Lab Manual Mech

1 WM MEC 102Mechanical Sciences II (Mechanical Engineering)
LABORATORY MANUAL
MEC 102
Mechanical Sciences II
2010-2011
Table of content
SL No Experiment Page No
1 To conduct tensile test on mild steel and cast iron specimens. 3
2 To conduct Impact test on mild steel and cast iron specimens. 4 to 5
3 To conduct Torsion test on mild steel and cast iron specimens. 6 to 7
4 To find out stiffness of spring and modulus of rigidity of spring wire material. 8
5 To measure the velocity of flow at different points using a Pitot tube . 9 to 10
6 To measure Coefficient of discharge through venturi meter and orifice meter. 11 to 12
7 To determine the loss coefficient for the pipe fittings. 13 to 15
8 To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various water flow rates, and 16 to 17
determine losses due to friction in pipes .(Darcy Friction ).
9 To study heat transfer through insulating slab. 18 to 19
10 To study free and forced convection. 20 to 24
11 To find out the Stefan Boltzmann constant. 25 to 26
12 To study the Drop wise and Film wise condensation . 27 to 28
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Experiment: 1
Experiment: To conduct tensile test on Mild steel and cast iron specimens
Equipment to be used: Universal Testing Machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Scale, Vernier caliper
Learning Objective: To provides information related to the strength and ductility of metals under
direct tension stress.
Procedure:Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be
length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the local length
of the specimen. Insert the specimen into test machine. Begin the load application and record
load Vs elongation data. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
Continue the test till fracture occurs. Measure the final length and diameter of specimen.
Scope of results to be reported:
Parameters:
A) Original dimensions:
Length= ----------------------
Diameter= ----------------------
Area= ----------------------
B) Final Dimensions:
Length= -----------------------
Diameter= -----------------------
Area= ------------------------
Plots:
Draw a graph: Stress Vs Strain and identify yeild point, ultimate tensile strength and E and %
elongation and % reduction in area. .
Result:
Average breaking Stress =
1. Ultimate Stress =
2. Average Percentage Elongation =
Cautions:
 If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins.
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 Measuring deflection on scale carefully and accurately.
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Experiment: 2
Experiment: To conduct impact test on mild steel and cast iron specimens.
Equipment to be used: impact testing machine, Specimen of MS & CI, Steel.
Learning Objective:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a
metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into
account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand
impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Procedure:
A) Izod Test:
When the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position. Put the steel specimen on impact
testing machine’s anvil in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is 75% inside and
25% above the top surface of the slot .Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking
position unless it is already there and lock it at that position. Bring indicator of the machine to
zero. Release the hammer, It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while
the pendulum falls back. Again bring the hammer to its idle position and back.
B) Charpy Test:
With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test positions, put the Steel specimen on impact
testing machine anvil in such a way that the notch faces opposite the hammer. Bring the
striking hammer to its top most striking position. Bring indicator of the machine to
zero.Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its
topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, While the pendulum
falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
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Scope of results and discussion:
a. For Izod Test:

Note the indicator at the topmost final position. Calculate energy.
b. For Charpy Test:
Note the indicator at the topmost final position. Calculate energy.
Caution:
Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
Hold the specimen firmly.
Take the readings carefully.
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Experiment: 3
Experiment: To conduct Torsion test on mild steel and cast iron specimen.
Equipment to be Used: A Torsion testing Machine, Twist meter for measuring angle of twist, A
steel rule and Vernier caliper or micrometer
Learning Objective:
A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of rigidity (ratio of shear stress to shear
strain) of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out through observations
made during the experiment by using the torsion equation:
Where,
T = Torque applied
Ip = Polar moment of Inertia
C = Modulus of rigidity
I = Gauge length
l = gauge length
In the torque equipment one end of the specimen is held by a fixed support and the other end to a
pulley. The pulley provides the necessary torque to twist the rod by addition of weights (w). The twist
meter attached to the rod gives the angle of twist.
Procedure:
1. Prepare the testing machine by fixing the two twist meters at some constant lengths from fixed
support.
2. Measure the diameter of the pulley and the diameter of the rod and take the average.
3. Set the maximum load pointer to zero.
4. Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw.
5. Carry out straining by rotating the hand-wheel in either direction.
6. Add weights in the hanger stepwise to get a notable angle of twist for T 1 and T2.
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7. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading.

