;ENG[.

lSH
TUTORING
COURSE
BGOI{

Grammar
Revfrew
VERBS
English has six tenses,each of which has a simple form and a progressiveform.

Simple Progressive
Present I worlc I am worlcins
Past I worked
! waqworking
Ifuhrre I vuill (,olk I will be working
PresentPerfect I have worked I have been worlcing
Past Perfect I had worked I had been working
Future Perfect I will liave worked I will have been worl<ine
verb tensesshould accurateryreflect the time frame(s) discur;sedin a sentence.

L Asethe presenf tensefar:

actions0r statesaeeurrlngin the present
time.
I am a student.
Theyure studyils the Hollt RurnarzErnpire,
habitualaetians.
They eat in the cafeteria every day,
My father never drinlcs cot'fee.
thingsthatare alwaystrwe.
Gras,sis green,
Studentslake geontetryduring their junior year

2' Llsethe pasttenset

fsr aetianstit slatesthattaak plaee
at a sBecific
timein thepastand arenawcampteted.
Norntan broltc hrs ioe when he tripped over his son's *icycre.

3" Usethefuturetensefar aetians

exper;ted
in thefuture.
I wtll call you onWednesd.ay.

4. Usethepresentperfeeftensefor:
actionsanrlsfafesthaistartedin ttte pastandehntinueintothe
Brcsent,
I have ,teett.Iivirug here foj- lvro
))(.o.rs.
actiznsandstates tha! zcr;urr;::!
;t ftumbetaf timesin thepastandmay ailEur
againin thefu,fure.
I haveI'Leard
;hut.so,tr:
severaL
tinrcson theradio,
acti'nsantistatesrhat ueeurred
at an unsBe,ifiedtine in the past.
AnnA lzASSe€tt ri'iut rrLovittalrcady.

5' usetheBasiperfet>ttensefor pastar;tions orsfafesthatweree,mpteted pt.iarto other pastaetians

ar states.
Themorernsei?tpasterert;iis H{ii€s:tsdin tkc sinple past,
and theearlierpasteventis expressedin the past
perfent"
when I turned ny contlttrter on ihi,s tttoning, I reali.zedthat I
had exited the program without saving nty
u,rtrl<,
6' usethefutureP\ffeetle:tsefur future aetions
or sfafesthatwilt take ptacebcfore atherfuturcacti*nsorsfafes"
By the eitd oj tlzis weelc,f i+'iu'liave warr<ed,four
hoLtr.rof overtime.
To form the simple past tenseor past parliciple for
regular verbs,simply add -ed to the present
tenseform.

178 I(APL,ANC)
\4>-
 gNA [\!U:TSi-:ELt:
EFIGI.ISH

I talk v,ti.th'
her.
I talked with her.
I hadtalked with her
hregular verbs, however,may have different forms for the simple past tenseand for the pastparicipie used with the perfect tenses.

yslbs;
Here are some common irregi-r-js1

Present Past Past Pa.rticiple Present Past Past.Pafitci

am wa.s been grow grew
besin Degan Degun know knew known
brins brought brought leave left left
come came come read read read
do did done ride rode ridden
drive drove driven run ran run
eat ate eaten speak spoke n
fall fell fallen take took taken
Eet got sot/sotten wear wore worn
go !vent gone wflte wrote wntten

PRON(}UNS
pronouns
Persorial byperson,
areidentified gender,
number,
andcase,
Person Number Subjective Objective Possessive
First Person S ngular T me my, inlne
SecondPerson Singular and Plural you you yOurS
;v'o111',
Plural we US cui's
Third Person
masculine Singular he him his
feminine Singular she her hel
neutral Singular 1L ir :,_^
r_Lii

Third Person Plural they them their, theirs

|. A pronounmustagreein genderandnumberwiilt itsantecedent noun.

A pronaun's
antecedentis tke wotdta whiekit refers.Pronounsmustagreein bathp{ender
andnumberwiththeir
A singularpronaunskowldstandin for a singulatanteceden7
antecedents. a pluralpran1unshauldstandin far a plural
anlecedent.
Mary was late for work becausesheforgot to set the alarm.
Give yotLr class dues to Tom, since he is the treasurer
Seniors will get their report cards next Friday.
A,pronoun's
an{ecedent
mayappearafterit in a sentence,
Becausesheforgot to set the al.arm,X4arywas late for work.
Si.nceke is the treasurer,give your classdues to Tom.
After tkeir report cards are issued,the seniors will practice for graduation.

