2.

Cotton Industry
- James Hargreaves
o Spinning Jenny : made in 1768, allowed spinners to make yarn in greater quantities
- Richard Arkwright
o Water Frame Spinning Machine: water wheels that produced sturdier strands of yarn
- Samuel Crompton
o Mule: combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of
the water frame. Increased yarn production even more
- Edmund Cartwright
o Power Loom: combined all the yarn threads to make the cloth; weaving machine.
Helped to keep up with the actual spinning of yarn.
- Handloom weavers
o Because of the demand for cloth increased, the weaving machines replaces the
need for handloom weavers
o Handloom weavers were out of a job.

3. Canals
- Man-made rivers used to transport goods more efficiently across the country
- Traveled much easier and quicker than by mule or carriage.
- Although very efficient, the low points of canals were that it could freeze up in the
winter, or dry out in the summer.

4. James Hargreaves
o Spinning Jenny : made in 1768, allowed spinners to make yarn in greater quantities
- Richard Arkwright
o Water Frame Spinning Machine: water wheels that produced sturdier strands of
yarn

5. Samuel Crompton
o Mule: combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of
the water frame. Increased yarn production even more

6. Handloom weavers
o Because of the demand for cloth increased, the weaving machines replaces the need
for handloom weavers
o Handloom weavers were out of a job.
7. Coal and Coke
- Coke came from coal by the process of heating coal in the absence of air.
- Coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce iron
- Britain, in 1740, produced 17,000 tons of iron
o In 1780, 70,000 tons
o 1840s, 2 million tons
o 1852, 3 million tons

8. Thomas Newcomen
- Coal mines that were dug below the water table became flooded.
- In order to remove water, hundreds of horse powered pumps took up water by
buckets
- Newcomen made a more efficient pump.
- Steam Pump
o “atmospheric engine”: 1712

9. James Watt
- Asked to repair the steam engine made by Newcomen
- Added separate condenser and steam pump and re-invented a brand new steam
engine.
- Watt’s was powered by steam itself rather than air pressure.
- Much more efficient; pumped water three times faster.
- Needed a vast quantity of coal in order to be used
- Rotary Engine: used to spin and weave cotton.
o Engines used coal; easier for entrepreneurs to place factories in their location of
choice.

10. India – During the 18th century, India was a huge producer of hand-spun cotton.
During the 19th century, the British East India Company took over, and many
Indians became unemployed. A lack of an industrial capital (like England’s
London) made it hard for new manufacturing operations to take hold in India.

11. Henry Cort and Puddling – Puddling, which revolutionized the iron ore industry,
was developed in the 1780’s by Henry Cort. Coke (a carbon-based material
left over from coal production) was used to burn away any impurities or things
not meant to be in pig iron in order to make a higher-quality iron. This caused
a boom in the iron industry, and Britain was soon the newest leader of iron
production in the world.
12. George Stephenson’s Rocket – George Stephenson and his son built engines for
locomotives, which were the best of the time. The Rocket was the first railroad
locomotive to be used on a public transportation railway. The Rocket went at the
(astounding?) speed of 16 m.p.h. and was the basis for future locomotives.

13. Railroads – From 2,000 miles of railroad track (1840) to 6,000 miles of track
(1850), railroads played a major role in transportation, especially in England. The
railroad allowed people and products to travel about the country, and because
trains use coal and iron, those industries boomed. More people began to invest
their money in joint-stock companies in order to raise the funds needed to build
the railways. The sizes of markets were increased because products were able to
get places faster and more efficiently, and prices of products were reduced.

14. The Factory – After the cottage industry, the factory became the new workplace.
People had specific schedules, regular and unchanging, which made production
efficient. Late people were fined, and drunks and inefficient people were fired.
Children were beaten, because the factory owners could not fire them. Workers
were no longer paid to make products; they were paid to run machines.

15. Methodism – Methodism claimed that people should not be lazy, idle, or
wasteful, and thus many factory owners used this set of values to enforce rules in
their factories. They claimed that struggles and hardship in this world would lead
on to salvation in heaven.

16. Great Exhibition of 1851 – The Great Exhibition took place in the Crystal Palace
in 1851 (I think you worked that bit out.) The Great Exhibition was the first
industrial fair, and it was designed to show off Britain’s wealth and prosperity.
There were 100,000 exhibits and about 6 million people came to visit the
Exhibition. Prince Albert claimed about the Exhibition that “[man would]…be
able to conquer nature to his use.”

17. The Crystal Palace – The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place inside the Crystal
Palace, one of the most prominent engineering feats of the time, because it was
made out of steel and glass. It was 19 acres long, and was designed to show

Britain’s wealth. Trees were brought inside of the Palace in order to show man’s
ability to conquer nature.

18. Napoleon’s Continental System – Napoleon’s Continental System caused havoc

with trade and physical destruction of France, thus causing the French to fall
behind the British in the Industrial Revolution. The Continental System also
ruined a few of the richest ports in France, therefore causing their markets to go
downhill rather than up, like Britain’s.