8. Plot a torque- twist (T- θ) graph
9. Read off co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque twist (T-
θ) graph and calculate the value of C by using above relation.
Scope of Result and Discussion :
1. Gauge length of the specimen, l = …………

2. Diameter of the specimen, d = …………
3. Polar moment of inertia, Ip = ………….

4.
Modulus of rigidity of the given specimen is _________ N/mm2
5. The graph between angle of twist and torque for the given specimen is plotted.
Cautions:
Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
Measure the Angle of twist accurately for the corresponding value of Torque.
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Experiment no 4
Experiment: To determine the stiffness of the spring.
Equipment to be Used: Spring testing machine, Spring specimen, Vernier Caliper, Micrometer.
Learning Objective: To determine the stiffness of the spring.
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.
2. Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the venire caliper.
3. Count the number of turns,
4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight and note
the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection.
6. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of the
spring.
Scope of Results and Discussion :
1. Least Count of Micrometer = ___________________
2. Diameter of Spring wire, d= ___________________
3. Least count of Vernier caliper = ___________________
4. Diameter of the spring coil, D = ___________________
5. Mean coil diameter, Dm = D – d = _______________
6. Number of turns, n = ___________________
7. The value of spring constant of Closed coiled helical spring is ___________ N/mm.
8. Modulus of rigidity is ___________________________
Cautions:
1. Measure the dimensions of spring accurately.
2. Note the deflections accurately.
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10 WM MEC 102Mechanical Sciences II (Mechanical
Engineering)
Experiment no 5
PITOT TUBE APPARATUS
Experiment :
To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe.

Apparatus :-
Complete set up of Pitot tube apparatus
Stop Watch
The pitot tube consists of a capillary tube, bent at right angle. The lower end, which is bent
through 90º is directed in the up stream direction. The liquid rises up in the tube due to conversion of
kinetic energy into pressure energy. The velocity is determined by measuring the rise of liquid in the
tube.
Learning objective :-
To find the co-efficient of pitot tube

To find the point velocity at the centre of a tube for different flow rates
To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe
Out line of procedure :-
Switch on the Main Power Supply (220 Volts AC, 50 Hz).Switch on the Pump. Operate the
Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of
Manometer of related Test section very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now
open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When
there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the
help of control valve.Set the Pitot tube at the centre of the Test section. Record the Manometer reading.
Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch and Measuring
Tank. Now move the Pitot tube up & down on the same flow and note down the manometer readings to
find out the velocity at different points in pipe. Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of
water operating Control valve and By-Pass valve.
Scope of result and discussion :-

Parameters
Calculate velocity at various points by moving the pitot tube UP & down
calculate coefficient of pitot tube
Plots :- Plot velocity profile
FORMULAE:
Discharge (Q): Velocity ,
Q = AxR V = Q/a (m/s)

t
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Actual Velocity
= Cv √ 2 g H m/s
H = 12.6 x h
Coefficient of Pitot Tube,
Cv = Q
a* √2gH
DATA:
A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1 m2

a = Cross section area of test section/pipe = 13.6
g = Acceleration due to gravity =
9.81 m/sec2
ρm = Density of manometer fluid
ρw = Density of water
h = Manometer difference.
A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2)
R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m)
t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.)
Cv = Coefficient of Pitot Tube
a = Cross section area of Test Section
PRECAUTION
1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
2. Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
5. Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.
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Experiment NO 6
ORIFICEMETER SET UP
Experiment :-
To measure discharge through Orifice meter.