2. Usethesuhjeetivecase:
whena pronuunis thesuhjectof a verh.
She worksfor an insurance company.
My brother is thrtlled that ke got a part in the school play.
Afier they retwrnfromvacation, the Madigans will be moving to Boston.

E(A P tA hI
179
 TUTSRTN&
oCIuRsE E['dGt[sH
Eorlt(

befare a verb fhat is nat statertbu{ unrlerstaod.

Gary is talle,rtJtanshe (ts).
They arrived eariier rhan we (did).

aftera linkingverbtiketo bc.

It was I who bi.ottl3htthe bol\oons.

3, usetheob,ieetive
ease:
whena pranlanis theabjeetaf a verb,verbforn preBosition"
or
Give that io n:e.
I called ki.tn on. riie pizorie.
Asking theyn to go rlas a big mistalce.
in eomparisons betweenabjeets,f vcrbsthat arc nots:tated
but understood"
Shecallsyou tnoretlzan(shecalls) me.
They'llhaveto payproJessiorLals morethan(they,ilhaveto pay) us.
4' Usethe retative i-)t'ansu:ts
wrta,rid tttytarn
whenrefeffing to peopte.
Who is the subjeuive etts,3
p).o/L()Ll.lL
user|to refer to people.
The woman y,thais stnndi.rLg at thepiano is my sistet:
Whom is tlte objective casepronoLrl r.Lsed
to refer to people.
The woman witlz whom I o.nxstaying is nty
sister
You co,Iled.ry"ttotrL?

lf yau?e naf surc lvriei:ilcl'vvilu,i''ilh'rii fs

e a,,eetin a seiltene
8, try thist
Sylveste6(wko or u,li.ctytz?,) is a1"r,iclof the clark,sleepswith'the
liBhts on.
Look at the ralativtt fJt,L.irirtui.t
and rurrt its ttause inta a question.
YVhoor tukowt is r4lraictof Llteclark?
Thenanswer :;,iii-ti!Jf;;i,,;i yttti;ti: pribstlaI
srlunoun.
Xfe is.
lf .youanswerthe qL,estirtnutitha :;ub.ieetive
ease
pronouo,
(asyawdidhere),thesubjeetivecase
Sylveste4who i,ga,frcLicl
qf the clarlt,
whois eorrcct.
sleepswitlt the l.ightson.
If yau answerfhe guestionwith an nbieetive
'fo ease,theobjreetivecasewh'm is
eorrcet.
(who or whoru?) should.I add.ress
the letter?
To me.
To wltonzsltould..t,crtlc/resstl,Lel.ettet.,?

5' Use the retativ' prcftiiiiii:i tl,hit,i

;:iti,'t,');.rt
ta tefer to inan,imate objeets.
Generally' whir:h is:tseJfo infrotltrce
?t ftllrascor clause$et aff by eammas
Tlrc hotel tJlat we stayed irt ltctd.an and that is usedwithin the hody
indoor swimnting pool. of a sentiLt.t{;i
The hotei' wlzir:h.lzrrr,'4i'L;n(ro()/ ,st,ii*uning
poor, is one of our
favorites,
6, PfAnoUnS ffiUSl ha Ve !;i i:!,., tL;tt t,.l
* i1_i..!
tl!). .,.ilitl eehe nts
A pranounis arnitigu:t;;sii li::; t ss,J,,tii,.l;,it "
atiieeedent,
,RONG' Joe trt:esi't't.ike the rrLusic
tkey pray on this,radiostahon
who areihey'r'iie ciur'r-ieii, because
tirereis no antecedent for.theJ)ronoun.
A pronounL9a;scairLi!,;,i!!su";,ori:" ';,ri,t
rugit;airy
refert0m*rc fhanoneanteeedent.
WRONG:l_intluanciAnLy;/ier,.r
,o tite c:oncertin her car
e did theyuse?7b oon't li'o* 5inss
her couLdrefer
ro eitherLindaorAmy.
1 8 0 i I,,T"::
( A P L A f u/
\'<:r'-
 Et'{GtlSH
If'{A NUTSI'lIi-i-

by replailngtheprannunwiththeappropriate
Ambiguityerrarccanbe Earrected naan.
Joe doesn't like what tke discjockcys play on this radio station.
Linda and Amy went to the concert in Amy's car.

