MTH 103: BASIC MATHEMATICS - I

TERM PAPER

Submitted by: -
Name: - Aparnesh Roy
Course: - BCA – MCA
Section: - E3901
Roll No.: - RE3901B50
Group: - 2
Registration No.: - 10904928

Submitted to: - Lect. Syamsundhar Raju

SOLUTION OF LINEAR PAIR
OF EQUATIONS BY
CRAMER’S RULE AND
MATRIX METHOD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very thankful to Lect.

Syamsundhar sir, who gave me
advice on making term paper
on “Solution of Linear Pair of
Equations by Cramer’s Rule
And Matrix Method” and also
thanks to all my friends who
helped me collecting
information regarding my term
paper. This term paper is
totally based on “Finding out
solutions of linear equations
through Cramer’s Rule and
Matrix method” and helped me
in understanding this topic.

-: CONTENTS :-

1) Introduction
(a) Linear Equation
(b) Linear Equation in Two
Variables
2) Solution of Linear Equation
3) Methods for Finding out
Solutions
(1) Cramer’s Rule
(2) Matrix Method
 INTRODUCTION

Linear Equation: - A linear equation is

an algebraic equation in which each term is
either a constant or the product of a
constant and (the first power of) a single
variable.
Linear equations can have one or more
variables. Linear equations occur with great
regularity in applied mathematics. While
they arise quite naturally when modelling
many phenomena, they are particularly
useful since many non-linear equations may
be reduced to linear equations by assuming
that quantities of interest vary to only a
small extent from some "background" state.

Linear Equation in Two Variables:

-
A common form of a linear equation in the
two variables x and y is
y = mx + b,
where m and b designate constants. The
origin of the name "linear" comes from the
fact that the set of solutions of such an
equation forms a straight line in the plane. In
this particular equation, the constant m
determines the slope or gradient of that line
and the constant term b determines the
point at which the line crosses the y-axis,
otherwise known as the y-intercept.

Since terms of a linear equations cannot

contain products of distinct or equal
variables, nor any power (other than 1) or
other function of a variable, equations
involving terms such as xy, x2, y1/3, and
sin(x) are nonlinear.
Solution of Linear Equation:
-
In mathematics, a system of linear equations
(or linear system) is a collection of linear
equations involving the same set of
variables. For example,
3x + 2y - z = 1
2x - 2y + 4z = -2
-x + ½ y - z = 0
is a system of three equations in the three
variables x, y, z. A solution to a linear
system is an assignment of numbers to the
variables such that all the equations are
simultaneously satisfied. A solution to the
system above is given by
x = 1
y = -2
 z = -2
since it makes all three equations valid.

Methods for Finding out The

Solution of Pair of Linear
Equations:
There are mainly two methods for solving out
the solutions of pair of linear equations,
namely:
1) Cramer’s Rule
2) Matrix Method

[1] Cramer’s Rule:

In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is a theorem,
which gives an expression for the solution of
a system of linear equations with as many
equations as unknowns, valid in those cases
where there is a unique solution. The
solution is expressed in terms of the
determinants of the (square) coefficient
matrix and of matrices obtained from it by
replacing one column by the vector of right
hand sides of the equations. It is named after
Gabriel Cramer (1704–1752), who published
the rule in his 1750 Introduction à l'analyse
des lignes courbes algébriques, although
Colin Maclaurin also published the method in
his 1748 Treatise of Geometry (and probably
knew of the method as early as 1729).
The General Case: -
Consider a system of linear equations
represented in matrix multiplication form as
follows:

where the square matrix A is invertible and

the vector is the column vector of
the variables.
Then the theorem states that:

where Ai is the matrix formed by replacing

the ith column of A by the column vector b.
The rule holds for systems of equations with
coefficients and unknowns in any field , not
just in the real numbers . This formula is,
however, of limited practical value for larger
matrices, as there are other more efficient
ways of solving systems of linear equations,
such as by Gauss elimination or, even better,
LU decomposition .

Cramer’s Rule Proof: -

Cramer’s rule can be proven using two
properties of determinants only. The first
property being that adding one column to
another doesn’t change the value of the
determinant, and the second property being
that multiplying every element of one
column by a factor will increase the value of
the determinant by the same factor.
Given n linear equations with n variables
.

Cramer's rule gives, for the value of x1 the

expression:
which, using the aforementioned properties
of determinants can be checked to be true.
In fact, from the equations of the system this
quotient is equal to

By subtracting from the first column the

second multiplied by x2, the third column
multiplied by x3, and so on until the last
column multiplied by xn, it is found to be
equal to
 ,
and according to the remaining property of
determinants this is equal to

.
In the same way, if the columns of b's is
replacing the k-th column of the matrix of
the system of equations the result will be
equal to xk. As a result we get that
Example of Cramer’s Rule: -

Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the

solution of a system of linear equations, with
each variable given by a quotient of two
determinants . For example, the solution to
the system
x + 3y - 2z = 5
3x + 5y + 6z = 7
2x + 4y + 3z = 8
is given by

For each variable, the denominator is the

determinant of the matrix of coefficients,
while the numerator is the determinant of a
matrix in which one column has been
replaced by the vector of constant terms.
Though Cramer's rule is important
theoretically, it has little practical value for
large matrices, since the computation of
large determinants is somewhat
cumbersome. (Indeed, large determinants
are most easily computed using row
reduction.) Further, Cramer's rule has very
poor numerical properties, making it
unsuitable for solving even small systems
reliably, unless the operations are performed
in rational arithmetic with unbounded
precision.
[2] Matrix Method:

Let us express the system of linear equations

as matrix equations and solve them using
inverse of the coefficient matrix.
Consider the system of equations

Let

Then, the system of equations can be written

as, AX = B, i.e.,
Case I
If A is a non-singular matrix, and then it’s
inverse exists. Now
AX = B
Or A–1 (AX) = A–1 B (pre multiplying
by A–1)
Or (A–1A) X = A–1 B (by associative
property)
Or I X = A–1 B
Or X = A–1 B
This matrix equation provides unique
solution for the given system of equations as
inverse of a matrix is unique. This method of
solving system of equations is known as
Matrix Method.

Case II
If A is a singular matrix, then |A| = 0.
In this case, we calculate (adj A) B.
If (adj A) B ≠ O, (O being zero matrix), then
solution does not exist and the system of
equations is called inconsistent.
If (adj A) B = O, then system may be either
consistent or inconsistent according as the
system have either infinitely many solutions
or no solution.

Example of Matrix Method:

Problem: - Solve the following

system of equations by matrix
method.

Solution: - The system of equations can

be written in the form AX = B, where
We see that

Hence, A is non-singular and so its inverse

exists. Now
 Bibliography
References:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramers_rule
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_linear_equati
ons#Cramer.27s_rule
3. Business Mathematics
4. NCERT Mathematics – I, Class 12th