Apparatus :-
The apparatus consists of a Venturi meter, and Orifice meter fitted in pipeline. The pipeline
is taken out from a common inlet. At the down stream end of the pipeline. Separate control valves are
provided to regulate the flow through the Venturi meter and orifice meter to conduct experiment
separately. Pressure tapings are taken out from inlet and throat of Venturi meter, inlet and outlet of
Orifice meter and are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of
measuring tank and stop watch.
To determine the co-efficient of discharge through Venturi meter & Orifice meter.
To compare the discharge of the venturi meter and orifice meter
Out line of the procedure :-

Switch on the Pump and Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the
desired Test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test section very slowly to
avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the
Manometer Slowly to release the air in Manometer. When there is no air in the manometer, close the
Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired with the help of control valve. Record the
Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge through desired test section using stop watch
and Measuring Tank. Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water operating Control
valve and By-Pass valve. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve
fully then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control valve of second
desired test section and Repeat the same procedure for other test section .
Scope of Result and discussion :-

Parameters :-
To calculate the theoretical and actual discharge through a venturi meter and orifice meter and
hence find out the coefficient of discharge .
Plots :- Nil
Formula:-
For Orifice meter:
Theoretical discharge (Qt):
Qth = a1a2 √2gH H = 12.6 x h

√a12 – a22
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Actual discharge (Qa): Co- efficient of discharge (Cd):
Qa = A x R Cd = Qa/Qt
t
DATA:
A = 0.1 m2
s = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
For Orificemeter:
d1 = Dia inlet of Orificemeter = 25 mm

d2 = Dia. of Orificemeter Plate = 15 mm
a1 = π d12 /4 Area at Inlet of Orificemeter =
2
a2 = π d2 /4 Area of Orifice Plate =
Where
H = 12.6 x h
h = Pressure difference in m of Hg.
A = Area of Measuring Tank (m2)
R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank (m)
t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank (sec.)
Qa = Actual discharge
Qt = Theoretical discharge
s = Specific gravity of Hg
PRECAUTION
 Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
 Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
 Always keep apparatus free from dust.
 To prevent closing of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
 Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
 Always use clean water.
 It apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely.
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Experiment no 7
LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS
Experiment: To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe-fittings.
Apparatus: - Pipe fitting set up ,Stop watch

The apparatus consist of a ½ “ bend and elbow, a sudden expansion from ½ “ to I”
sudden contraction from I” to ½ “ and ½ “ ball valve and gate valve. Pressure tapings are provided
at inlet and outlet of these fittings at suitable distance. A differential manometer fitted in the line
gives pressure loss due to fittings. Supply to the pipeline is made through centrifugal pump, which
deliver water from sump tank. The flow of water in pipeline is regulated by means of Control valve
& By-Pass valve. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch.
Learning Objective:
To determine the loss of head in the pipe fittings at the various water flow rates.
To study various types of pipe fittings
OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE:
Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired test Section.
Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test Section Very slowly to avoid the
blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the
Manometer. Slowly to release the all in manometer. When there is no air in the manometer.
Close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help on
Control Valve and record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water, discharge
through desired test section using Stop Watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat same procedure
for different flow rates of water. Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve. Repeat the
above for each test section separately .When experiment is over, close all Manometers
Pressure Taps first, Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.
Formulas
Loss of head due to change in cross-section, bends, elbows, valves and fittings of all type fall into the
category of minor losses in pipe lines. In long pipe lines the friction losses are much larger than these
minor losses and hence the latter are often neglected. But in shorter pipelines thief consideration is
necessary for the correct estimate of losses. When there is any type of bend in pipe, the velocity of flow
changes, due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and also formation of eddies.
Takes place. Thus the energy is lost.
The losses of head due to bend in pipe.
hL = KL x V2
2g
The minor losses in contraction can be expressed as :
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hL = KL x V12
2g
The minor losses in enlargement can be expressed as:

hL = KL x (V1-V2)2
2g
Where
hL = Minor loss or head loss
KL = Loss coefficient
V = Velocity of fluid.
V1 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of small Diameter.
V2 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of large Diameter.
Loss of Head (for Contraction):
hL = KL x V12
2g
Loss Co-efficient:
K L = hL x 2g
V12
Loss of Head (for Expansion):
hL = KL x (V1-V2)2
2g
Change of Kinetic Energy:
C = (V1-V2)2
2g
Discharge:
Q= V
t
Volume:
v = A x R (m3)
Velocity:
V1 = Q (Velocity in ½” Pipe)
a1
V2 = Q (Velocity in 1” Pipe)
a2
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DATA:
A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
Where
d1 = Dia of the smaller pipe =
d2 = Dia of the larger pipe =
a1 = Area of Cross section of small dia. pipe =
a2 = Area of Cross section of large dia. pipe =
∆H = 12.6 x h
V1 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of Small Diameter(m).

