balow, H. (1991) ‘Maintenance productivity – a case study’. In: IEEE Computer Society, Technical
Committee on Software Engineering & Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Conference on
software maintenance, October 15-17, 1991. Sorrento, Italy. Los Alamitos (California): IEEE Computer
Society Press, pp.250-253

British Standards Institution (1989) BS1629:1989 Recommendations for references to published

materials. London: BSI.

Bigge, M.L. (1982) Learning theories for teachers. 4th ed. London: Harper and Row.

Chandler, F. and Ross, P. (1985) Marketing and lifestyles. London: Bellwood Press. Cited in: Francis,
J. (1998) Defining a life. 2nd ed. Oxford: Scarecrow Press.

Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009) The protection of children in England: action
plan the government's response to Lord Laming. Cm 7589. London: TSO
st
Duderstadt, J. (2010) Possible futures for the research library in the 21 Century. In: Barnet, D. and
st
Heath, F., eds. The research library in the 21 Century. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 4-12.

Education Act 1944 (7&8 Geo 6 c. 31) London: HMSO.

Further and Higher Education Act 1991 (c.13) London: HMSO.

Gibbons, M.,Lomoges,C.,Nowotny,H.,Schwartzman,S.,& Trow, M. (1994) The new production of

knowledge. London: Sage.

Hoffman, E. (2001) Ace the corporate personality test. Ebrary [online]. Available at:
<http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uoh/docDetail.action?docID=10045590> [Accessed 27 July 2010].

Hunt, L. (1995) ‘GPs admit failing to diagnose Dementia’, Independent. July 3. p.7.

IEEE Computer Society, Technical Committee on Software Engineering & Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (1991) Conference on software maintenance, October 15-17, 1991. Sorrento,
Italy. Los Alamitos (California): IEEE Computer Society Press.

International Conference on CAD/CAM, 6th. 1991. South Bank Polytechnic, (1992) Robotics and
factories of the future Bera, H. & Gill, R., eds. London: Southbank Press.


Leishman, F. and Mason, P., eds. (2003) Policing and the media. Portland: Willan Publishing.



17

 


Li, X. and Crane, N. (1996), Bibliographic formats for citing electronic information [online] Available at:
th
<http://www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/> [Accessed 10 August 1998].

Macbeth (1948) Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Picture. [Film: 35mm].

Morrison, C. and Jutting, J. (2005) ‘Women’s discrimination in developing countries: a new data set for
better policies’, World Development. July, 33 (7), pp.1065-1081 [online] Available from: Summon
<http://library.hud.ac.uk/summon> [Accessed 31 July 2010].
th
Nameless Theatre Company, The Big Show!, 5 September 2003, Lawrence Batley Theatre,
Huddersfield.

Oscar Wilde, The Importance of being Earnest, 12 December 1998, Bristol Old Vic.

Pattinson, S.D. (2003) ‘Paying living organ providers’. Web Journal of Current Legal Issues. [online]
Available at: http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/2003/issue3/pattinson3.html [Accessed 4 July 2004].

Peck, M. (2000) Methodology for analysis and improvement of planning within the engineer to order
sector. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Huddersfield.

Prowse, M. (2003) ‘A show of force meets an outbreak of terrorism’, Financial Times. May 24, p.13
[online] Available at: <http://library.hud.ac.uk/summon> [Accessed 31st July 2010].

Semprun, J. (2004) Twenty years and a day. (in Spanish). Barcelona: Difusion.

Versace, G. (1991) Gold Medusa watch [photograph] In: Townsend, C. (2002) Rapture: art’s seduction
by fashion since 1970. London: Thames and Hudson, p.9.
th
William Shakespeare, The Tempest 12 May 1993, programme, The Swan, Stratford-upon-Avon.

Wood, N. (n.d.) Venice [online image] Available at: < http://www.nickwoodphoto.com/ html/frame-
pages/TRAVEL-frameset.html> [Accessed 12 August 2005].

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1. (1986) The Ministerial Broadcast. London: BBC2, January 16, [Video:
VHS].

FURTHER
INFORMATION


More help is available on both the library

(www2.hud.ac.uk/cls/library/infolit/) and academic skills tutors’
webpages (www2.hud.ac.uk/academic_skills/tutors.php) including an
interactive reference builder and links to further referencing help from
other sources.



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