Three-Phase Multilevel Bidirectional DC-AC Converter Using Three-Phase Coupled
Inductors
Romeu Hausmann
Student Member, IEEE
University of Blumenau
Department of Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering
Blumenau – SC – Brazil
romeuh@furb.br
Abstract – A new three-phase multilevel DC-AC converter
with three-phase coupled inductors is presented in this work.
The related converter is employed only as an inverter here.
Initially the power stage diagram is shown and discussed. Their
main characteristics are described and the more relevant
waveforms, generated by simulation, are shown. After that, the
converter operation is presented and all topological states are
shown. The vectorial interpretation of the line load voltage is
shown to all available vectors of load voltage in the new
structure. Next, the operation of the converter with sinusoidal
PWM modulation is discussed and some relevant figures are
presented. In the sequence, the presence of the three-phase
coupled inductor to provide significant reduction in harmonic
distortion is discussed. Finally, experimental results obtained
from the implemented prototype are presented and briefly
discussed.
Index Terms- Coupled inductor; DC-AC bidirectional
converter; multilevel inverter; three-phase inverter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Several techniques are used to increase the amount of
energy processed from static converters, amongst which the
interleaving technique, multilevel converters and the use of
inductive coupling cells.
The interleaving technique is widely treated in the
literature and consists of connecting converters in parallel,
with synchronized and complementary operation, connected
to the same load and with the same power source. Interleaved
converters can be classified in two ways: without magnetic
coupling and with magnetic coupling.
The analyses of some interleaved converters with coupled
inductors are presented in [13-15]. In [16-17] interleaved
converters using intercell transformers are presented.
It can be emphasizes the reference [14] who presents a
generic model for interleaved multiphase boost converter,
with coupled inductors. The mathematical development is
presented considering “2N” boost converters, and the number
of converters is always multiple of 2.
The use of coupled inductors to improve the current
capacity in inverters is presented in [7]. In this structure,
techniques are proposed for paralleling the inverters, always
in pairs. Beyond reducing the current stresses in the power
devices, the structure also provides the reduction of the
harmonic content in the output voltage. The proposal
topology can be applied in three-phase inverters and be
generalized for a bigger number of converters in parallel,
978-1-4244-2893-9/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA. Downloaded on November 13, 2009 at 05:54 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Ivo Barbi
Senior Member, IEEE
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Power Electronics Institute
Florianopolis – SC- Brazil
ivobarbi@inep.ufsc.br
with the disadvantage of only allowing converters in pairs. In
the other hand, the use of coupled inductors can provide
multilevel output voltage in power converters and improve
the dynamic performance [8].
The use of multilevel coupled inductors in single-phase
boost rectifiers is presented in [10 and 12]. These works
presents a comparison between the inductors in converters
using interleaving and multilevel coupled inductors.
Structures with 3, 4 and 5 levels are shown, and the structure
with 4 levels are emphasized because it is possible the use of
a commercial three-phase core. Other related works are
presented in [9 and 11].
Another solution for high power static converters is the
use of multilevel converters. As characteristic, these
converters present reduction of the voltage/current stresses
on the switches and have output multilevel voltage.
Theoretically, they can produce high-voltage output with
infinite output voltage levels. This can be obtained through
three techniques: the series and/or parallel association of the
switches, the use of multilevel commutation cell and the
converters association [13-24].
The concept of three-state commutation cells is presented
in [3-5], and it is based on the two-state switching cell shown
in [1-2]. The main characteristics of the three-state cell are
the division of the current who flows through the switches
and the frequency multiplication of the load voltage. These
characteristics allow improvement of the losses distribution
and the volume reduction of the output filter. The four-state
switching cell is shown in [4] and [6] and consists of three
switches, three diodes and a three-phase Y connected
transformer. In this structure the frequency at the output filter
is triple the switching frequency and the switches current is
balanced divided and equal to 1/3 of the output current.
The switching cell is formed with the substitution of the 2
states cell, shown in [1-2], for a 3, 4 or “n” states cell,
maintaining the other elements of the converter.
This work present a three-phase inverter based on the
four-state switching cell. The four-state switching cell is
applied to the three-phase full-bridge converter. The middle-
point of each leg of the three-phase converter is connected to
each winding of a three-phase coupled inductor to form a
phase of the converter. The proposed structure is a high-
current middle-voltage converter and provides multilevel
output voltage with three-times the switching frequency.
2160
 II. TOPOLOGY PRESENTATION windings of the coupled inductor. Each part of the current is
The three-phase DC-AC converter with coupled inductor processed for one arm of the converter. This allows the use of
is presented in Fig. 1. The use of the three-phase coupled the switch with smaller current capacity and easier
inductor allows the division of the load phase current through dissipation of the heat produced by the semiconductors.
the switches, in a balanced way so that the current in each
arm of the structure is equal to 1/3 of the load current in one
phase, reducing the current values for the switches. Another
characteristic of this structure is the increasing of the voltage
load levels, thus contributing to reduce the common mode
voltage, when compared with standard structures. The load
voltage frequency is three times the switch frequency; this
results in a reduction of the size and the cost of the output
filter.
The presented converter has 18 controllable switches and
their respective freewheeling diodes that, for the sake of
simplification, are represented by bidirectional switches.
Switches S11 to S16 constitute the phase “a”, transistors S21
to S26 constitute the phase “b” and switches S31 to S36
constitute the set of active switches of phase “c”. Each set of
switches that constitutes one of the three-phase leg is
connected to the load through a symmetric three-phased
Fig. 2. Simulation results: (a) load line voltage “Vab”; (b) total
coupled inductor. The employed modulation is the sinusoidal current in phase “a”; (c) current in one winding of the three-
PWM.. The three-phase converter was simulated and the winding inductor.
simulation results are presented in Fig. 2. From the results of
simulation shown in Fig. 2(a), it is possible to verify that the III. CONVERTER OPERATION
line voltage has 7 levels; this favors the harmonic content
The topological states for a phase are shown in Fig. 3.
reduction and minimizes the size of the output filter.
+