V2 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of Large Diameter (m).
V = Volume of water collected in measuring tank (m)
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank (m).
t = Time taken for R (sec.)
Scope of result and discussion:-
Parameters: - Find out the loss coefficient of Bend, Elbow, Ball valve ,gate valve
Differentiate between losses due to sudden enlargement and contraction
Plots :- Nil
PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts.
2. Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. It apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus completely.
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Experiment no 8
LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FRICTION
Experiment:-
To determine the loss of head in the fitting at the various water flow rates.
To determine the losses due to friction in pipe.
Apparatus:-
Pipe fitting setup ,Stop watch
Learning objective:-
To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe fittings.
To determine the friction factor for Darcy –Weisbach equation.
Outline of the procedure:-

After Closing all pressure Taps of Manometer connected to different pipe-fittings. Switch
on the Pump. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired
test Section. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related Test Section very slowly to
avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. Now open the Air release Valve provided on
the Manometer. Slowly to release the all in manometer. When there is no air in the
manometer. Close the Air release valves. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the
help on Control Valve. Record the Manometer reading. Measure the flow of water,
discharge through desired test section using Stop Watch and Measuring Tank. Repeat same
procedure for different flow rates of water. Operating Control Valve and By-Pass valve.
When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the By-pass Valve fully then
close the flow control valve of running test section and open the Control valve of second
desired test section. When experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure Taps first
Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.
Formulas:-
Darcy-Weisbach equation is given by:
hf = 4f LV2
2gd
where
hf = loss of head due to friction
f = Co-efficient of friction
L = distance between pressure point
V = Mean velocity of fluid
d = diameter of pipe
g = Acceleration due to Gravity
Discharge: Volume: Velocity:
Q= V v = A x R (m3) V1 = Q
(Velocity in ½” Pipe)
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a1 a1
V2 = Q (Velocity in 1” Pipe)
a2
DATA:
A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
m/sec2
d1 = Dia of the smaller pipe = 12.5 mm
d2 = Dia of the larger pipe = 25 mm
a1 = Area of Cross section of small dia. pipe =
a2 = Area of Cross section of large dia. pipe =
∆H = 12.6 x h
L = Length between two pressure points = 1m
Scope of result and discussions:-
Parameter: - To find out Darcy friction factor for pipe of 25 mm and 12.5 mm
Plots :- nil
PRECAUTION :-
 Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less-than 180 volts.
 Never fully closed, the Delivery line and By-Pas line Valves simultaneously.
 Always keep apparatus free from dust.
 To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
 Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
 Always use clean water.
 It apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus completely.
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Experiment No 9
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING SLAB
Experiment :-
To study the heat transfer through insulating slab
Apparatus :- Complete set up of insulating slab apparatus

