Eighth Semiannual Report To Congress 1 Jul. - 31 Dec. 1962

N64 11421
EIGHTH
SEMIANNUAL
REPORT
To
CONGRESS
-_ _; _, THROUGH DEC_MBE_I_ 196,
I
i(_
_vO_ NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. _ _
For Imle by tho Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Wudl_, D.C., _ - _ $1.25
Tm_ WHn'B HousE, Devembev 5, 1965.
To the Congress of the United States:

Pursuant to the provisions of the National Aeronautics and Space
Act of 1958, as amended, I transmit herewith a report of the projects
and progress of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
for the period of July 1 through December 31, 196R
This report reveals the significant accomplishments that are begin-
ning to flow from our broadly-based space effort. In cooperation with
ot,h_r agencies and through its own increasing competence, NASA is
making a major contribution to a maturing national space program.
III
OCTOBER 25, 196_.
The PRESIDENT,
The White House.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT : The Eighth Semiannual Report of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration--July 1 through December 31, 1962--is sub-
mitted for transmittal to the Congress in accordance with Section 206(a) of the
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958.
The report is in two parts. The first summarizes progress in NASA programs.
The second discusses NASA activities in detail.
This report covers the period during which the fruits of the accelerated pro-
gram President Kennedy recommended and you so consistently supported, and
which was approved by the Congress in 1961, became evident. It was the period
during which the fundamental decisions and plans were made, and the driving
effort undertaken, to move the national space program to our present position
of accomplishment and strength. Given a sustained effort, this will place
preeminence in space within the nation's grasp. Moreover, the progress already
made has enabled us to negotiate space matters with the Soviet Union from a
position of strength.
The following elements stand out during the period :
a. NASA moved rapidly to develop the basic structure for future space
power. This included substantial progress on the mighty Saturn boosters
required for the manned lunar mission and for other national needs. Prior
to the first attempt to explore the moon, these boosters and the Gemini and
Apollo spacecraft for which they are intended, will have given U.S. astro-
nauts about 2,000 hours of experience in orbit about the earth--operational
experience of incalculable value for civilian space missions as well as those
which may be required for our national defense. Meanwhile, NASA initiated
work on the extensive ground facilities to fabricate, assemble, test, launch,
and control launch vehicles and spacecraft, which will serve the Nation's
needs for generations to come.
b. The space agency worked out the details of the manned lunar program
as to the method of reaching the moon. In addition, the hard study of this
program validated the assumption that the major elements of the manned
lunar landing are required as the base for the Nation's entire space effort.
c. NASA expanded its scientific program during the report period with a
variety of experiments, the most notable of which--and typical of those to
come---was the invaluable Mariner II "flyby" of Venus, discussed later.
d. Through a contract with the Denver Research Institute, University of
Denver, preliminary findings of which were available during the report
period, NASA has validated the fact that "spinoff" from aeronautics and
space technology to nonspace industry is "broader and more complex" than
is generally realized. This survey of 3,507 commercial firms has revealed
that the total contribution of aeronautics and space technology to the
economy "is probably more significant th_n is frequently envisioned."
Among major decisions taken during the report period was that of Lunar
Orbital Rendezvous. After exhaustive analysis, NASA determined that LOR
Iv
ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL V
offers the quickest, safest, and least expensive method of reaching the moon with
astronauts.
By the end of the period, NASA had let or was negotiating the major contracts
for the boosters and spacecraft that will serve in Projects Gemini and Apollo,
the second and third phases of the United States manned space flight program.
Moreover. the agency was vigorously building, on the ground, a great complex of
spaceyards, spaceports, and other facilities needed to fabricate, test, and launch
the large rocket vehicles that will be going into service over the next few years.
These facilities are certain to have lasting value, beyond the space program as it
is now conceived. They will constitute a permanent, multipurpose foundation
for whatever new missions may be required in the National interest as the effort
to master space exploration and utilization evolves.