+
V3
V2
V1
-

Fig. 1. Power structure of the three-phase converter.

The simulation results shown in Fig. 2 were obtained from
the simulation of the circuit shown in Fig. 1, with modulation
index equal to 0.9, switching frequency of 9 kHz and
symmetrical triangular carriers shifted by 120°. The voltages
applied to the coupled inductor have two components: one of
them is a zero-sequence voltage in the low frequency; the
other voltage forms a balanced three-phase system which
operates at switching frequency. This brings about a null
impedance of the inductor for the zero-sequence component
Fig. 3. Topological possible states for one phase of the converter.
voltage.
Each arm of the converter has two possible states,
It is verified from the simulation results in Fig. 2(c) that
therefore the command of the switches is complementary and
the load current is divided in a balanced way in the three
it will always have a switch commanded to conduct in each

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 arm. This implies in 8 possible topological states for the
structure of one of the phases of the converter, and 512
possible topological states when considering the 9 arms of
the three-phase structure.
The 8 different topological states result in 4 distinct levels
of Va0 voltage, therefore some topological states are
redundant in terms of the line load voltage.
The average value voltage of the winding must be null in
each topological state of operation of the converter, so that
there is no saturation of the inductor or significant unbalance
in the winding currents.
From the presented topological states shown in Fig. 3 it is
possible to determine the values of the load and inductor
winding voltages. Table 1 presents all the voltages for each
topological state for one phase of the converter.
TABLE I
VA0 VOLTAGE FOR THE DIFFERENT TOPOLOGICAL STATES.
Topological Va0[V] Simbol Windings voltages
state V1 V2 V3
1 -Vcc/6 2Vcc/3 -Vcc/3 -Vcc/3
Fig. 4. Available vectors in the three-phase structure.
X
2 -Vcc/6 Vcc/3 Vcc/3 -2Vcc/3
The three-phase coupled inductor core design is shown in
X
3 -Vcc/6 -Vcc/3 2Vcc/3 -Vcc/3
Fig. 5. To prevent unbalances in the winding currents it is
X
necessary to build a symmetrical three-phase inductor and
4 Vcc/6 X -2Vcc/3 Vcc/3 Vcc/3
5 Vcc/6 X -Vcc/3 -Vcc/3 2Vcc/3
generate the converter switches signal commands accurately.
6 Vcc/6 X Vcc/3 -2Vcc/3 Vcc/3 Ac
7 Vcc/2 Y 0 0 0
8 -Vcc/2 Y 0 0 0 c
Table II presents the summary of all available line voltage
vectors for the three-phase converter. The vectors are divided g
into 11 groups, 10 groups of 6 vectors and 1 group with 4 e f b
null vectors. The groups are formed considering the module
and phase of the resulting vector. Thus the vector A1 has the a
same magnitude of the vector A2 and is delayed by 60°. Aw
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF THE AVAILABLE VECTORS FOR THE THREE-PHASE STRUCTURE.
d
Group Vector 1 Vector 2 Vector 3 Vector 4 Vector 5 Vector 6
Fig. 5. Three-phase coupled inductor core design.
A (Y Y Y )   (Y Y Y )   (Y Y Y )   (Y Y Y )   (Y Y Y ) (Y Y Y )
B (Y X Y )   (Y X Y )   (Y Y X )   (Y X Y )   ( X Y Y ) (Y Y X ) IV. EMPLOYED MODULATION
C (Y X Y )   ( X Y Y )   (Y Y X )   (Y X Y )   ( X Y Y ) (Y Y X ) The employed modulation is the sinusoidal PWM with
D (Y X X )   (Y Y X )   ( X Y X ) ( X Y Y )   ( X X Y ) (Y X Y ) symmetrical triangular carriers shifted by 120°. The
modulator for the three-phase structure is formed by nine
E ( X Y Y )   ( X X Y ) (Y X Y )   (Y X X )   (Y Y X ) ( X Y X )
comparators, which schematic diagram is presented in Fig. 6.
F (Y X X )   ( X Y X ) ( X Y X ) ( X X Y ) ( X X Y ) (Y X X )