Stop Watch
The apparatus consists of a heater plate surrounded by a heating ring for stabilizing
the temp. of the primary heater and to prevent heat loss radially around its edges. The primary and
guard heater are made up of Mica sheets. These heaters together form a flat which together with the
upper and lower copper plates and rings form the heater plate assembly. Two thermocouples are used
to measure measure the hot face temp. at the upper and lower central heater assembly copper plates.
Two more thermocouples are used to check balance in both the heater inputs. Specimens are held
between the heater and cooling unit on each side of the apparatus. Thermocouple No.5 and 6 measure
the temperature of the upper cooling plate and lower cooling plate respectively. The heater plate
assembly together with the cooling plates and specimen held in position by 3 vertical studs and nuts on
a base plate. The cooling chamber is a composite assembly of grooved Aluminium casting and
Aluminium cover with entry & exit adapters for water inlet & outlet.
Learning objective
To find out the thermal conductivity of an insulating slab
OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE :
Adjust the heat input to central and guard heater through separate single phase supply line with a
dimmer stat in each line and is adjusted to maintain the desired temp. The guard heater input
is adjusted in such a way that there is no radial heat flow which is checked from
thermocouple readings and is adjusted accordingly. The input to the central heater and the
thermocouple readings are recorded after very 10 minutes till a reasonably steady state
condition is reached. The readings are recorded in the observation table. The final steady
state values are taken for calculations.
Scope of Result and discussion :-
Parameter :- Calculate the thermal conductivity of insulating slab
Identify the difference between insulators and conductors
Plot :- Nil
Data :
Specimen : Dia 180 mm Thickness 12 mm (approx.)
Central Heater : Dia 100 mm sandwiched between copper plates
Ring Guard Heater : Width 35 mm sandwiched between copper rings
Cooling Chamber : Made of Aluminium for water circulation, 2 Nos.
Insulation : Bags filled with glass wool
Control Panel : Digital Voltmeter (0-300 V)
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Digital Ammeter (0-2 A)
Dimmer stat (0-230 V), 2 A (2 Nos.)
Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200º C) with
multi channel switch
ON/OFF switch, mains indicator, etc.
Temperature Sensors : RTD PT-100 type (6 Nos.)
FORMULAE :
Heat Input , Q = VxI (For Central Heater)
As heat is divided into two parts
Qact = Q/2
Area, A = π/4 D2 , m2 (D=100 mm)
K = Qact x X (X = 12 mm)
A (Th – Tc)
Where,
X = Thickness of the insulating material

Th = Temperature of the hot plate
Tc = Temperature of cold plate
Thermal Conductivity
K = q L . , W/m-K …………………(1)
A (Th – Tc)
where
K = Thermal conductivity of Sample, W/m-K
Q = Heat flow in the specimen, Watts
A = Metering area of the specimen, m
Th = Hot plate temp, ºC
Tc = Cold plate temp, ºC
x = Thickness of the specimen, m
PRECAUTIONS :-
1. Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
2. Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only.
3. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given
on the panel are at OFF position.
4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
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Experiment No 10
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A PIN FIN
Experiment :- TO Study free and forced convection

Apparatus:- Complete set up of pin fin apparatus
Stop Watch
A brass fin of circular cross section is fitted along a rectangular duct. The other end of
the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower and the air flows past the fin perpendicular to its
axis. One end of the fin projects outside the duct and is heated by a heater. Temperatures at five points
along the length of the fin are measured by RTD PT-100 type temperature sensors. The flow rate is
measured by an orifice meter fitted on the delivery side of the blower.
Learning Objective :
To study the temp. distribution along the length of a pin fin under free and forced convection
heat transfer.
To study the importance of Prandlts’s No. Grashof No. Nusselt No in heat transfer
Out line of procedure:-
NATURAL OR FREE CONVECTION:-

Start heating the fin by switching ON the heater element and adjust the voltage upto a certain level.
Note down the temp. sensor readings No. 1 to 5.When steady state is reached, record the
final readings of Temp. Sensor No. 1 to 5 and also the ambient temp. readings. i.e. Temp.
Sensor No.6
FORCED CONVECTION
Start heating the fins by switching ON the heater and adjust the dimmer stat voltage and
start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer H. Note down the temp. sensor
readings (1) to (5) at a time interval of 5 minutes. When the steady state is reached, record the final
readings (1) to (5) and also record the ambient temp. readings by (6)Repeat the same experiment with
another H.
Data :
Duct Size : 150 x 100 x 1000 mm
Diameter of the fin : 12.7 mm : Length of the fin :
125 mm
Diameter of the Orifice : 35 mm
Dia. of the delivery Pipe : 70 mm
Coefficient of Discharge, Co : 0.64
Control Panel : Digital Voltmeter
(0-300 V)
Digital Ammeter (0-
2 A)
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Dimmer stat (0-230
V), 2 A
Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200º C)
ON/OFF switch,
mains indicator, etc.
Temperature Sensors : RTD PT-100 type (6 Nos.)