Late in the period, NASA conducted from Cape Canaveral a third--and prac-
tically perfect--flight-test of the Saturn C-1 first stage. Developing 1.3 million
pounds of thrust, the C-1 will, later in 1963, boost into space a payload equal to
seven Project Mercury capsules. Work progressed on the upper stages of this
giant launch vehicle and on the Saturn C-5 which will be able to orbit 100 tons
around the earth. The Saturn C-5, scheduled to be used for the manned expedi-
tion to the moon, will be able to send a 45-ton payload into lunar orbit. Work
also went forward on the Centaur rocket, with its liquid-hydrogen upper stage,
and on other large or specialized propulsion systems.
In mid-December occurred the climax of the flight of NASA's Mariner II
to the near-vicinity of Venus, when the deep-space probe came within 22,000 miles
of the cloud-wrapped surface of our sister planet after a 109-day voyage of 182
million miles. The Mariner II electronic scanning of Venus, lasting some 40
minutes, revealed that the planet, apparently revolving only about once in a
year, is 800 ° F. hot at the surface, possesses no detectable magnetic field, and
has a den_ atmosphere extending much higher above the surface than does our
own terrestrial atmosphere. The atmosphere of Venus is largely of hydro-
carbons similar to the make-up of smog in industrial areas but much thicker.
These facts seem to remove any hope that some form of life, similar to that
on earth, might exist on Venus.
In short, Mariner II information has settled several uncertainties about Venus
which scientists have been unable to resolve in hundreds of years of earth-based
telescopic examination. Leaders of the world scientific community have termed
the Mariner II flight "the outstanding scientific achievement" of the Space Age
to date.
Progress was also made during the period in feeding back innovations arising
from the space program to the Nation's industrial community. NASA's Office of
Technology Utilization initiated a program of gathering information on new
knowledge resulting from space-oriented research and development, and dis-
seminating the information to industry for the benefit of the civilian economy.
This is being done so that industry can translate such innovations into new
products, processes, techniques, devices and materials for the improvement of
the Nation's economic life. Several nonprofit research institutes, one commer-
cial research organization, and one university are participating in the evalua-
tion and cataloguing of such innovations.
The foregoing are but a few of the accomplishments which the Eighth NASA
Semiannual Report sets forth. Taken together, they clearly demonstrate that
the agency is carrying out the spirit and the letter of the Aeronautics and Space
Act of 1958. The Act charged NASA--in cooperation with the Department of
Defense and other Federal organizations--with such responsibilities as the ex-
VI ADMINISTRATOR'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
ploration of space within and beyond the atmosphere for "the expansion of
human knowledge," "the preservation of the role of the United States as a leader
in aeronautical and space science and technology," with "making available to
agencies directly concerned with National defense discoveries that have military
value and significance," and with cooperation with other nations in peaceful
space programs "for the benefit of all mankind."
Since the close of the period, many significant events have taken place in the
National Space Program while NASA activities in general have broadened in
scope and accelerated. The forthcoming Ninth NASA Semiannual Report will
give accounts of such 1963 milestones as the 22-orbit flight of Astronaut Leroy
Gordon Cooper which successfully terminated Project Mercury, first stage in
the Nation's drive to achieve manned space flight, and the orbiting of an ad-
vanced Tiros, seventh in a series of satellite hurricane hunters whose hundreds
of thousands of televised cloud-pattern photos have brought the day of accurate,
long-range, weather prediction over the entire globe closer to a routine service.
The United States has come from a position well behind that of the Soviet
Union and has made up much lost, or neglected, ground. We have made signifi-
cant progress in the scientific and practical areas of space, and I am certain that
we wlli move on to clear preeminence in manned and unmanned space flight
before the decade is out.
Americans can take pride and confidence from what has been achieved in the
5 years since the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
•The record of 1963 will strengthen our National purpose and our will to lead the
way to fulfillment of the promises inherent in space, the new limitless dimension
which human ingenuity has opened to mankind.
Respectfully yours,
JAMES E. WERS, Administrator.
