7.41.

Model: Assume the particle model for the book (B) and the coffee cup (C), the models of kinetic and
static friction, and the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Using v12x = v02x + 2a ( x1 − x0 ) ,

0 m 2 /s 2 = ( 3.0 m/s ) + 2a ( x1 ) ⇒ ax1 = −4.5 m 2 /s 2

2

To find x1 , we must first find a. Newton’s second law for the book and the coffee cup is

∑( F )on B y = nB − ( FG )B cos 20° = 0 N ⇒ nB = (1.0 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) cos 20° = 9.21 N

∑( F )on B x = −T − f k − ( FG )B sin 20° = mB aB ∑( F )

on C y = T − ( FG )C = mC aC

The last two equations can be rewritten, using aC = aB = a, as

−T − μ k nB − mB g sin 20° = mB a T − mC g = mC a
Adding the two equations,
a ( mC + mB ) = − g ( mC + mB sin 20° ) − μ k ( 9.21 N )

⇒ (1.5 kg ) a = − ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) ⎣⎡0.500 kg + (1.0 kg ) sin 20° ⎦⎤ − ( 0.20 )( 9.21 N ) ⇒ a = −6.73 m/s 2

Using this value for a, we can now find x1 as follows:

−4.5 m 2 /s 2 −4.5 m 2 /s 2
x1 = = = 0.67 m
a −6.73 m/s 2
(b) The maximum static friction force is ( f s ) max = μs nB = ( 0.50 )( 9.21 N ) = 4.60 N. We’ll see if the force f s
needed to keep the book in place is larger or smaller than ( f s ) max . When the cup is at rest, the string tension is
T = mC g . Newton’s first law for the book is

∑( F )
on B x = fs − T − wB sin 20° = fs − mC g − mB g sin 20° = 0
 ⇒ fs = ( M C + M B sin 20° ) g = 8.25 N
Because fs > ( f s ) max , the book slides back down.
7.50. Model: Treat the ball of clay and the block as particles.
Visualize:

G G
Solve: (a) Forces FC on B and FB on C are an action/reaction pair, so FB on C = FC on B . Note that aB ≠ aC because
the clay is decelerating while the block is accelerating. Newton’s second law in the x-direction is
Clay: ∑ ( Fon C ) x = − FB on C = mC aC
Block: ∑ ( Fon B ) x = FC on B = FB on C = mB aB

Equating the two expressions for FB on C gives

mB
aC = − aB
mC
Turning to kinematics, the velocity of each after Δt is
(vC )1 = (vC )0 + aC Δt
(vB )1 = (vB )0 + aB Δt = aBΔt

But (vC )1 = (vB )1 because the clay and the block are moving together after Δt has elapsed. Equating these two
expressions gives (vC )0 + aC Δt = aBΔt , from which we find
(vC )0
aC = aB −
Δt
We can now equate the two expressions for aC :

mB (v ) (vC )0 / Δt (10 m/s)(0.01 s)

− aB = aB − C 0 ⇒ aB = = = 100 m/s2
mC Δt 1 + mB / mC 1 + (900 g)(100 g)

Then aC = −9aB = −900 m/s 2 . With the acceleration now known, we can use either kinematic equation to find

(vC )1 = (vB )1 = (100 m/s 2 )(0.010 s) = 1.0 m/s

(b) FC on B = mB aB = (0.90 kg)(100 m/s 2 ) = 90 N.

(c) FB on C = mC aC = (0.10 kg)(900 m/s 2 ) = 90 N.
Assess: The two forces are of equal magnitude, as expected from Newton’s third law.
7.54. Model: The hanging masses m1 , m2 , and m3 are modeled as particles. Pulleys A and B are massless
and frictionless. The strings are massless.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) The length of the string over pulley B is constant. Therefore,
( yB − y3 ) + ( yB − yA ) = LB ⇒ yA = 2 yB − y3 − LB
The length of the string over pulley A is constant. Thus,
( yA − y2 ) + ( yA − y1 ) = LA = 2 yA − y1 − y2
⇒ 2 ( 2 yB − y3 − LB ) − y1 − y2 = LA ⇒ 2 y3 + y2 + y1 = constant

This constraint implies that

dy3 dy2 dy1
2 + + = 0 m/s = 2v3 y + v2 y + v1 y
dt dt dt
Also by differentiation, 2a3 y + a2 y + a1 y = 0 m/s 2 .
(b) Newton’s second law for the masses m3 , m2 , m1 , and pulley A is

TB − m3 g = m3a3 y TA − m2 g = m2 a2 y TA − m1 g = m1a1 y

TB − 2TA = 0 N
The pulley equation is zero because the pulley is massless. These four equations plus the acceleration constraint
are five equations for the five unknowns (two tensions and three accelerations). To solve for TA , multiply the m3
equation by 2, substitute 2TB = 4TA , then divide each of the mass equations by the mass. This gives the three
equations
4TA /m3 − 2 g = 2a3 y
TA /m 2 − g = a2 y
TA /m 1 − g = a1 y

If these three equations are added, the right side adds to zero because of the acceleration constraint. Thus
4g
( 4/m3 + 1/m2 + 1/m2 )TA − 4 g = 0 ⇒ TA =
( 4/m3 + 1/m2 + 1/m2 )