G ( X X Y )   ( X X Y ) (Y X X )   (Y X X )   ( X Y X ) ( X Y X )
H (Y X X )   (Y Y X )   ( X Y X ) ( X Y Y )   ( X X Y ) (Y X Y )
I ( X X X )   ( X X X )  ( X X X )  ( X X X )  ( X X X ) ( X X X )

J ( X Y Y )   ( X X Y ) (Y X Y )   (Y X X )   (Y Y X ) ( X Y X )

Z (Y Y Y )   ( X X X )  ( X X X )   (Y Y Y )      
The representation of the available vectors is presented in
Fig. 4. Each group of vectors is formed by 6 vectors shifted
by 60° between them. Only vectors “1”are identified for each
group, vectors “2” come to 60° in the counter-clockwise
direction thus and successively.
Fig. 6. Modulator for the three-phase structure
In Fig. 7 it is possible to observe three waveforms groups
market by three brackets. At the first group, the carriers and
sinusoidal modulating signals are shown to a switching
period. In the second group, the upper switches signal
commands are presented. In the last group, the load line

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 voltages “Vab” and “Vca” are presented. TABLE III
SWITCHING SIGNAL COMMAND AND RESPECTIVE VECTOR.
It is possible to observe in Fig. 7 that the converter posses
18 operating stages. In each operating stage occurs only a Operating Upper switches signals command vector
stages [S11;S12;S13] [S21;S22;S23] [S31;S32;S33]
commutation and the total commutations in a switching
period are distributed in a balanced way. These facts provide 1 [0;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;1;1] ( X Y X ) E6
a reduction on electromagnetic interference and improve the 2 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;1;1] (Y Y X ) B6
heat distribution in the converter.
Figure 7 shows the load line voltage with Vcc/3 steps. The 3 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;0;1] (Y Y X ) C6
lower steps values contribute to the reduction of the 4 [1;1;1] [0;0;1] [0;0;1] (Y X X ) D1

{
electromagnetic interference and the output filter size. 5 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;0;1] (Y Y X ) C6
6 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [1;0;1] (Y Y X ) B6
7 [1;0;1] [0;0;0] [1;0;1] ( X Y X ) E6
8 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [1;0;1] (Y Y X ) B6
9 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [1;0;0] (Y Y X ) C6

{
10 [1;1;1] [1;0;0] [1;0;0] (Y X X ) D1
11 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [1;0;0] (Y Y X ) C6
12 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [1;1;0] (Y Y X ) B6
13 [1;1;0] [0;0;0] [1;1;0] ( X Y X ) E6

{
14 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [1;1;0] (Y Y X ) B6
15 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;1;0] (Y Y X ) C6
16 [1;1;1] [0;1;0] [0;1;0] (Y X X ) D1
17 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;1;0] (Y Y X ) C6
18 [1;1;1] [0;0;0] [0;1;1] (Y Y X ) B6
Representative waveforms are shown in Fig. 9 to evidence
two important characteristics of this structure. The first one is
that the Va0 voltage has a three times higher frequency
compared with the switching frequency; this allows the
reduction of the size of the output filter. The second
important characteristic is that the V10 voltage has two levels
and the Va0 has four levels of voltage; thus a change of 2 to
4 levels in the output voltage.
Fig. 7. Representative waveforms for a switching period.
(a)
Figure 8 shows the vectorial form from all employed Vs11 t
vectors in the 16 operating stages presented in Fig. 7. (b)
Vs12 t
(c)
Vs13 t
Ts
Vcc/2