Contents
_age
THE PERIOD IN REVIEW--A Summary ................................. 3-16
0@@00
ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS---The Details ................... 10--170
CHAPTER 1--LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION ........... 19

Large Launch Vehicle Development ..................... 19
Saturn I ......................................... 20
The S-I (First) Stage ......................... 20
The S-IV (Second) Stage ...... ................ 22
Saturn I Facilities ............................ 23
Saturn I-B ...................................... 24
S-I Stage .................................... 24
S-IVB Stage ................................. 24
Facilities .................................. 24
Saturn V ........................................ 25
First Stage (S-1C) ............................ 25
Second Stage (S-II) .......................... 26
Third Stage (S-IVB) .......................... 27
Instrumentation Unit ......................... 27
Facilities .................................... 29
Advanced Vehicles ................................ 30
Engine Development .................................. 32
The RL--10 A-3 Engine ........................... 32
The H-1 Engine ................................... 34
The F-1 Engine .................................. 34
The J-2 Engine .................................. 36
M-1 Engine ..................................... 38
Large Solid Propellant Motor Demonstration Program_ 39
Light and Medium Launch Vehicles .................... 39
Scout ........................................... 39
Thor-Delta ...................................... 41
Agena ........................................... 41
Additional Lunar Launch ....................... 41
Interplanetary Space Exploration Launches ...... 42
Scientific Satellite Launches .................... 43
Agena D .................................... 44
Standard Atlas Space Booster .................. 44
Atla_Centau_ .................................... 44
Gomi_i Lam_h Vehlcl_ ........................... 46
VII
VIII CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 2---MANNED SPACE FLIGHT ......................... 47
Manned Spacecraft Development ....................... 47
Project Mercury .................................. 47
The One-Day Mission ............................. 48
Project Gemini ................................... 49
Project Apollo ................................... 53
Flight Mission Planning ....................... 53
Command Module and Service Module Develop-
ment ...................................... 55
Guidance and Navigation System for the Lunar
Mission ................................... 58
Lunar Excursion Module ...................... 59
Astronaut Selection and Training ................... 59
Manned Space Flight Support .......................... 59
Integration and Checkout ......................... 59
Systems Studies and Systems Engineering ........... 60
Space Medicine .................................. 60
CHAPTER 3--SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE .......... 63
Studies in Geophysics and Astronomy ................... 63
Explorer XIV .................................... 65
Explorer XV ..................................... 66
Explorer XVI .................................... 66
Sounding Rockets ............ _................... 68
Project High Water ............................... 68
Lunar and Planetary Programs ......................... 69
Ranger .......................................... 69
Surveyor Lander ................................. 69
Surveyor Orbiter ................................. 69
Pioneer and Mariner .............................. 70
Voyager ......................................... 72
Bioscience Programs .................................. 72
Ultraviolet Radiation and Infrared Studies .......... 73
Upper Atmosphere Microbes ....................... 73
Investigations of Extraterrestrial Life ............... 73
Space Environmental Biology ...................... 75
Effects of Magnetic Fields .................... 75
Water for Planetary Life Forms ................ 76
Manmade Atmospheres for Spacecraft .......... 76
Bioengineering for Space Exploration ............... 76
Synthetic Diets .............................. 77
Advanced Instrumentation .................... 77
Behavioral Biology ............................... 77
CHAPTER 4--APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS ........................ 79
Meteorological Systems ............................... 79
TIROS ......................................... 79
Nimbus ......................................... 81
Advanced Satellite Studies ......................... 81
Sounding Rockets ................................ 83
Large Meteorological Sounding Rockets ......... 83
Small Meteorological Sounding Rockets ......... 83
CONTENTS IX
CHAPTER 4--APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS--Continued Pa_e

Communications Systems .............................. 84
Active Communications Satellites .................. 84
Telstar ...................................... 84
Relay ....................................... 84
Syncom ..................................... 86
Advanced Synchronous Altitude Satellite Studies_ 87
Passive Communications Satellites .................. 88
,_uFilHluui_abIoli_ o_b_ulL_ Act of "_" _^
Industrial Applications................................ 89
Future Applications Satellites .......................... 89
Navigation ...................................... 89
Data Collection by Satellites ....................... 90
CHAPTER 5---ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ..... 91