Parameters :- Identify the difference of free and forced convection .
Calculate the temp profile experimentally and verify with theoretical
Plots :- Draw the temp profile
Calculations
Mean Temp. of the Fin, Tm = (T1+ T2+ T3+ T4+ T5)/5
Ambient Air Temp. T6 = Tf = ºC
Mean Fluid Temp. Tmf = (Tm+ Tf)/2
Properties of air at mean fluid temp.
Density, ρ = ____________kg/m3
Viscosity µ = ____________kg/ms
Kinematic Viscosity, ν = ___________m2/sec
Thermal Conductivity, K = ____________kcal/hrmºC
Specific Heat Cp = ____________kcal/kgºC
Prandlts’s No. Pr = Cp µ
K
β = 1/( Tmf + 273.15)
Grashof No. Gf = (g β D3 Δ T)/ ν2
ΔT = (Tm -Tf)
For Free Convection :
Nusselt No. Nu= 0.53 (Gr Pr)1/4
= h D / kair
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Free convective heat transfer coeff,. h = Nu kair / D
Fin Parameter, m = √h C / kb
A
Thermal Conductivity of brass kb = 95 kcal/hrmºC
Perimeter C = πD
Cross sectional area of fin A = π D2
Fin Dia, D = 12.7 x 10-3 m

Fin Length L = 125 x 10-3 m
Fin effectiveness ε = tan h m L/ mL
Parameter H = h / kb m
Theoretical Temp. Profile within the Fin =
θ/θ0 = [T-Tf]/[Tb-Tf] = [cos h m(L-x)+ H sin h m (L-x)]/[ cos h m L + H sin h mL]
Taking Base Temp. Tb = T1
FOR FORCED CONVECTION:-
Orifice Coefficient Co = 0.64
Volumetric Flow of Air, Q = Co(π/4)d2 √ [ 2g ΔH]
ΔH = [ h (ρw/ρa -1)] m of air

100
Velocity of Air, V = Q/a at ambient fluid temp.
ρw = 1000 kg/m3
ρa = 1.21 kg/m3
Velocity of air at mean fluid temp. (T mf) = V1 = V x (Tmf + 273.15)/(Tf + 273.15)
Mean Temp. of the Fin, Tm = (T1+ T2+ T3+ T4+ T5)/5
Ambient Air Temp. T6 = Tf = ºC
Mean Fluid Temp. Tmf = (Tm+ Tf)/2
2010-2011
Engineering)
Properties of air at mean fluid temp.
Density, ρ = ____________kg/m3
Viscosity µ = ____________kg/ms
Kinematic Viscosity, ν = µ/ ρ __________ m2/sec
Thermal Conductivity, K = ____________kcal/hrmºC
Specific Heat Cp = ____________kcal/kgºC
Prandlts’s No. Pr = Cp µ
K
Using co-relation for Forced convection:
Nusselt No.Nu = 0.615 (Re)0.466
Nu = h D / Kair
Heat Transfer Coefficient, h = Nu Kair / D
Fin Parameter m = √h C / Kb A
Fin effectiveness ε = tan h m L/ mL
Parameter H = h / kb m
Theoretical Temp. Profile within the Fin =
θ/θ0 = [T-Tf]/[Tb-Tf] = [cos h m(L-x)+ H sin h m (L-x)]/[ cos h m L + H sin h mL]
Taking Base Temp. Tb = T1
Where,
Kb = thermal conductivity of Brass fin

