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‡ Egypt is situated in the valley of the river

Nile.
‡ It is bounded by the Mediterranean sea
in the north and Red sea in the east.
‡ Major trade was carried out through
river Nile and hence Egypt is called µGift
of Nileµ.
 
 


‡ Clay rich in minerals was available in the
delta.
‡ Clay was used to make sun-dried bricks.
‡ Palm leaves, reeds etc were mixed with
clay to strengthen it.
‡ Lime stone and sand stone were also used
in construction along with brick.
‡ Red or grey granite was used to make
columns and architraves.




‡ Only two seasons - Spring and Summer.

‡ Climate - usually warm and bright.
‡ No big openings were provided to houses
for protection from intense heat.
‡ Snow, frost, storm and rain were unknown.
Hence, flat roofs were constructed.
 


‡ Egyptians worshipped heavenly bodies like
sun, moon ,and stars.
‡ Animals were also worshipped.
‡ Thus, many temples were constructed.
‡ They believed in life after death and this
led to construction of tombs and the
pyramids.
‡ Pharaohs ( sons of sun)- were also
worshipped.
|
 



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‡ Amon - god of war and conquest

‡ Mut - mother of all things.
‡ Khons - the moon god.
‡ Ptah - a creator.
‡ Sekhmet - goddess of war.
‡ Osiris - god of death.
 
 


‡ Recording historical events on temples

and social matters on tombs was a social
custom.
‡ Pharaohs employed prisoners of war and
slaves for agriculture and building
construction.
    
  
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‡ The flat, massive walls were ornamented with the
explanatory Heiroglphs.
‡ The houses were usually one or two storied.
‡ Very few windows and openings were provided in
order to avoid the intense heat. Light entered
only through the doors and roof slits.
‡ Flat roofs were constructed owing to scarcity in
rainfall.
‡ Natural Vegetation forms were used for
ornamentation of the structures under which
lotus, palm, and papyrus were extensively used.

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9  

       

SPHINX IS A MYTHICAL MONSTER HAVING THE BODY OF A

LION AND THE HEAD OF A MAN, HAWK, RAM, OR WOMAN.
 !  

  

‡ Have distinctive
character and exhibit
vegetable origin like
lotus stalk, papyrus
leaves etc.
‡ Column height ²
6 times the diameter
of base.
‡ Circular shaft was
curved near base.
 "
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‡ Egyptians believed in life after death.
‡ They preserved the bodies in pyramids stating
this religious condition.
‡ Pyramids were built during life time of a pharaoh
for the preservation of his dead body so that it
would attain immortality and would come back to
life.
‡ MASTABAS were tombs belonging to the
noblemen. The mastaba at Gizeh, and mastaba at
saqqara being the most famous amongst the
remains.
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‡ Pyramidal base measures 230.5 m and has
height of 146 m.
‡ Four equilateral sides facing four cardinal
direction making an angle of 52051· with the
ground.
‡ From north an entrance is provided nearly at a
height of 17m from the ground.
‡ A small corridor is provided which descends from
the entrance at an angle of 260 to the
subterranean chamber.
‡ An Ascending corridor rises at an angle of 300
towards the queen·s chamber.
‡ This corridor is widened into a large passage
which is now well known as the Grand Gallery.
‡ The Grand Gallery contains a passage 2.1 m
wide and 2.3 m high covered by corbelled vault.
‡ At the end of Grand Gallery is the King·s Chamber
which has granite sacrophagus.
‡ King·s chamber is 10.36 m long , 5.23 m wide
and 5.8 m high.
‡ It·s ceiling was lined with granite and covered
with five tiers of stone beams.
‡ Two air shafts were provided for ventilation of the
king·s chamber.
‡ One similar was provided for the queen·s
chamber.
 INDEX
A ² ascending
passage
B ² Grand Gallery
C ² Queen·s
chamber
D ² King·s chamber
E ² descending
passage
F ² Air-shaft
G ² Secret chamber


 9 9     
 

 ASCENDING
DESCENDING
PASSAGE
PASSAGE

GRAND GALLERY
KING·S SACROPHAGUS
 

‡ Were rectangular in plan.
‡ Two types of Temples
-- Cult Temples for the gods.
-- Mortuary Temples or tombs for the
Pharaohs and nobles.
‡ Parts of the temple --- great enclosures, series
of rooms, pillared court, hypo-style halls, chapel
etc.
‡ Residences of priests were in the temple
courtyard.
 
 '
‡ A cult temple dedicated
to Khons.
‡ Rectangular plan.
‡ Fronted with obelisks.
‡ Impressive sphinxes and
massive pylons at the
entrance.
‡ Height of the temple goes
on decreasing from front
to rear.
‡ Roof was supported by 28
massive columns
arranged on three sides •

by double colonnade.
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‡ Seneferu was the father of Cheops
‡ It·s angle of inclination of the side changes
at about half way up from 540 in the lower
part to 430 only in the upper.
‡ It has two entirely independent tomb
chambers.
‡ It has a plan of dimensions 187 m x 187m.
‡ Local stones with Tura limestone were
used in construction.
 !



  



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‡ World·s remarkable first large scale

monument in stone.
‡ In the beginning, it was just a mastaba
which was then converted to four stepped
pyramid for Zoser.
‡ But, due to some technical changes, it was
then made 6 stepped.
  "   
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