Space Power Technology .............................. 91
Solar Ceils ....................................... 91
Thermionic Power Converters ...................... 92
Multikilowatt Solar Power System .................. 92
Batteries for Space Applications .................... 93
Advanced Fuel Cells_ __ ........................... 93
Internal Reciprocating Engine ..................... 93
Complete Power Systems .......................... 93
Space Vehicle Systems ................................ 94
Enwlronmental Effects ............................ 94
High-Energy Radiation Effects and Shielding .... 94
The Meteoroid Hazard ........................ 95
Fluid Behavior Under Zero Gravity ............. 95
High-Vacuum Technology ..................... 96
Thermal Radiation and Temperature Control .... 96
Effects of the Space Environment on Spacecraft
Engines ................................... 97
Aerothermodynamics and Related Problems ......... 97
Heat Load Experienced by a Reentry Body ...... 97
Stability of Spacecraft Entering Planetary Atmos-
pheres ..................................... 98
Horizontal-Landing Spacecraft ................. 99
Space Vehicle Advanced Concepts .................. 100
Spacecraft Electronics and Control ..................... 101
Communications and Tracking ..................... 101
Studies of Spacecraft Attitude Control .............. 102
Interplanetary Trajectory Studies .................. 102
Instrumentation .................................. 103
Data Processing .................................. 103
Aeronautical Research ................................ 104
Aircraft Aerodynamics ............................ 104
Aircraft Structures ............. : .................. 104
Supersonic Commercial Air Transport ............... 105
Hypersonic Vehicles .............................. 106
X-15 Research Airplane Program ................... 107
V/STOL Aircraft ................................. 107
Biotechnology and Human Research .................... 108
X
CHAPTER 5--ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY--Con. Page

Advanced Propulsion Systems (Nonnuclear) ............. 111
Solid Propulsion Systems .......................... 111
Study Programs .............................. 111
Research on Propellants ....................... 111
Combustion Ignition and Fluid Dynamics ....... 112
Motor Development .......................... 112
Subsystems and Components ................... 112
Liquid Propulsion Systems ......................... 113
Launch Vehicle Engine Technology ............. 113
Advanced Liquid Propellants .................. 114
General Supporting Research and Technology for
Liquid Rockets ............................. 115
CHAPTER 6---NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWER GENERA-
TION ............................................. 117
The SNAP-8 Development Project..................... 117
Nuclear ElectricPower Research and Technology ........ 118
ElectricPropulsion (ElectricRocket Engine) ............. 119
Large Ion Engines ................................ 120
Large Arc Jet Engines ............................ 121
Small Ion and Arc Engines ........................ 122
The Nuclear Rocket Program .......................... 123
NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Appli-
cation)........................................ 124
KIWI Reactor Tests .............................. 126
Advanced Research and Technology, Propulsion and
Vehicles ....................................... 127
The RIFT (Reactor/n-Flight Test) Project ......... 128
The Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS)___ 129
CHAPTER 7--TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION ............ 131
Manned Space Flight Network ......................... 131
Deep Space Network .................................. 133
SatelliteNetwork ..................................... 135
CHAPTER 8--UNIVERSITY AND BASIC RESEARCH PROGRAMS_ 137
Symposia ................. - .......................... 137
Sustaining University Program ......................... 138
Training......................................... 138
Facilities
........................................ 138
Research ........................................ 139
Research Programs ................................... 139
Grants and Research Contracts .................... 139
CHAPTER 9---INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS ..................... 141
Cooperative Programs and Operations Support ........... 141
Australia........................................ 142
Bermuda (United Kingdom) ....................... 142
Brazil........................................... 142
Canada ......................................... 142
India ........................................... 143
Italy............................................ 144
Japan ...... _ .................................... 144
CONTENT_ XI
CHAPTER 9--INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS--Continued Page

Malagasy ............ _-_......................... 145
Nigeria_ ......................................... 145
Norway ......................................... 145
Philippines ...................................... 146
South Africa_ .................................... 146
Soviet Union_ .................................... 146
Sweden__ ........................................ 146
United Kingdom ................................. 146
Cooperation Through International Organizations ........ 147
Personnel Exchanges, Education, and Training_ .......... 147
CHAPTER i0-_ERVICES, MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, AND