C = Perimeter
Tm = Fin mean temp.
Tf = Fin temp. at any point
X = Distance of sensor at the base of the fin
g = Acc. Due to gavity
D = Fin Diameter
2010-2011
Engineering)
Gr = Grashof Number
Pr = Prandlt Number
Nu = Nusselt Number
Kair = Air conductivity at mean temp.
h = heat transfer coefficient
m = Fin perimeter
A = Cross sectional are of Fin
L = Fin Length
ε = Fin effectiveness
PRECAUTIONS
 Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
 Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only.
 Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on
the panel are at OFF position.
 Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
 Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
 Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
2010-2011
Engineering)
Experiment No 11
STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS
Experiment :-
To find out the Stefan Boltzmann constant
Apparatus :-
The apparatus is centered on a flanged copper hemisphere B fixed on a flat non-conducting
plate A. The outer surface of B is enclosed in a metal water jacket used to heat B to some suitable
constant temp. One RTD PT-100 type temperature sensor is attached to the inner wall of hemisphere B
to measure its temperature and to be read by a temperature indicator. The Disc D, which is mounted in
an insulating Bakelite sleeves S is fitted in a hole drilled in the center of the base plate A. A chrome
Alumel temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of D i.e. TD. The temperature sensor is
mounted on the disc to study the rise of its temperature. When the disc is inserted at the temperature
TD (TD < T) (i.e. the temp. of the enclose) the response of temperature change of disc with time is
used to calculate the Stefan Boltzmann Constant.( Stefan Boltzmann Constant and has the value of
4.88 x 10-8 kcal/hrm2K4 or 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4)
To Study radiation mode of heat transfer

To calculate Stefan Boltzmann constant experimentally and compare it with theoretical
value .
Out line of the procedure :-
Heat the water in the tank by the immersion heater up to a certain temp. The disc D is removed
before pouring the hot water in the jacket. The hot water is poured in the water jacket. The
hemispherical enclosure B and A will come to some uniform temp. in a short time after filling
the hot water in the jacket. The thermal inertia of hot water is quite adequate to prevent
significant cooling in the time required to conduct the experiment. The enclosure will soon
come to equilibrium conditions. The disc, D is now inserted in A at a time when its temp. is T D.
Start noting the temperature change for every 30 sec.

Parameters:
calculate the rise in temp with time (for each 30 s gap ) and find out the slope of graph and
then calculate Stefan Boltzmann constant.
Plot :-
Plot the graph between time (T) Vs temp. (t) and determine the slope (dT/dt) t=0
Formula:-
σ = M.S ((dT/dt)t=0)
AD ( T4 – TD4 )
Where,
2010-2011
Engineering)
M = Mass of the disc (kg) = ………………….
S = Specific heat of disc = 0.1 kcal/kgºC
AD = Area of the disc = ………………….m2
D = Diameter of the disc =………………….m
T = Final Temp. of the disc ºC

TD = Initial temp. of the disc.ºC
Data:-
Hemispherical enclosure Dia : 200 mm

Suitable sized water jacket for Hemisphere
Base Plate : Bakelite ( 250 mm)
Test Disc Dia : 20 mm
Mass of test Disc : 3 gm
Specific Heat, S of test disc : 0.1 kcal/kg-ºC
Number of temp. sensor mounted on B : 1

Number of temp. sensor mounted on D : 1
Control Panel : Digital Voltmeter
(0-300 V)
Digital Ammeter (0-
2 A)
Dimmer stat (0-230
V), 2 A (2 Nos.)
Digital Temp.
Indicator (0-200º C)
ON/OFF switch,
mains indicator, etc.
Immersion wtarer heater of suitable capacity and tank for hot water, 1.5 Kw
PRECAUTIONS
 Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
 Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only.
 Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on
the panel are at OFF position.
 Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
2010-2011
Engineering)
Experiment No 12
Drop Wise Film Wise Condensation
Experiment: To study the heat transfer in the process of condensation .
Apparatus: - Drop wise and film wise apparatus complete set up ,Stop watch
The apparatus consist of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place .The
lower portion houses suitable electric heater for steam generation . A special arrangement is
provided for the container for filling water . The glass cylinder houses two water cooled copper
condensers,one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation and the other is
in its natural state to give film wise condensation. A connection for pressure gauge is provided
.Separate connections of two condensers for passing water are provided .One Rota meter with
appropriate piping can be used for measuring water flow rate in one of the condensers under test .
A digital temperature indicator provided has multi point connections ,which measures temperatures
of steam ,temp of two condensers ,water inlet and outlet temperature of condenser water flow .
Learning Objective:
To determine the heat transfer coefficient for drop wise and film wise condensation process .
To Differentiate the drop wise and film wise condensation process.
OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE:
Operate the Rota meter Valve to regulate the flow of water in the two condensers .Fill the
water in boiler tank up to desired level and start the heater of boiler .when the desired
pressure is achieved the steam valve is regulated and steam is made to flow through glass
tube containg the condensers. Allow for some time and then note down temp of water inlet
/outlet of both condensers. Measure the condensate formed by using measuring flask verse
time. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water, Operating Control Valve and
By-Pass valve. When experiment is over, close all valves .remove left over water from
boiler after switching off the heater . Switch off Pump and Power Supply to Panel.
Specifications :-
Condensers : One chromium plated for drop wise condensation
One natural finish for film wise condensation
Dimensions : 19 mm outer dia, 150 mm length , fabricated from
copper with reverse flow in concentric tubes ,filled with
temp sensors for surface temp measurement
Instrumentation : Temp indicator digital 0-200 with multi channel
switch type RTD PT -100 type
Rota meter for measuring water flow rate
Pressure gauge: Dial type 0-2 kg/cm2
Inside diameter of condenser ,Di = 19 mm
Outside Dia of condenser DO = 17 mm
Length of condenser L = 150 mm
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 mm
2010-2011
Engineering)
Scope of result and discussion:-
 Study drop wise and film wise condensation on the two tubes physically .
Precaution :-
 Use the stabilize single phase AC supply only.

 Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the on/off switches given on the
panel are at off position .
 Voltage to heater should be given slowly.
 Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 240 volts .
 Operate selector switch of temp indicator gently.
 Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit.
2010-2011

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1 WM MEC 102Mechanical Sciences II (Mechanical Engineering)

2 To conduct Impact test on mild steel and cast iron specimens. 4 to 5

3 To conduct Torsion test on mild steel and cast iron specimens. 6 to 7

5 To measure the velocity of flow at different points using a Pitot tube . 9 to 10

6 To measure Coefficient of discharge through venturi meter and orifice meter. 11 to 12

7 To determine the loss coefficient for the pipe fittings. 13 to 15

9 To study heat transfer through insulating slab. 18 to 19

10 To study free and forced convection. 20 to 24

11 To find out the Stefan Boltzmann constant. 25 to 26

12 To study the Drop wise and Film wise condensation . 27 to 28

 Measuring deflection on scale carefully and accurately.

Scope of results and discussion:

a. For Izod Test:

7. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading.

Scope of Result and Discussion :

1. Gauge length of the specimen, l = …………

3. Polar moment of inertia, Ip = ………….

Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.

PITOT TUBE APPARATUS

To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe.

To find the co-efficient of pitot tube

Scope of result and discussion :-

Plots :- Plot velocity profile

Discharge (Q): Velocity ,

Q = AxR V = Q/a (m/s)

Coefficient of Pitot Tube,

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1 m2

To measure discharge through Orifice meter.

Out line of the procedure :-

Scope of Result and discussion :-

For Orifice meter:

Theoretical discharge (Qt):

Qth = a1a2 √2gH H = 12.6 x h

d1 = Dia inlet of Orificemeter = 25 mm

Experiment: To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe-fittings.

Apparatus: - Pipe fitting set up ,Stop watch

OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE:

The minor losses in enlargement can be expressed as:

Loss of Head (for Contraction):

Loss of Head (for Expansion):

A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2

V1 = Velocity of fluid in pipe of Small Diameter(m).

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

Outline of the procedure:-

Discharge: Volume: Velocity:

A = Area of the measuring tank = 0.1 m2

Scope of result and discussions:-

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING SLAB

To study the heat transfer through insulating slab

Apparatus :- Complete set up of insulating slab apparatus

OUT LINE OF PROCEDURE :

Heat Input , Q = VxI (For Central Heater)

As heat is divided into two parts

Area, A = π/4 D2 , m2 (D=100 mm)

X = Thickness of the insulating material

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A PIN FIN

Experiment :- TO Study free and forced convection

Out line of procedure:-

NATURAL OR FREE CONVECTION:-

Scope of result and discussion :-

Plots :- Draw the temp profile

Ambient Air Temp. T6 = Tf = ºC