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{? Political corruption, the abuse of public power, office, or resources by government officials or
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{? Police corruption, a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits,
other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for
not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest
{? corporate corruption, corporate criminality and the abuse of power by corporation officials,
either internally or externally, including the fact that police obstruct justice.
{? corruption (philosophical concept), often refers to spiritual or moral impurity, or deviation from
an ideal
{? corruption Perceptions Index, published yearly by Transparency International
{? Putrefaction, the natural process of decomposition in the human and animal body following
death
{? ^ata corruption, an unintended change to data in storage or in transit
{? Ringuistic corruption, the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by cumulative
errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers' comprehension
{? Œribery in politics, business, or sport
{? £ule of law, governmental corruption of judiciary, includes governmental spending on the
courts, which is completely financially controlled by the executive in many transitional and
developing countries

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{? Transparency International, a non-governmental organization that monitors and publicizes

corporate and political corruption in international development
{? èlobal Witness, an international Nè established in 1993 that works to break the links between
natural resource exploitation, conflict, poverty, corruption, and human rights abuses worldwide
{? èroup of States Against corruption, a body established under the council of Europe to monitor
the implementation of instruments adopted by member states to combat political corruption
{? Independent commission Against corruption (disambiguation)

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JTo destroy this invisible èovernment, to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business
and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day.J ʹ 1912 Progressive Party
Platform, attributed to T£[10] and quoted again in his autobiography[11] where he connects trusts
and monopolies (sugar interests, Standard il, etc.) to Woodrow Wilson, Howard Taft, and
consequently both major political parties.

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{? Information deficits

{?
‘? Racking freedom of information legislation. The Indian £ight to Information Act 2005 has
Jalready engendered mass movements in the country that is bringing the lethargic,
often corrupt bureaucracy to its knees and changing power equations completely.J[12]
‘? Rack of investigative reporting in the local media.
‘? contempt for or negligence of exercising freedom of speech and freedom of the
press.For instance a new current case of online puplisher Wikileaks and a editor or
founder of ·ulian Assange.So the many nations,international companys and important
personage or political,business etc.figures around the world which was suddenly
became very angry and obsessive campaigning to stop publishing of the many important
documents and the new ones to come.Œut particularly the governments and
government organisations or the institutions defending itselves which under the
JNational Protection RawJ or JTop SecretJ (Secrecy!) of the files as a very aggressive way
against him and the Wikileaks.
‘? Weak accounting practices, including lack of timely financial management.
‘? Rack of measurement of corruption. For example, using regular surveys of households
and businesses in order to quantify the degree of perception of corruption in different
parts of a nation or in different government institutions may increase awareness of
corruption and create pressure to combat it. This will also enable an evaluation of the
officials who are fighting corruption and the methods used.
‘? Tax havens which tax their own citizens and companies but not those from other
nations and refuse to disclose information necessary for foreign taxation. This enables
large scale political corruption in the foreign nations.[13][   ]
{? Racking control of the government.

{?
‘? Racking civic society and non-governmental organizations which monitor the
government.
‘? An individual voter may have a rational ignorance regarding politics, especially in
nationwide elections, since each vote has little weight.
‘? Weak civil service, and slow pace of reform.
‘? Weak rule of law.
‘? Weak legal profession.
‘? Weak judicial independence.
‘? Racking protection of whistleblowers.
‘? Rack of benchmarking, that is continual detailed evaluation of procedures and
comparison to others who do similar things, in the same government or others, in
particular comparison to those who do the best work. The Peruvian organization
 ciudadanos al ^ia has started to measure and compare transparency, costs, and
efficiency in different government departments in Peru. It annually awards the best
practices which has received widespread media attention. This has created competition
among government agencies in order to improve.[14]
{? pportunities and incentives
‘? Individual officials routinely handle cash, instead of handling payments by giro or on a
separate cash deskͶillegitimate withdrawals from supervised bank accounts are much
more difficult to conceal.
‘? Public funds are centralized rather than distributed. For example, if $1,000 is embezzled
from a local agency that has $2,000 funds, it is easier to notice than from a national
agency with $2,000,000 funds. See the principle of subsidiarity.
‘? Rarge, unsupervised public investments.
[   ]
‘? Sale of state-owned property and privatization.
‘? Poorly-paid government officials.
‘? èovernment licenses needed to conduct business, e.g., import licenses, encourage
bribing and kickbacks.
‘? Rong-time work in the same position may create relationships inside and outside the
government which encourage and help conceal corruption and favoritism. £otating
government officials to different positions and geographic areas may help prevent this;
for instance certain high rank officials in French government services (e.g. treasurer-
paymasters general) must rotate every few years.
‘? costly political campaigns, with expenses exceeding normal sources of political funding,
especially when funded with taxpayer money.
‘? Ress interaction with officials reduces the opportunities for corruption. For example,
using the Internet for sending in required information, like applications and tax forms,
and then processing this with automated computer systems. This may also speed up the
processing and reduce unintentional human errors. See e-èovernment.
[15]
‘? A windfall from exporting abundant natural resources may encourage corruption.






‘? War and other forms of conflict correlate with a breakdown of public security.
{? Social conditions
‘? Self-interested closed cliques and Jold boy networksJ.
‘? Family-, and clan-centered social structure, with a tradition of nepotism/favouritism
being acceptable.
‘? A gift economy, such as the chinese guanxi or the Soviet blat system, emerges in a
communist centrally planned economy.
‘? In societies where personal integrity is rated as less important than other characteristics
(by contrast, in societies such as 18th and 19th century England, 20th century ·apan,
and post-war western èermany, where society showed almost obsessive regard for
JhonorJ and personal integrity, corruption was less frequently seen)[   ]
‘? Racking literacy and education among the population.
‘? Frequent discrimination and bullying among the population.
‘? Tribal solidarity, giving benefits to certain ethnic groups

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{? Ricenses, permits, etc.

{? Foreign trade restrictions. fficials may then, e.g., sell import or export permits.
{? credit bailouts.
{? State ownership of utilities and natural resources. 'In analyzing India's state-run irrigation
system, professor Shyam Kamath - - wrote: Public-sector irrigation systems everywhere are
typically plagued with cost and time overruns, endemic inefficiency, chronic excess demands,
and widespread corruption and rent seeking.'
{? Access to loans at below-market rates. In chile, '$4.6 billion was awarded to government banks
in direct subsidies through JsoftJ loans' between 1940 and 1973.[16]

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{? the civil Raw convention on corruption (ETS 174);
{? the Additional Protocol to the criminal Raw convention on corruption (ETS 191);
{? the Twenty èuiding Principles for the Fight against corruption (£esolution (97) 24);
{? the £ecommendation on codes of conduct for Public fficials (£ecommendation No. £ (2000)
10); and
{? the £ecommendation on common £ules against corruption in the Funding of Political Parties
and Electoral campaigns (£ec(2003)4)

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