CSM 3035

Network Engineering Modelling 
and Management
dM t

Instructors
• Dr. Ahmed Zobaa (Module Leader)

• Dr. Mario Cantelli (Guest Lecturer),

Head of Electrical Engineering Dept,
Dept
University of Cantabria, Spain.

• Mr. Nikola Gargov (PRIMaRE PhD Student).

Structure
• 3.5 days Æ Lectures

• 0.5 day Æ Tutorial on PSCAD

• 1 day Æ Computer Labs on DIgSILENT & IPSA.

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 Assessment
• Formative Assessment.

• Simulation Study for a Grid‐connected Solar Photovoltaic

Plant using PSCAD.
– 14 pages A4,
A4 4000 words
d equivalent
i l t @ 300 words/page.
d/

Hand-in:
March 1st, 2010

INTRODUCTION

Energy & Electricity

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 Simple Power System
Every power system has three major components
– Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified
voltage and frequency
– Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor
– Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive
value

Complications
z No ideal voltage sources exist
z Loads are seldom constant
z Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance
and flow limitations
z Simple
Si l system has h no redundancy
d d so power system will
ill not
work if any component fails

Notation ‐ Power
z Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
z Power Units 
Watts  = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW –
kW  1 x 103 Watt
1 x 10
MW  – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt

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 Notation ‐ Energy
z Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is 
what people really want from a power system
z Energy Units
Joule =  1 Watt‐second
1 Watt second (J)
(J)
kWh – Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh

Power System Examples
z Electric utility:
– It can range from quite small, such as an island, to one
covering half the continent.
– Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz.
z Airplanes and Spaceships:
– Reduction in weight is primary consideration.
– Frequency: 400 Hz.
z Ships and submarines
z Automobiles:
DC with 12 volts standard.

Historyy of Electricityy Supply

pp y Industry
y in UK

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 Electricity Network
The first electricity networks
developed around 120 years ago
and have evolved to become
today’ss interconnected national
today
transmission and distribution
network.

• Transmission
– is the bulk
– often long distance
– movement of electricity at high voltages (400kV and 275kV) from
generating stations to distribution companies and to a small number
of large industrial customers.
• The high voltage (400kV and 275kV) transmission system,
through which bulk electricity is moved, is owned and
operated by the National Grid Company plc (NGC).
• There are four transmission systems in the UK
– One in England and Wales,
– Two in Scotland, and
– One in Northern Ireland.

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• Distribution
– is electricity provision to the majority of customers through lower
voltage
– more localised networks (from 132kV to 230V).
• There are 15 licensed Distribution Network Operators
p ((DNOs))
– Twelve in England and Wales,
– Two in Scotland, and
– One in Northern Ireland.

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 2005 Seven Year Statement
• Network size
– Maximum Demand (2005/6): 63 GW (approx.) (81.39% of capacity)
– Annual electrical energy used in the UK is around 360 TWh.
– Capacity (2005/6): 79.9 GW (or 80 GW per the 2008 Seven Year
Statement)
– Number of large power stations: 181
– Length of 400 kV grid: 11,500 km
– Length of 275 kV grid: 9,800 km
– Length of 132 kV (or lower) grid; 5,250 km

2005 Seven Year Statement
• Losses
– Joule heating in cables: 857.8 MW
– Fixed losses: 266 MW (consists of corona and iron losses; can be
100 MW higher in adverse weather)
– Substation transformer heating losses: 142.4 MW
– Generator transformer heating losses: 157.3 MW
– Total losses: 1,423.5 MW (2.29% of peak demand)

Current Picture
• Installed Capacity: 80 GW
• Peak Demand: 65 GW
• Capacity Margin about 20% of peak demand which is the figure
arrived by CEGB ( pre‐1990 centralized model in the UK).
• Many power plants are reaching the retirement age. By 2020, more
than 8.8 GW capacity
p y in centralized ggeneration will retire reducingg
the capacity margin.
• With a maximum 40% capacity factor this merely 8.8 GW of
addition in real capacity.
• Wind Installed Capacity: 4 GW. In comparison Germany has already
25 GW in the grid.
– By 2012 it will reach maximum 6 GW, 7 GW is consented, 9 GW is in
planning stage.
If everything goes well we see about 22 GW installed capacity by
2020.

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There is an average power flow of about 8 GW from the north of the UK,
particularly northern England, to the south of the UK across the grid.
This flow is anticipated to grow to about 11.5 GW by 2014.

Ancillary services
• These are services provided to ensure the security and stability of the
whole electricity network. They include:
• Voltage and frequency response.
– Electricity is supplied at a given voltage and frequency (e.g. for domestic supplies it is
supplied at a voltage of 230V and a frequency of 50 Hz.
– The exact voltageg and frequency
q y of electricityy on the network anyy one time varies as the
demand and supply fluctuate.
– Ancillary services therefore include monitoring and responding to these variations to
ensure the ‘quality’ of supply in terms of maintaining voltage and frequency within
acceptable limits.
• Providing spare capacity to respond to the failure of generation plant and
inaccuracy in demand forecasts.
• Ensuring the availability of generating units capable of producing
electricity in the event of a catastrophic failure of the network and
complete power loss.

Ancillary services
• In England and Wales, NGC purchases these services from generators and
some consumers.
• For instance, if there is a danger that overall demand might exceed supply,
NGC could pay a firm to reduce its own demand.
• For example, at half time in an international football match TV viewers
might go to make a cup of tea,
tea requiring an increase in electricity supply as
water is boiled in millions of kettles. If the supply cannot be met by extra
generation alone, NGC may ask a factory with a large demand (e.g. an
electroplating works) to shut down for a short time to enable the supply
to domestic customers to be maintained.

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 Benefits of Interconnection
• Economic operation
Connecting all electricity generators through the transmission system allows use of
the cheapest generation available, no matter where it is.

• Customer security of supply

Interconnected networks allow exploitation of the capacity and location of
individual generation sources and demand to maintain security of supply.

• Spare generation capacity

Surplus generation capacity in one area can cover shortfalls elsewhere, reducing
the need for spare capacity across the whole network.

• Reduction in frequency response

Interconnection allows the frequency of the system to be controlled without each
separate system having to maintain its own frequency.

Distributed Electricity System
• A distributed electricity system combines electricity from large and small
generation units.
– Large power stations and any large‐scale renewables, e.g. offshore wind, remain
connected to the high voltage transmission network providing national back up and
ensuring quality of supply.
– Small generators are connected directly to factories, offices, households (e.g. with
domestic CHP or PV roofs) and to lower voltage distribution networks.
networks

• Electricity not used by customers directly connected to small‐scale units is

fed back into active distribution networks to meet demand elsewhere.

• Electricity storage systems are being developed that may be able to store
any excess generation. These may also accommodate variable output of
some forms of generation.

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 REFERENCES
• www.parliament.uk/post/home.htm
• www.nationalgrid.com

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