SUPPORT FUNCTIONS_ .......................... 149
Educational- Programs and Services_ .................... 149
Educational Publications .......................... 151
NASA Facts_ ................................ 152
Aerospace Leaflets_ ........................... 152
Reprints ..................................... 152
Transcript ................................... 153
Motion Pictures .................................. 153
Film Depository Services ...................... 154
Educational Television and Radio .................. 154
Exhibits ......................................... 155
Historical Program ............................... 156
Scientfic and Technical Information ..................... 156
Reports in Microform ............................. 156
Interagency Abstract Exchanges_ ................... 157
Requests for Information Services .................. 157
Technical Publications ............................ 157
New Announcement Journal ....................... 157
Personnel ............................................ 157
Employee-Management Cooperation ................ 158
Seminars and Training Programs ................... 159
Conference on Lunar Exploration ................... 159
Honors for NASA Employees ...................... 159
Contributions Awards ............................. 160
Patent Rights Waived ............................ 160
Executive Personnel Changes ...................... 160
Organizational Improvements .......................... 161
Office of Programs_ ................................... 162
Management Systems and Reporting ................ 162
Reliability and Quality Assurance .................. 162
Financial Management ................................ 163
Fiscal Year 1964 Program ......................... 163
Financial Report, December 31, 1962 ............... 164
Procurement and Supply Management .................. 165
"Low-Sales" Inventory Control Technique ........... 165
Savings From Rail Transportation .................. 165
Property and Supply Survey at Cape Canaveral ...... 165
XII CONTENTS
C_rzR 10--SERVICES,
MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT AND
SUPPORTFUNCTIONS---Continued
Procurement
andSupplyManagement--Continued Pap
NASA-DOD UniformFieldContract
Management___ 165
Special
Procurement
forMannedSpaceFlight....... 166
Exemptions From Export Control Requirements ...... 166
Procurement Policies and Procedures ................ 166
Contracts Awarded to Private Industry ............. 167
Awards to Business ........................... 167
Competitive Bidding ......... = ................ 167
Small Business Participation ................... 167
Other Government Agencies Aid Procurement .... 167
Major Contract Awards ....................... 169
Major Contractors ............................ 170
Geographic Distribution of Subcontracts ............ 170
APPENDIXES
A--Memberships of Congressional Committees on Aeronautics and
Space .................................................... 171
B--Membership of the National Aeronautics and Space Council ...... 172
C---Membership of the NASA-DOD Aeronautics and Astronautics
Coordinating Board and Vice Chairmen of Panels to Board ..... 173
D--Membership of NASA's Inventions and Contributions Board ...... 175
E--_Membership of NASA's Space Sciences Steering Committee and
Subcommittees ............................................ 176
F--Membership of NASA's Industrial Applications Advisory Com-
mittee .................................................... 180
Cr--Patentable Inventions of NASA Employees Recognized by the
Agency's Inventions and Contributions Board ................. 181
H--Major NASA Contractors ..................................... 182
I--Research Grants and Contracts Initiated From July I Through
December 31, 1962 ......................................... 183
ILLUSTRATIONS
Apollo launch vehicles .............................................. 19
Test launch of Saturn I (Block I) November 16,. 1962 .................. 21
Assembly of S-I stage of fifth Saturn I ............................... 22
Delivery of S-IV stage by barge ..................................... 23
Artist's conception of Saturn V ...................................... 25
Cutaway of SIC stage of Saturn V .................................. 26
Cutaway of S-II stage .............................................. 27
Cutaway of the S-IVB stage ........................................ 28
Artist's conception of hydrostatic test facility, Marshal/ Space Flight
Center ......................................................... 28
Saturn V first stage test facility at Marshall Space Flight Center ........ 29
Artist's conception of Michoud (Louisiana) plant ..................... 30
Artist's conception of bulkhead fabrication facility, Seal Beach, Calif ..... 31
S-II static text facility, Santa Susana, Callf .......................... 32
CONTENTS XIII
Page
RL--10
A-3engine
................................................. 33
H-1 engine ....................................................... 35
F-1 engine ........................................................ 35
J-2 engine ........................... _"............................ 37
M-1 engine ....................................................... 38
Scout launch vehicle ............................................... 40
Delta launch vehicle ............................................... 42
Atias-Agena launch of Mariner II ................................... 43
Atlas-Centaur ..................................................... 45
Astronaut Schirra being assisted into Sigma 7_ ........................ 48