Vcc/6 3Ts
(d)
Va0 t
-Vcc/6

Fig. 8. Switching period employed vectors.
In Table III are shown the upper switches gate signals and
the associate vector for each operating stage. It is possible to
verify that the adjacent vector is always selected and this
follows a sequence.
-Vcc/2
Fig. 9. Relevant wave forms: (a) S11 signal command; (b) S12
signal command; (c) S13 signal command and (d) Va0 voltage.
Other relevant waveforms are shown in Fig. 10. The phase
load voltage “Van” has 11 levels, and each step has Vcc/9
value.
The common mode voltage “Vn0” has 5 levels with
Vcc/9 steps value. This implies in reduced electromagnetic

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 interference. The circuit shown in Fig. 11 can be represented by the
equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 13. Voltages V10, V20 and V30
have rectangular form as shown in Fig. 12 and can be
expressed as a fundamental sinusoidal component plus the
sum of harmonic.
V1 V1h + V1 -

V1 V2h + V2 -
0
a
V1 V3h + V3
- Va0

Fig. 13. Equivalent circuit of Fig. 11

The circuit of Fig. 13can be represented by two separate
circuits: one containing the sinusoidal voltage sources and
another one containing the voltage sources of the harmonic
Fig. 10. Relevant wave forms: (a) Phase load voltage Van; (b) components. The sources of sinusoidal voltage "V1" have the
Common mode voltage Vn0; (c) Line load voltage Vab. same amplitude, frequency and phase. In this situation the
The three-phase converter, composed of three single- three-phase coupled inductor is subjected only to the zero
phase structures, is able to power balanced or unbalanced sequence voltage
loads connected in Δ or Y.
V1 + V1 -
V. HARMONIC DISTORTION
The presence of the three-phase coupled inductor provides V1 + V2 -
0
significant reduction in harmonic distortion; this fact is due to a
the harmonic cancellation. Fig. 11 presents the circuit for one V1 + V3
- Va0
phase of the proposed converter. The modulator for one
phase of the converter consists of three comparators. The
carriers Vtri1, Vtri2 and Vtri3 are symmetrical triangular
Fig. 14. Circuit containing only the sinusoidal voltage sources.
carriers shifted by 120° and the sinusoidal modulate signal is
Since the system is symmetric and considering the
Vsin1.
absence of dispersion, the three-phase coupled inductor
behaves as a short circuit to the zero sequence voltage
component. The output voltage is shown in (1).

Va 0 = V1 (1)
Fig. 15 represents the equivalent circuit with the harmonic
voltage sources
Fig. 11. Structure of a phase of the converter. V1h I1h + Vx -
The waveforms produced in the midpoint of each arm of
the converter with respect to the midpoint of DC power V2h I2h + Vy - Iht
0
supplies are given by Fig. 12. The three-phase voltages a
applied to the inductor have two components: a zero V3h I3h + Vz
- Va0h
sequence voltage in low frequency, and another one that
forms a three-phase balanced system at the switching
frequency
Fig. 15. Circuit containing only the harmonic voltage sources.
From the circuit of Fig. 15 the output current is according
with (2).

I ht = I1h + I 2 h + I 3h (2)
Where
Fig. 12. Voltage waveforms V10, V20 and V30. Iht – total harmonic current;

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 I1h, I2h e I3h – harmonic currents in the coils 1, 2 and 3 of be represented as (14), (15) and (16).
the coupled inductor respectively.
The equations of the inductor coil voltages are shown in V10 (t ) = V11 + ∑ V1h (14)
(3), (4) and (5).
V20 (t ) = V21 + ∑ V2 h (15)
Ld Mdi 2 Mdi 3
Vx = i1 + + (3)
dt dt dt V30 (t ) = V31 + ∑ V3h (16)
Mdi1 Ldi 2 Mdi 3 The resulting voltage on the load considering one phase of
Vy = + + (4) the converter is then the sum of the voltages of the midpoint
dt dt dt of each arm. The equation (17) shows that the harmonics
Mdi1 Mdi 2 Ldi 3 contents in the load voltage will always be multiple of 3
Vz = + + (5) when compared to the switching frequency.
dt dt dt
Where Va 0 h = V3 sin 3ω st + V6 sin 6ω st + V9 sin 9ω st + ... (17)
Vx, Vy e Vz – voltages in coils 1, 2 and 3 of the coupled
inductor respectively; VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
L – inductance of each coil of the coupled inductor; Experimental results were obtained from a three-phase
M – mutual inductance between the coils of the coupled prototype operating as inverter in open-loop and 15 kW
inductor. output power. The switching frequency was 9 kHz and the
The load voltage can then be written as shown in (6). DC link voltage was 300V. The switches gate signals were
generated by the digital signal processor of TEXAS
3Va 0 h = V1h + V2 h + V3h − (Vx + Vy + Vz ) (6)
TMS320F2812. Fig. 16(a) presents the load current for one
The coils voltages of the inductor are described by (7). phase and Fig. 16(b) shows the current in one of the winding
of the three-phase coupled inductor. The current in the
⎛d d d ⎞ winding is a bit higher than 1/3 of the load current due to the
Vx + Vy + Vz = L ⎜ i1 + i 2 + i 3 ⎟ +
⎝ dt dt dt ⎠ magnetizing current.
(7)
⎛ di1 di 2 di 3 ⎞ (a)
2M ⎜ + + ⎟
0.2
⎝ dt dt dt ⎠
Or according related in (8). (b)
0.1