ANEI3\IEPDS
ADJECTIVES
l. Useadjective"ta nadifynaunsa!?dpfttnnuns.
ir, a white dress stccd next to the dd. tree.
A worr,.o.;t
The leaky boo,thadn't been used in many years.

2. Useadveftsta modifyverbs,adjeetive$andatheradverbs.
endin -ly.
Many,hutnotall, adverbs
The inteniewer looked appravingtryat the neatly dressedapplicant.
That m.oviewas very long.
Don't eat too quickly.

USAOE
REVIEW
is a qroupaf wsrdsthatdaesnotEantain
/ phrase batha subject
anda verh.
looking out the window
behind the scenes
' on sale at thefarmer's market
,4clauseis a growpaf wlrdsthatcantains
hatha subjectanda veft. Clauses
canke independent,
ffieaning
theycan stand
aloneas sefitencesi
I was looking out the window.
Wewent behind the scenes.
Fresh corn is now on sale at the Union Square Green Market.
u subordinate,
meaningtheycannot:
becauseI was looking out the window
when we went behind the scenes
which is now on sale at thefarmer's market
/ sentenceis a groupof wardsthatcontainsat leastnneindependent
clauseand exltressesa antnplete
thought.To
d0 so,a sentence rnusteontaina subiect,aboutwhichsnmething
is said,anda predi€atetrerb,whiehsayssomething
aboutthe sub.iect"
I was lookirzgout the window when the car passed by.
Wewent behind the scenesto learn how a televisionnewsshow is produced.
Fresh corn is one of the vegetablesnow on sale at the Union Square Green Marlcet.

RUN-(}NSANI)FRAGMENTS
l. A sentencethat dlesnntcontainat leastoneindependentclauseis a fragmenL '
A sentence
fragment nay begrammatically incomplete
becauseit lacksa suhject0r a predieateverb!
WRONG: Fresh corn on sale at the Union Square Grcen Market.
WRONG: Going behind the scenesto learn how a news show is produced.
at lngicallyineomplete
because
otherelements
necessary
fot it t0 e)qrcssa eamplete
thowghtarernissing:
WRONG: I was loolcingout the window wlten,
WRONG: Becausefresh corn is on sale.
A sentencefragmentcanhe correctedbyaddingthenissingelement(s)
of thesentence:
Fresh corn is on sale at the Union Sguare Green Market.

181
 TuTCIRING :ENGtlSl{
oCIURSij
BEt{K

or by eambiningit rwithan indeLterident slause:

Goingbehindthescenes to leatn lnw a newsshowi,sproduced,our mediacrnsslearneda g.eatdealin a verys!'oit i,
2' A senfeneeeantaining'filuttiple independente lauseswhich
are notpruperty eombinedis a run-sn.
wRoNG"Thechildrenhadbeenpl.ayingin thepark theywere
coveredwithmud.
wRoNG: Thecltirtrreniiur,.r r;,:,.ri.pro.yingin thepark, theywerecoveredwith mud.
A run-onsente!";ee eat be aatrsc?:r!;y ntaking eaehelausea separatesenteneet
Tke ckildrenkod beenprnyingtn tkeparrc.TLteywerecovered
with mud.
by eombiningttte indepenelclrf c/aijseswitha semieolon:
ThechiLdrenhad beenpraving in tlrcpark; theywerecovered
with mucr.
by ma4inganeaf the e/affsessubardinate.
Eecausetraechildv'enhad beenltiaytng in thepar,rc, theywerecoveredwith mucr.
Trzeckdren who/;*d beett 1tu:;yiitg in theparrcwerecoveredwith mud.
Thechildrenhad'beenplaying in thepar"tc, whichv,aswhytheywerecoveredwity'tmud.
or byjoining !!'teojausi:s:ttjth:,j,t.iji::tiitanCa coardinating
eoijunetiont
Thecl'iilclrenl.Lu.c)
beettitlai;lrry irLtl.Le 1to,rk,and theywerecoyered. with mucl.
Thechi'rrJreithor)beeitprayingin thepark, so theywerecoveredwith
mud.
(coordinatingconjunctit'rnsi'c1ttde7?ri; o-ncl, rzot;but,oti,yet, and.
so.usethemnemonic FANBoys to heipyouremember
rh,:;r
SUBJE0T--VERB /\iitiE,Ervr
i1r\r
l. A verbmustagfeevyitrlts subleetit
fiersan"
A first petsansubiewtllDit:t'] :;!!:i")t)i,i:)
is makinga statement abaut himsetf.FirstpersansabJ'eefs
are thepranauns
we. x ,rt,i
Xamgoinr to Pn.ris.
Wearegoingto pctrir
A secandpetlvri'l?sliliir'rr;fti'teattss{ttiled,fte is speakingdirectlyto someone
y0u" else"Theseaond persan subjectis theprcr,tailil
Vouare goingto paris.
A thirdperssil sitlJi':t'ei
ri;alftsa stuttiliii")fit ith"autslffieother person,plaee,or thing"The
pranounshe,:;i'ri],it, t:;:tt,'l;!lJy, third persan
subjeetsare th.
{:jsttLt.Jj!
as all nauns"
He is goi;,tgto pu, t,s,.
Annalise is goi.rt.gvvitlLLLirn
Theflight will take eight hours,.