19. Friedrich List – A German writer, Friedrich List wrote the National System of
Political Economy (1844) after traveling to America. In this book, List talked
about a fast and large-scale industrial program in order to develop of nation’s
strength. He said that a country must use tariffs in order to stop a British invasion
of their markets and in order to compete with English products.

20. Crédit Mobilier & Joint-stock banks on Continent (France, Belgium, Austria,
Banque de Belgique & Germany). Accepted savings from general public.
Produced lots of capital for industry. Investments essential
for Continental Revolution, provided money needed for
more advanced machines
21. Samuel Slater British, made the first textile factory in America (Rhode
Island) with water-powered spinning machines 1790
22. The American System America had less skilled workers. Saved labor by making
lots of the same parts for an easy assembly of a product by
unskilled workers. Reduced costs & revolutionized
production.
23. Steamboats America lacked good internal transport system.
Transporting goods was expensive, limited development.
Canals built, steamboat widely used, especially in
Mississippi Valley. Revolutionized American transport.
24. Ireland’s Great Hunger Crops 1845 infected by potato blight. 1845 – 1851 = 1
million died of starvation/disease, 2 million emigrated to
America and Britain. Lead to rapid urbanization in America.
25. The Potato Nutritious, easy to grow, provided x3 more food than grain.
Key part of Irish diet, completely relied on it
26. Suburbs Outer-most ring of a city where the wealthy and upper-
middle class lived, had gardens, etc.
27. Poor Law (British) Made reports detailed reports of the living
Commissioners conditions of workers. Discovered the physical & moral
effects on the residents and the higher chance of disease of
people in these conditions.
28. Edwin Chadwick (British) Studied law. Wanted to eliminate poverty of
metropolitan areas, became secretary of P.L.C. Studied
workers’ living conditions for 3 yrs. Wrote Report on the
Condition of the Labouring Population of Britain in 1842,
said disease caused by conditions, advocated sanitary
reform. 6 years later, caused Public Health Act to be passed,
which created the National Board of Health who could form
local boards to establish modern sanitary systems.
38. Trade Unions • Workers started to organize to improve the terrible conditions in
factories. Created trade unions
o Mostly skilled workers, like cotton spinners, ironworkers,
coal miners and shipwrights.
o In addition to improving their employee work conditions, the
unions also tried to restrict new entry to their trade, to preserve
their own markets
• Carried out strikes
o Hand loom weavers in Glasgow 1813
o Cotton Spinners in Manchester 1818
o Miners in Northumberland
• Unions mostly wanted duty-free wheat and <10 hr. Work day
• Most successful trade union for individual crafts was
Amalgamated Society of Engineers (1850)
o Gained various unemployment benefits in
return for small weekly payment
o Good practical union gains
39. Combination • The British Government passed the Combination Acts of 1799
Acts and 1800, to avoid radical movements of the French Revolution
• It outlawed associations of workers, however wasn’t really
affective in preventing trade unions
• The Acts were repealed in 1824, (Some said that the reason the
unions were forming was because the Combination Acts had
alienated them
40. Robert Owen • A cotton magnate and social reformer, led the National Unions
movement
o Voluntary associations would emphasize advantages of
cooperative (not competitive) work/living.
o Started the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions
o Most successful trade union for individual crafts was
Amalgamated Society of Engineers (1850)
• Gained various unemployment benefits in
return for small weekly payment
• Good practical union gains
41. Grand National •A national Union started by Robert Owen in Feb. 1843
Consolidated Trades o Main purpose was to consolidate general strike for 8-hour
Unions workday.
o But it lacked the support of the real working-class, and it
totally collapsed
42. Luddites • Skilled craftspeople in the Midlands/Northern England
• 1812: They attacked and destroyed the new machines that were
taking their jobs.
• Said to be expression of general anger towards unrestrained
industrial capitalism.(Could Industrial Revolution be getting out
of hand?)
43. Chartism •A more meaningful expression of British workers hopes to
improve their condition is Chartism
•Aim was to gain political democracy
o Drew up “peoples charter” demanding male suffrage, pay and
annual sessions for Parliament
o But despite millions of signatures, Parliament rejected them
in 1839,and 1842.
•However, it showed the reality of organizing millions of working
class men & women w/ a consciousness of “The Working Class”
•Political Education of the working people
44. William
Wordsworth
45. Factory Acts. •1st series of Acts passed btwn. 1802-1819
o kids 9-16 work <12 hrs. a day
o kids under 9 couldn’t work at all
o Children get educated in reading and writing
•But this set only applied to cotton mills
•The Factory Act 1833
o Strengthened previous legislation
o All textile factories too!
o Kids 9-13 work 8hrs. a day (@least 2 hrs.
education a day in other legislation)
o Kids 13-18 work 12 hrs a day
o Factory inspectors fine those who broke law

46. Ten Hours Act • All workdays for children 13-18 are lowered to 10 hours.
• Includes women