⎛d ⎞
Vx + Vy + Vz = ( L + 2M ) ⎜ iht ⎟ (8) 0
⎝ dt ⎠
For the ideal three-phase inductor the mutual inductance is
-0.1
given by (9):

L
M =− (9) -0.2
2 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
The total inductance is shown in (10). 5
x 10
Fig. 16. a) line load current; (b) one winding current of the
L + 2 M = 0 (10) inductor.
The sum of the coils voltages is given by (11) Fig. 17(a) shows the DC link voltage and Fig. 17(b)
Vx + Vy + Vz = 0 (11) presents the Vab line voltage. The presence of many voltage
levels can be observed, which maximum value is limited to
The substitution of (11) in (6) results in (12): the DC link voltage.
The presence of the 7 voltage levels is verified clearly,
V1h + V2 h + V3h
Va 0 h = (12) thus proving the theoretical analysis and the simulation
3 previously presented. The use of the three-phase coupled
Or generically according (13). inductor in classics converters changes the number of the
voltage levels of the load, consequently reducing the

∑V =
∑V + ∑V1h 2h + ∑ V3h
(13)
harmonic distortion and the filter size. Due to the presence of
a0h the symmetric three-phase coupled inductor, the current in
3
Voltages in the midpoint of each arm shown in Fig. 11 can each leg to one phase of the converter divides in a balanced

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 way and is equal to 1/3 of the load phase current. It is possible to verify the presence of three multiple
(a) frequencies in the line load voltage as shown in (1.17).
300
The picture of implemented three-phase coupled inductor
is shown in Fig. 20.
200
2Vcc/3
100 Vcc/3

0
(b)

-100

-200

-300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4
x 10
Fig. 17. a) DC link voltage; (b) Vab line voltage without output
filter.
In Fig. 18 the evolution of harmonic distortion in Vab line
voltage according to the index of modulation is shown. Fig. 20. picture of the three-phase coupled inductor.
There is a great similarity between the results obtained
with the evolution of harmonic distortion experimentally and VII. CONCLUSION
from numerical simulation.
70 A new three-phase DC-AC multilevel converter is
presented. The overall schematic diagram of the implemented
60
structure is shown in Fig. 21. This converter uses a three-
THD of Vab line voltage (%)

50 phase coupled inductor to produce multilevel PWM voltage

40 waveforms on the load. The more relevant waveforms are
presented along with theoretical analysis. The results
30
Simulation result obtained from numerical simulation and experimentation
20 confirm the theoretical analysis performed. It is possible to
10
Experimental result verify the low harmonic content on the load voltage from the
multilevel voltage produced, and, as consequence, a major
0
0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9
reduction in volume and cost of the output filter.
Modulation index Another factor that favors the reduction of the volume of
Fig. 18. Evolution of the harmonic distortion of the Vab voltage the filter is the fact that the load voltage frequency is three
according to the modulation index. times the switching frequency. It is shown the balanced
In Fig. 19 is presented the harmonic spectrum of Vab line current division of each phase in each arm of the converter,
voltage experimentally obtained. provided by the use of the three-phase coupled inductor,
20 bringing as benefit the reduction of losses in the switches and
allowing the use of semiconductors with lower current
capacity.
15 For applications such as drives, without output filter, there
is a reduction of voltage steps in the machine windings,
reducing isolation problems, iron losses, the ripple torque and
10 bearing currents.

0
9KHz 27KHz 54KHz 81KHz
Frequency(Hz)

Fig. 19. Harmonic spectrum of Vab line voltage - experimental

results.

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 Fig. 21. Overall schematic diagram of the implemented structure.
VIII. REFERENCES
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