(c) Using numerical values, we find TA = 18.97 N. Then

a1 y = TA /m1 − g = −2.2 m/s 2

a2 y = TA /m 2 − g = 2.9 m/s 2
a3 y = 2TA /m 3 − g = −0.32 m/s 2

(d) m3 = m1 + m2 , so it looks at first like m3 should hang in equilibrium. For it to do so, tension TB would need
to equal m3 g . However, TB is not (m1 + m2 ) g because masses m1 and m2 are accelerating rather than hanging
at rest. Consequently, tension TB is not able to balance the weight of m3 .
8.41. Model: Model a passenger as a particle rotating in a vertical circle.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law at the top is

mv 2 mv 2
∑F r = nT + FG = mar =
r
⇒ nT + mg =
r
The speed is
2π r 2π ( 8.0 m )
v= = = 11.17 m/s
T 4.5 s
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎡ (11.17 m/s )2 ⎤
⇒ nT = m ⎜ − g ⎟ = ( 55 kg ) ⎢ − 9.8 m/s 2 ⎥ = 319 N
⎝ r ⎠ ⎢⎣ 8.0 m ⎥⎦

That is, the ring pushes on the passenger with a force of 3.2 × 102 N at the top of the ride. Newton’s second law at the
bottom:
mv 2 mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
∑F r = nB − FG = mar =
r
⇒ nB =
r
+ mg = m ⎜ + g ⎟
r
⎝ ⎠
⎡ (11.17 m/s )2 ⎤
= ( 55 kg ) ⎢ + 9.8 m/s 2 ⎥ = 1397 N
⎢⎣ 8.0 m ⎥⎦
Thus the force with which the ring pushes on the rider when she is at the bottom of the ring is 1.4 kN.
(b) To just stay on at the top, nT = 0 N in the r-equation at the top in part (a). Thus,
2
mv 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ r 8.0 m
mg = = mrω 2 = mr ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ Tmax = 2π = 2π = 5.7 s
r ⎝ Tmax ⎠ g 9.8 m/s 2
8.51. Model: Model the steel block as a particle and use the model of kinetic friction.
Visualize:

G
Solve: (a) The components of thrust ( F ) along the r-, t-, and z-directions are

Fr = F sin 20° = ( 3.5 N ) sin 20° = 1.20 N Ft = F cos 20° = ( 3.5 N ) cos 20° = 3.29 N Fz = 0 N

Newton’s second law is

( Fnet )r = T + Fr = mrω 2 ( Fnet )t = Ft − f k = mat
( Fnet ) z = n − mg = 0 N
The z-component equation means n = mg . The force of friction is

f k = μ k n = μ k mg = ( 0.60 )( 0.500 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2.94 N

Substituting into the t-component of Newton’s second law

( 3.29 N ) − ( 2.94 N ) = ( 0.500 kg ) at ⇒ at = 0.70 m/s 2
Having found at , we can now find the tangential velocity after 10 revolutions = 20π rad as follows:

1⎛ a ⎞ 2rθ1
θ1 = ⎜ t ⎟ t12 ⇒ t1 = = 18.95 s
2⎝ r ⎠ at
⎛ at ⎞
ω1 = ω 0 + ⎜ ⎟ t1 = 6.63 rad/s
⎝r⎠
The block’s angular velocity after 10 s is 6.6 rad/s.
(b) Substituting ω1 into the r-component of Newton’s second law yields:

T1 + Fr = mrω12 ⇒ T1 + (1.20 N ) = ( 0.500 kg )( 2.0 m )( 6.63 rad/s ) ⇒ T1 = 44 N

2
8.60. Model: Assume the particle model for a sphere in circular motion at constant speed.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the r and z axes is:
mvt2
∑ Fr = T1 sin 30° + T2 sin 60° =
r
∑ Fz = T1 cos30° + T 2 cos60° − FG = 0 N
Since we want T1 = T2 = T , these two equations become
mvt2
T ( sin 30° + sin 60° ) = T ( cos30° + cos60° ) = mg
r
Since sin 30° + sin 60° = cos30° + cos 60°,
mvt2
mg = ⇒ vt = rg
r
The triangle with sides L1 , L2 , and 1.0 m is isosceles, so L2 = 1.0 m and r = L2 cos30°. Thus

L2 cos 30° g = (1.0 m ) cos 30° g = ( 0.866 m ) ( 9.8 m/s2 ) = 2.9 m/s
(b) The tension is
mg ( 2.0 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2
) = 14.3 N
T= =
cos30° + cos60° 0.866 + 0.5
8.62. Model: Use the particle model for the ball.
Visualize:

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law along the r- and z-directions is

∑F r = n cosθ = mrω 2 ∑F z = n sin θ − FG = 0 N
Using FG = mg and dividing these equations yields:
g R− y
tan θ = =
rω 2 r
g
where you can see from the figure that tanθ = ( R − y ) r . Thus ω = .
R− y
(b) ω will be minimum when ( R − y) is maximum or when y = 0 m. Then ω min = g / R .
(c) Substituting into the above expression,
g 9.8 m/s 2 rad 60 s 1 rev
ω= = = 9.9 × × = 95 rpm
R−y 0.20 m − 0.10 m s 1 min 2π rad