2, A verb mus'!a;1it;e'.,yi!:!: ils ;1fii.:-.;,'i:,:,nbei,

A singular sui;,;'cc;t
;',)u;;.1.,,,1s
;i:ilesjt;Eularfgrn af a verb.
Mickello talws tJtr.:l; ,; io school evet? mornrng.
A plural sultjett ret1uire::i _ plura,tfnrm af the
verb.
Many stuuttent,s talcetlxebus ro scltool evety morning.
hfirlzelie rndl:,bh1t':ake tl.iebu,sto sch.oolevery
monting.
A verb's
subject
r's'o/feni)ai{kc[t,unc]use*tta it in thesentinee"
Will snirnak iung,lesall otter tl.teworld are endangered.
Be sure to ,,match,,z verbs to theu trppropiatesubject
nouns.
3" AolbetiVe fta!,jtl:jajT lj; ,!titrt:iiiie,:,,:,r,j:igliJat,
Gslleetiven'iitis arh rtcii;)s ti,ili ita;irt'ie;t'lt't'itzs
with m,re than ,fie rnemyertsrenasgroup,
thcsenaunsreLrcsentnot't:lha'itatte $eislt:' theyaregran*itiirtty u,rgoturandrequire
teanl, andtanily. Eve, r:hti,,,
singularverlt fonns.

182
 gNGLISHI$,tA [\1U
i'SfrjEtil.

The colieciicrt of paiiztings entitled " Matisse in Morocco" is one of the most widely vieweti o"r"texhibits in recentyears.
A commi|lee to siudrythefeasibility of the renovations wes appointed by the m.ayor.

4. 0nly when colleetitre (va$ftsare in fjlnral farm da they require plural verhs"
My collec:.iotzs
of rare coins o,ndcanceled stampsare worth more than I thought. Seyeral contnail:tees
were involved in
choosing;heJincildesign.

IDIt)MS
Someidioms must be constnrctedin a cefi,ainway to be correct.

|, Between.,.antt
WRONG. lleht;een hot hogs or ltamburgers, I prefer hantburgers.
RIGHT: Betweetr,ltot hogs and. hantburgers,I prefer hamburgers.

2, Not only...but:a!:;e
WRONG. Th.isseme,giertrIatt i,staking not anly chemistry blut biology, too.
RIGIIT: This semester,Matt is taking mat orelychemistry but also biology.

3. As...as
WRONG'Tlzalsuil;i.sas exlten,sivethate this one.
RIGHT: 7'hatsuit is as expensiveq,stlxis one.

4. Either...
or/llei'tker,,.,,
nnr
This meto,Ii.,sneitker strong nor.fLexible.
Eitker Debby or AIec will. meet theplane.

Mt)I)IFIERS
ward0rphrasemustbep{apeilyplacedin reference
l. A modifying to thewnrdthatit is intended
to modjfy.
WRONG:Xllyingfor thefi.rst tinte,theroar of thejet enginesfrightenedth.echiLrj..
As this sentefic.tis written,the pkraseFlyi.ngfor thefirqt time describ+$the roar of tl:eiet ensines Whatshauld this
phrase logically he nrndityingT
trttyingfor tkefirst lime, theckild wasfrightenedby the roar of thejet engines.