Gemini spacecraft ................................................. 52
Titan II, Gemini launch vehicle ..................................... 52
Apollo spacecraft showing three modules ............................. 53
Sequence of events for the lunar mission .............................. 54
Flotation testing of a command module .............................. 56
Command module undergoing land impact tests ....................... 56
Detailed mockup of command module ................. =.............. 57
Little Joe II launch vehicle ......................................... 58
Canadian-built geophysical satellite Alouette .......................... 63
Alouette measures electron density 200 miles above the earth ........... 64
Artist's sketch of Explorer XI_ r..................................... 65
Checking out solar cells of Explorer XV_ ............................. 67
Orbiting Explorer XV penetrates manmade radiation belt .............. 68
Model of Surveyor Lander .......................................... 70
Mariner II Venus fly-by ............................................ 71
Infrared spectrophotometer ......................................... 72
Telescope combined with infrared spectrophotometer ................... 74
Stratosphere air sampler ............................................ 75
Advanced model of radioisotope biochemical probe ..................... 76
TIROS VI meteorological satellite ................................... 80
Environmental tests of major subsystems of Nimbus model ............. 82
Telstar I communications satellite ................................... 85
Relay communications satellite ...................................... 86
Syncom synchronous communications satellite ......................... 87
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif .............................. 99
Twin gyro control system, Ames Research Center ..................... 102
Supersonic transport model ......................................... 106
Model of a VTOL aircraft, Langley Research Center ................... 108
Biotechnology and human research program .......................... 109
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif ........................... 113
Advanced systems--energy conversion concepts ....................... 118
Electric thrust chamber program .................................... 119
Three-kw. ion engine module ......................................... 121
Organization of nuclear activities .................................... 123
Major steps in nuclear rocket program ............................... 124
NERVA mockup_ ................................................. 125
KIWI-B-IB reactor ............................................... 126
KIWI-B4-A reactor ............................................... 127
RIFT stage ....................................................... 128
Typical FPS-16 antenna for manned space flight stations ............... 132
XIV CONTENTS
Page
Telemetry ship Rose Knot ........................................... 133
Deep Space Network Station, Woomera, Australia ..................... 134
Canadian scientists study Alouette S-27 model ........................ 143
Official inspects a Japanese experiment prior to launch ................. 145
Spacemobile audience .............................................. 150
Spacemobile demonstration ......................................... 151
Exhibit at Seattle World's Fair ...................................... 155
Organization chart, November 23, 1962 ........................ (faces p. 162)
TABLES
Major NASA launches, July 1 through December 31, 1962 .............. 15

NASA launch vehicles, December 31, 1962 ............................ 46
NASA budget estimates, fiscal year 1964 ............................. 163
Status of NASA appropriations as of December 31, 1962 ............... 164
NASA research grants and contracts initiated from July I through Decem-
ber 31, 1962 (app. I) ............................................ 183
The Period in Reviewm
A Summary
SUMMARY
NASA continued its efforts to maintain leadership in overall space
research and to accomplish the space missions recommended by the
President and approved by the Nation through the Congress. These
efforts were sucr_essful in numerous areas of space activity, as evi-
denced by the following specific accomplishments:
Saturn I (live first stage, dummy second stage) launch vehicle
successfully tested for the third time November 16;
Mercury-Atlas VIII, manned six-orbit Project Mercury flight
of Astronaut Walter Sehirra, was successfully completed
October 3;
Marine_ II was launched Au_a_ 2,7 toward the planet Venus
and completed a fly-by of the planet on December 14;
Alouette_ the Canadian-built satellite_ was launched on Septem-
ber 28;
Explorers XIV_ XV_ and XVI were launched on October 2_
October 27, and December 16_ respectively;
Telsta,_, th_ communications satellite designed and financed by
A.T. & T, was successfully launched July 10;
TIROS VI, a meteorological satellite, was launched on
September 18;
Relay_ a NASA communications satellite_ was launched on
December 13.
The following sections present a concise review of NASA_s accom-
plishments between July i and December 31_ 1962.
LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION
During the period, NASA took further steps toward development

of large launch vehicles; continued its design and test work with
individual engines; gained additional experience in employing and
improving its medium launch vehicles; and acted to provide new or
improved fabrication, test, and launch facilities.
