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Unit Operations Safety Hazards

Heat Exchanger

The following is a list of situations that may occur resulting in injury either to those conducting
the heat exchanger experiment and to those in the vicinity.

Vaoor Exoosure
The following events can result in exposure to anhydrous ammonia vapor.

. No vapor hazards are associated with the heat exchanger.

Chemical Exoosure
The following events can result in direct contact between a hazardous liquid
chemical and a person's skin.

. No chemical hazards are associated with the heat exchanger.

EQuioment Limits
The following events can result in equipment breakage, which could lead to injury
as the result of an explosion.

. Cold water inlet hose can be blown off if pressure is too high.

Phvsical Harm
The following events are unrelated to chemical exposure hazards and explosion
hazards but are not threats to personal safety.

. Heat exchanger location is too close to the west wall of the laboratory.

. The manual steam control valve (STM valve) is out of reach.

. Heat exchanger too close to West wall.

. Not enough insulation on hot-water pipe behind the heat exchanger.

. Extra pipe providing no service behind heat exchanger.

. The storage cabinet is in location requiring excess traffic.

. The steam valves are up high and require a ladder to be reached.

. Loose grating can cause tripping.

. Traffic around heat exchanger interferes with group operating the gas absorber.

. Heat exchanger base makes squeegeeing water off the floor difficult.
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Nomenclature

The following is a listing of the symbols used in the Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger piping and
instrumentation diagram:

Thermocouples (OF)
TI tube-side bridging thermocouple
T2 shell-side bridging thermocouple
T3 shell-side hot-water inlet thermocouple
T4 tube-side cold-water outlet thermocouple
T5 tube-sidecold-waterinlet thermocouple .
T6 shell-side hot-water outlet thermocoupie

Valves
VI hot-water supply inlet valve to the double-pipe heat exchanger
V2 hot-water inlet valve
V3 hot-water outlet valve
V4 hot-water drain valve
V5 hot-water inlet valve to the shell-side
V6 hot-water inlet valve to the tube-side
V7 co-current tube-side valve
V8 counter-current tube side valve
V9 counter-current tube-side outlet valve
VIO co-current tube-side outlet valve
VII tube-side cold-water drain valve
VI2 shell-side hot-water drain valve
VB shell-side hot-water outlet valve
VI4 shell-side hot-water drain valve
VI5 cold-water flow-control valve
VI6 cold-water-to-shell-side valve
VI7 hot-water-to-tube-side valve
V 18 rotameter-to-tube-side valve
VI9 cold-water inlet valve

Design Calculation Nomenclature


A Heat transfer area
B Baffle Spacing
C Specific heat of hot fluid, BTU/(lb)(OF)
C' Clearance between tubes
c Specific heat of fluid, BTU/(lbm)COF)
D Inside diameter of tubes, ft
Ds Inside diameter of shell, ft
d Inside diameter of tubes, in
de Outside diameter of tubes, in
FT Temperature-difference factor, delta t = FTx LMTD, dimensionless

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VIII. Data collection procedures
· There is a difference between a reading and a data point. Several readings will be
taken under a particular flow setting to get an average data point. One I2S1!ifdata
I
point is taken for each flow setting.
A. All four thermocouple readings should be taken at the startup and once every five
minutes for all data points.
B. Cold-water flow readings should also be taken once for every new data point using
the rotameter. The mass flow rate for the cold water should be obtained from the
rotameter calibration.

C. Energy calculations are to be made for both hot and cold streams using a constant
liquid heat capacity for water at the inlet temperatures. The closure error for the
energy balance between the streams is to be no greater than 4%.

IX. Operating Information "

A. Information needed for safety: See section III.

B. Operating limits:
1. Tube and shell water temperatures must not exceed 200 OF.
2. Steam supply to the hot-water-supply heat exchanger must not exceed 5 psig
for more than 1 minute. 10DOO w,,\-c,...
3. The Reynolds number is not to exceed ~ff'iffJforboth the shell and tube flows.
A
C. Operation variables and set points:
1. cold-water flowrate variable
2. hot-water flowrate constant for each run
D. Equilibriumcriteria: ""

1. The system is at equilibrium when temperatures from all four thermocouples


hold constant within:f: 1 of and the hot- and cold-water flowrates are constant
within:f: 4 %.

E. Energy Balance Criteria: :I:4%

X. Operational Data to be recorded


The following data must be recorded on startup:
all temperature calibrations, rotameter calibration, cold-water flowrate, hot-water
flowrate.
The following data must be recorded every five minutes from startup:
time, cold-water temperatures (T4 and T5), cold-water flowrate, hot-water temperatures
(T3 and T6), hot-water flowrate.

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HeatExchanger
fortheHotWaterSupply totheDoubl.PipeHeatExchanger
Main Cold Water Inlet
Meln Cold Weter Su

Steam Supply Valve

ColdWeter
SupplyInlet
Velve
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en ...

Heated Weter
Supply to Heat
Exchangers

~ Pancake
m Pressure
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Regulator
C
8
Pressure
Gauge
Drain

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