REDUNDANCY
l. Wardsor phrasesare redundantwhentheyhavebasicallythe sane meaningin the ean'textin wkiehtheyare used.
WRONG:Th.eschool,wasfowndedund establislaedin 1906.
Don't usetwo wordswhenonewiil do.
Theschoclwct.:;
fott.ndedin 1906.
Theschool ,,uas'
e,gtablished
in i 906.

2. A watd ls usedredundantlywhen its meanifigis implicit in the meaning0f afi1ther wortl.

WRONG:I felt a senseof newousanxietybeforethecurtain rose.
Theidea of beingnervausis part of the meaningaf the worrlanxiety.tlsing them tagetfuer ls retlwndant"
I felt nervowsbeforetlrccurtainrose.
I felt a senseoJ'anxietybeforetlrc curtain ro,se.

W(|RDINESS
| . flaving unnecessarywardsin a sentencecan resuff in a style prcbtem;he cansisein your writitxg.
WORDY:Thesupplyof musicalinstrurnentstha.tare antiqueis timited.

[(AP!.AN
183
 TUTORIAI& BCIOK JENOF=ISFI
GOEJRSE

CONCISE; The supply of aietiqu,ewrusical

instruments is limited.
woRDy,we were in agreernent with
esch otraerthat Max shourd be captain.
CONC:ISE,,,
V/eagt.eer!,that Max should,be captain,

OCIMM()NLY
CIONFUSEB
WCIRDS
1. AmounUNumbcr
usearnount
whsnreferring
t8 afl tuteadntabtc
noun;r/se
number
ta rcferto a eaunfable
The amount o,ffood he threw o,waywourdfeed one"
a substantiarnumber of peopre.
2. Fewer/Less
usefesswhertr'eferring
ta atl ane
auntablenaan;r/sefewerta rcfert0 a
y
If ou nn ke;,"e.r.:,
eauntabrc
one"
: ;. ;our t:it u,s.
er., y o u t.ti il sp end less money.
3. Mueh/Many
usemuehwhenrcfcfi'tilg'ta
ail Ltno0antable
noun:use
manyt0 refett0 a e,untableane"
Despitei:zaiiyjooLbaLlj;.,iurics,Tom
tioesn,tfeelmuch pairr.
4. Aver/More
than
Useoverwhenreferring,fa
a pasition
ar toeafian.
The warcr irL il.Lecleep el,ci is aver
my lLead,
USe mOfe thAU rti:,o.;ii":Jj_ti,t..:nts
f u e j jt)fil,bct.Of qUantity,
They spent ,taoi'e irtdn irtree yectr,s'
researching the new treatmew.
5. ltsflt,s
t;iri;r'l:rof;t:::;'- ;'::i"it:t'ttlv!';|r"e)ttt)it"
(,4tth0ugh
m*stnaunsrequireanaBostraphe
in their passessiye
farrrs.
ti:,i
The cat liclrcil l); i,,:t,,,,i,:.
It'srba cantraction
rif i,tis or it has.
Itrs raining cats and.tlogs.
Itts beena weelcsincewe went to r:he
ntalL.
If lr's cannotbe logicaily replaceri
in a sentencewith lr is or it has,
thenit,sincorrect.
6. Whase/Vllha,s
'ir'!,rof:;;i;::f;!oitn arthefrr,n,unwha"
(Atthoush
YrlfrY ffi*st
n*unsrequire
anap'srrophe
in their posses,\.i
i,i
Whosephone i,t r irzgti.tg?
Who's ls a eantraetiln a;/vuriois crwl_ro
hers.
Wo's knoclcingon the door?
Whotsbeenknoclcin3r.tn. fhr:tit.tcr?
If who's cannotbe jogrcally replaced
in a sentencewithwho is
or who has, thenit,sincorrect.
7. Theirlfhey're/Tlt
a;,t
Theirrs flrepossesslvg,fitrn
af iheltranounthey.
'ct'lvv'(Atthough mryst
lateltuu$Il rtosE n(
n0ans
mast pranlans de nt!.) require an apastrophe in their posscssitz*
),ii!j,, ,
The girls rode ijteii. bij:e:rhor,rc
They're is a eontraetian o! tltey
a-re.
They're training.for tlzeBoston
. Mara.thon.
/fthey're Eann,f be rcqir:alty'replar;cd
in a se:n{enee
withthey are,thcn it,sineaffeet.Tn*c
wSJrs: ean funetienin a fiumbr:t ;