On November 16, a Saturn I vehicle, having a live first stage and a
water-filled dummy second stage, was launched to a maximum alti-
8
706-017 CN---63------2
4 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
tude of 104 miles. In this flight, it used a full propellant load of

750,000 pounds of fuel. This two-stage launc]l vehicle now being
developed will have a capability of placing an ll-ton payload in low
earth orbit. It will be used to launch the first flight-test Apollo
spacecraft.
In static tests conducted during October and November, the Saturn
I first (S-l) stage--a cluster of eight H-1 engines, each capable of
producing 188,000 pounds of thrust--developed the full 1.5 million
pounds of thrust. The second stage (S-IV) of the Saturn I vehicle
will have a cluster of six RL--10 engines, each producing 15,000
pounds of thrust. On August 7, a test firing of the stage's battle-
ship version produced the full-rated thrust of 90,000 pounds for 10
seconds; on October 4, it was given a full duration (7-minute) hot
firing test.
In September, NASA approved development of Saturn I-B; this
vehicle, having a payload capability almost 50 percent greater than
the Saturn I, will place the Apollo spacecraft in low earth orbit for
systems and rendezvous testing. The first stage of Saturn I-B will
be the same as that of Saturn I; the second stage (S-IVB) will have
a single J-2 engine developing 200,000 pounds thrust. NASA com-
pleted design criteria and early preliminary designs for both stages.
Saturn V, the vehicle that will launch the Apollo spacecraft on its
journey to the moon, will consist of a 7.5 million-pound-thrust first
stage (S-IC), a 1 million-pound-thrust second stage (S-II), and a
200,000-pound-thrust third stage (S-IVB).
NASA completed the technical review and evaluation of the con-
tractor's cost proposal for the first stage; signed a contract for design,
development, fabrication, test, and evaluation of the second stage;
and amended an existing contract (the S-IVB second stage of Saturn
I-B) for design, fabrication, and development test of the third stage.
Saturn V facilities being constructed or modified included the hydro-
static test facility and the west area test complex at Huntsville, Ala.,
and the Michoud plant, Louisiana. Also, NASA completed criteria
for the test complex of the Mississippi Test Facility.
Work continued on the engines needed for the large launch vehicles.
The RL-10's string of tests was extended to about 2,000, with no fail-
ures occurring in the last 156 tests; a 6-engine cluster was test fired,
and approximately 60 engines were acceptance-tested and delivered
to NASA.
The H-1 engine, used in the first stage of Saturn I, performed as
expected during the third Saturn test. Tests of operational trial
versions of this engine showed that it would produce 188,000 pounds
of thrust.
s_Y 5
The F-1 engine, designed to produce 1.5 million pounds thrust,

progressed toward operational status. Over 200 tests were completed
by the end of the year; work was started to construct 76 of these
engines for the Saturn V program. Also, NASA let contracts to
start constructing three new test stands at Edwards Air Force Base.
J-2 engine systems testing continued, and approximately 130 full-
(about 250 seconds) in October.

The M-1 engine, initially planned for rapid development, was
reoriented for a slower schedule that will produce a more advanced
engine with higher performance and greater flexibility for different
missions.
The light- and medium-launch vehicles employed or being developed
by NASA include Scout, Delta, Agena, Atlas-Centaur, and Titan II.
In a total of four firings, Scout was successful in three, launching
three satellites into orbit; the fourth launching, a reentry experiment,
was unsuccessful. To meet the requirement for Scout launches in the
East, construction of a horizontal-type launcher, similar to that at
Pacific Missile Range, was started at Wallops Island.
Delta continued to be one of the Nation's most reliable launch ve-
hicles; during the last half of 196_o it placed five more satellites
earth orbit: Telstar I, TIROS VI, Explorer XIV, Explorer XV,
and Relay I. The Relay launch was Delta's 14th consecutive success-
fall launch; the first Delta launch attempt (May 13, 1960) was the
only failure to date.
