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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11

Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

Axial compressor

Lecture notes to C. R. S.
Chap 5b

Thermo - andFluid Dynamics, CTH


Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery

Design process

l Choice of rotational speed


l Number of stages
l Flow angles at mean radius
l Flow angle radial variation
l Compressibility effect
l Blade selection
l Checks
l Off-design estimate
l Test
Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH
Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Choice of rotational speed

l Flow area from


– axial Mach number, Mm~0,5 (<~0,7)
– and hub/tip ratio, >0,3 (in) <0,9 (out)
l Speed of rotation from,
(or alternatively the radius)
– blade tip Mach number,
Mbtip<1,8 (fan), Mbtip<1,2 (HPC)
– (hub Mach number <0,9)
(check turbine speed)

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

Number of stages

l de Haller 0,72
– tan2β 2=DH2(1+tan2β 1)-1
l blade speed, U (from above)
l axial velocity, Cm (from above)
l gives temperature increase for stage,
cp dTo=U Cm ( tanβ 2 -tanβ1 )
l total temperature increase (Tout - Toin)
gives stages, n = (Tout - Toin) / dTo
Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH
Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Flow angles

l Max angle relative blade <|70|


– especially tip rotor 1, -β1tipp < 70
l Radial variation
– free vortex, C u r = cons.
– reaction positive in hub, Λ > 0

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Stage

l U=ωr known
l mass flow gives C m
l (Λ) , C m and U gives α1
l ∆To gives Cu2

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

Blade selection compressor

l NACA 65 for subsonic


– efficient until M=1 on suction side
l DCA for transonic
– largest radius of curvature
l MCA for high transonic
– reduce M until l.e. passage shock
l Diffusion controlled

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Blade chord

l Loss requirement, DF
l Foreign object damage, FOD
l Vibrations
l Blade attachment in disk

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

5.8

Blade design

l Diffuse flow l Losses


– through turning – boundary layer
– no flow separation – wake
l Min loss l Shocks
l Accept operating l Incidence variation
range vs loss
l Deviation vs loss

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

Blade tests

l Correlation l Incompressible
l Plane cascade tests l Subsonic
l Annular cascade tests – choking
– hub tip radius – incidence range
– not rotating effects

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Cascade angles
Flow angles Blade angles Difference
l Inflow l Leading edge l Incidence
l Outflow l Trailing edge l Deviation
l Turning l Camber
(deflection)
l Stagger

X Incidence, given by surrounding


X Deviation, property of cascade
Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH
Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Cascade Airfoils

l NACA 65 M<0.8 l Reduce min


– parabolic mean line pressure peak
– circular mean line
l Reduce speed at
l C4 shock location
l DCA 0.8<M<1.2 l Increase incidence
l MCA 1.0<M range
l Supercritical

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

NASA SP-36

Minimum loss incidence Minimum loss deviation


i = io + n θ δ = mθ + δoo
n = n(β1 , σ ) m = m(β1 , σ )
i o = io 10 Ki t Kish δoo = δoo10 Kδt Kδ sh
i o10 = io 10 (β1 ,σ ) δoo10 = δoo10 (β1 ,σ )
Kit = Kit (t c) Kδt = Kδ t (t c)
Kish = Kish (profile typ e) Kδsh = Kδ sh( profile type)

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

NASA SP-36

Alternative loss deviation Carters rule


δ = mθ + δoo mc
δ= θ
m = mσ σ b σ
mσ = mσ (β1 ) mc = 0 ,23
2a α
+ 0,1 2
b = b( β1 ) c 50

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Operating range

2ωmin
ωmin

i choke i min i stall i


i ref

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

NASA SP-36, off-design

Variation of deviation

∂δ o
δ o = δoo + (i − i o )
∂i

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

5.9
Calculation of stage performance
Best way
To 2 U 22 U C  r C 
= 1+ + 2 m 2  tan β2 − 1 m 1 tan α 1 
To1 cp To 1 c p To 1  r2 C m 2 
ω = ω ( D F , p din )
α , β = f (i , σ ,...)

Alternative way F = cCL pdyn


English tradition D = cCD pdyn

CL = C L (i ,θ , c s , M 1 , α 1 )
CD = CD (i , θ , c s, M 1 , α 1 )
Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

5.10

Compressibility effects

l Front stages l Incompressible


l Rotor (tip), l Critical Mach number
most often – incidence range
l Stator hub, decreace
sometime – min loss increase
l Max Mach number

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

Compressibility effects

l Shock loss l DCA


– important – improve choking
– less then normal l MCA blades
shock – reduce shocks
l shock pattern l slim profiles

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Vibrations

l Small cord > l Eigenfrequensis


short engine > l Flutter
Part span damper
l Wide chord >
Few blades >
l FOD, foreign object
Cheap
damage
Wider operating

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Compressor map

stall last stage


π choke line
first stage

surge line DP

stall last stage


rotating stall

choke line

m To Tref
po p ref

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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CRS, Gas Turbine Theory 2002-04-11
Chapter 5b, Axial compressors

Compressor performance
diagrams
τ = 1 + K b M b2 − K m M b M m
τ
ψ
1 Mb
ψ = 1 − Cφ

Mm

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

5.12
Axial compressor characteristics

l Choke
l Ideal speed line in
τ~m l Surge
l Real speed line in l Stacking
τ~m
l Real speed line in
π~m l Blow off
l Slope of speed lines l 2-spool
l Variable guide vanes

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

Compressor stage stacking

l Choke last stage


l Stall last stage
l Surge
l Choke first stage
l Stall first stage
l Rotating stall

Gas turbine theory Thermo - and Fluid Dynamics, CTH


Cohen, Rogers, Saravanamuttoo Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery
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Chapter 5b, Axial Compressors

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