184
ry$
 rzu
EUqU$H A ruuTSilEi_r

as an adverit:
Stop right tnere.
as a prcnoan:
There iire r,ej)enpeople in nqv
family.
0f 65 2 nOtti'i:
You cart to.lte it: ?cm th"e!"e.

Plvierv
Punctuatlon
Ct)MMAS
l. Usecnnnas tg separateitetnsin a serles"
lf nore thantwo itemsare Iistedin a series,theyshoutdbe
sepantedhy c0mmas.
My reci;e for bul'termi.Ilc
bi,sc:r'Lits
ircc|urlesfl.our, baking soda, salt, shortening,
a,d buttermilk^
commas skqu{'ttnnt be plaeerl befarethe tirst eleffient
o, ,ftu, the tastelcment af a series.
wRoNG' L[y recipefor chocolate cake inch,rdes,
flour, baking soiia, srtgcr, egg,t,ttilk, anrl chocolate.
WRO\IG Flour, ba.kingsorlc ,sugar,eggs,milk, and
chocolate, are ilte i;rgrerlir:;ti,si.t1,rt...s
3L1r.6lol:ecake.
2, Usecanmasto setoff nonessentiat phrasesanrlclauses.
trfa phraseor clauseis nat necessary
to the senfence's
mainidea,it showldhesetaf{h.ycvffiffias.
PhiW' v'ihohas never had' any 's
formal chef training, bakes an excellent cheesecalrc.
theinrervening-ctause,
which
ntereiv
uu,nru
^r-ru,tner
ill':,:X:;K'::,frrr::::f;iT;:,H:l:{r orphittip,
deseription
If a phrase a: ::l;:iisc is reces.sar;'tt the nicani:tg'
of the sentence,it shaull tis! /r: se;o{f ,51,'
:,;;:tnas.
WR}NC \''/eCiove,ove!tll"el4isstssirvpifl.hter,thelongestriverinNor;ihAit.r,-
ir:c:
since the senioncedoesnot make sensewithout the
interveningclause,the first commais incorrect.
3. Usecnmmas afterintrodwctory phrases
or clauses.
If a descriptive Phrasesr etrause beginsa sentence, it shoutdbe setoff front therestof thesentence
hy a comna.
y:ri';fr';tl;':t'0,!;ru*""ias everydav cluiirtgtks drought,Harotdwa,'disapl;oiriied.
wh.t hisgarcten
was
,A"ftertke barcqwet,
Dan and.Melissawentdancing.
4. use coxnnnaswifh coordinatingconjunctionsto cornbineindependent
crauses.
use a comna hefarea coordinating(FANBaYfleonjunction
thit connectstwo independenterauses.
(A clauseis
independentif it cswldstandon iti'own as a sentence,)
Ma.rtais goodat baslcetball,
but sl.te's
betterat soccer

SEMIC(}LONS
| ' use a semicaronta eambinetwo independent
crausesin a singre sentence"
Twoindependeiltcrauseseanbe combinerJ witk a semicoron.
Whoopingcrq,nesare end.anger.ed;
ontyfifiy of themare alive tod,ay.
untess
hothctrauses
areindependent.
(Actause
isindependent
lirxfl':;i,::tr'::':{:rit#x"i,ctauses if it courd
wRoNG; IUhooping cranes are e,dangeredl
becauseon\t
fifly of them are
arive today.
Donot usea sentiealan
betweenclausesthat arecambined
witha FAfllgays
caniwnetion; usea eaffimainstead.
wRoNG" only fi'fly whooping crq,nesare alive today; so they are erdanpered.

I(API.AI,I
I ,''u
 TUT{tRtNe lil\J&LlsH
-
GsuRSH
i srioK
' i

I
2' usea semiealbn
tu sepaffite tisteditemswhenanyor al!of theitcms alreatlyeontaine'mrnas.
whenoneor fuareof the itcrnsii?n 'seri,',s
or !ist eonfains
elmmas,usea semieolanto separate
tkeffi"
we had to buyt'i'uits,tegetables,und cerealfar R.eggie;
pastafor shel; cltipsand coolcies Fat; and
for Lynne. for ict, r:t,,.

e0t0Ns
1, Use a ealon ta,!ittia{.;uaea iisi:,Ll€fiIr;ti,0ii,
or explanati0n"
A eolon ean be usca ra introuut;e a tist, definition,
ar brief expranation"
Tlzisis what you'tt find' in my refrigerator; a rime
and a jar of peanut batter.
Your instritctions are asi'olLov'ts"'Nleadthe passage
carefully, &nswer tlbe questions, ane!t rn ovey.
sheet. vou, answ{j:
My sisteris o'1;oroi.egaL'a iegatpro;ilessionalwhoworks closely .tuitkatto,neys.
Da not use a ea'!sn ta scparate a sffijeM fram its
verb.
wRoNG' i[he te'quiretnent's the assignment: were
to researchinformation from two dffirent sources,
500-word ppori, and c;.ert.te
c bibtiography. wri.te tt
Do not usea Dni'an
tfi ri/iriarat:t
a:tet,.hor,nrepasition fram its object(s)"
wRo^rc; Loo;citt.gj'ttt n1t,,ti3^,,,s,
I crzecrced:
the desh, my dresser,and rny purse.
wRoN G s h e had,are ry di,sag reetr-wtth : rcer
" friends, family, o, coreague s.

DASHES
I. Ase a dash ta inijtt;t:iit at! afirufi iit.::,2i,,,,thaught,
A dash can be !t:;[)i-t..i],;:nir;e,i..,
?.ttJft!.tltjn tfinught,
An alligatoT'urLlilce
a crocodiLe,will usually not attack humans--unless,
that is,sheJbelsthat her yor.tngare i,
danger.
I left my no'rcbookin m.t ,66ft0r__,_no,
.,,.,ait,
I think it,s in the car.
2, USea daShtA sr,j.,;.,j,i.;i,,,.. i::,,;,:!.i):t! ,i,,i!r,jljtii:)L0eilXAfy infOfnatiOn,
A d a s h e a n a l s s i r t t J r s r ; r / l o s t . ! : r . f ;p' a
i )r c f i l h e t i D a l
o r s u p p l e m e n t a r y e x p r c s s r of rrei m t h e r e s t o f t . , e s e f l f s f e e .
At 32" Fahi:enheir;-wLticlt.I.sirct,oo, the celsius
scare-water w,r;freeze,
n0 nht usc a das!,'f i 1;1.i1';Lc it{tirt^;t:liicti th;tt is
neeessaryt0 the meatring af thesentenee.
wRoNG" A/ionvboolff r.''rcmr.trleintet:novies*that
don,tlive wtr)ta expectations.

APIISTROPHES
L Useanap1strophe
ifi a cafili:HctiaiL
ta indieate
that onear mareleffeishave been
orttitted.
Donnie,s lDort,tie !,rt o.it ,/rpe.r ,.iLcltess
We can't Icrtli". ., t\, lr. s.::,!
.ot:l \v,ii,i.utirtgpool onweekends.
I don't Ido notJ /.,,rve,9]:otzi.s,h
cl.cLss tol.a1t.

2, USe an apAstfAplit: fut t,;,'L:!ituird

iJrsijijssi,irit ;,0ffi Of a nAUn,
An apostroBhe/'';l''l;:-'i'
"ir'il'''t;; - i:l ,;:'r;rrfr;'ii;rpossessiveform of singwlar nuuns
and Blural nouns that don,t alreadv
tii;tJ
The boytsfac'e vr{t,i.cverec!,,,;Li:i1
,rnrrr,.titobites when he returned.
fronl. cclmp.
The book club m.eetsi.nth.ecltildyen,.sroo]lx
at the library.
fn mastcases'wkr::ntfio airrya!lorrrtar fr ftai!flends
in s, theapnstroBke
is uscdalaneto shaw stossessr"on"
Trrctearnmettzbers'jr:r'sey., u)ei'.:cot,erecr,,vith
nud after the gante.