The Atlas-Agena launch --^ :_ was used in the successful launch
whl.,e
_.._ "IL AF_ _.*_ __ T Jl ," 11
u. z*l_rHLer ±I, the parually successful launch of Ranger 5, and the un-
successful attempt to launch Mariner I. The Thor-Agena vehicle was
used for the successful launch of the Canadian-built Alouette. Build-
ing on experience with the Agena, the Air Force and NASA agreed
on the development of an advanced version, the Agena D.
Centaur, planned for use with the Atlas booster, failed in its first
development launching. Even so, investigation indicated that it could
be developed with additional contractor and NASA effort; con-
sequently, project management was shifted to the Lewis Research
Center, which was already experienced in liquid hydrogen work. Ad-
ditional ground tests were incorporated into the development program.
The Atlas-Centaur is expected to launch test Surveyors in 1964 and
soft-landing Surveyors to the moon by 1965.
Titan II was being modified under Air Force direction for the
Gemini project. The changes are expected to increase reliability and
astronaut safety.
6 NASA EIGHT_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
NASA's major achievements in the manned space-flight program

included the six-orbit Project Mercury flight of Astronaut Walter
Schirra; systems test, assembly, and checkout of the Mercury One-Day
Mission spacecraft; further design and development of the Gemini
spacecraft and its subsystems, including completion of a full-scale
spacecraft mockup; selection of lunar orbital rendezvous technique
for the mission to place American astronauts on the moon; placing
of contracts for major Apollo subsystems and components; and other
actions designed to support the overall manned space flight effort.
On October-3, the third successful manned orbital flight in Project
Mercury was completed by Astronaut Walter Schirra in the space-
craft Sigma 7. Spacecraft lift-off occurred at about 7:15 a.m., e.s.t. ;
after approximately six orbits and 81_ hours of weightlessness, As-
tronaut Schirra landed in the Pacific Ocean, near Midway Island,
about 4 miles from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier Kearsarge.
Described as the most successful flight of the Mercury program,
the Sigma 7 experience paved the way for the One-Day Mission,
scheduled for the second quarter of 1963.
The One-Day Mission, planned for as many as 34 hours and 22
orbits, will use a modified Mercury spacecraft. The modifications
include changing certain spacecraft equipment and increasing the
quantity of oxygen, food, and water for the astronaut. Two space-
craft were being prepared for the One-Day Mission; a third was in
storage, to be used if needed.
Project Gemini, second in the manned space flight sequence, will
carry a two-man crew on long-duration missions--up to a week or
longer; it will also accomplish rendezvous and docking missions.
During this period, the contractor continued designing and de-
veloping the Gemini spacecraft, its subsystems, and the paraglider
(to be used for landing). In August, the first full-scale mockup of
the spacecraft was completed. Accomplishments included successful
tests of the dual ejection seats and a flight test of the half-scale para-
glider. Other items worked on included the pressure suits, survival
kits, bioinstrumentation, and food and waste systems. Also, assembly
work continued on three ' boilerplate spacecraft, four static test units,
and two production spacecraft. The first rendezvous radar was com-
pleted, two prototypes of the digital command system were delivered
to the contractor, and design of the docking equipment neared
completion
For the three-man Project Apollo, destined to land American
astronauts on the moon and return them to earth during this decade,
s_Y 7
NASA selected the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) mission technique.

The agency also selected the prime contractor to make the spacecraft
command and service modules; preliminary design of both was com-
pleted, and the first development stage command module was delivered
to NASA. A second was completed in October, and flotation and sea-
worthiness tests were started. The third, completed in December,
was shipped to E! Centro, Calif., for ce_ain flight tests. Also in
December, a detailed mockup was completed and subjected to prelim-
inary review by NASA.
The agency received and evaluated industrial proposals for de-
velopment of the lunar excursion module (LEM) and substantially
completed contract negotiations for development and manufacture
of the module and associated equipment.
In other actions: The agency selected nine additional astronaut
candidates and began a Gemini training program for them. It
established an integration and checkout program to assure overall
integration, reliability assessment, and checkout of Apollo project
elements. It expanded its systems studies and systems engineering
activities in support of the total manned space-flight program. And
it took steps to provide a new pressure suit for extravehicular wear
by both Gemini and_ Apollo astronauts, to provide extravehicular life
support systems, and to develop a universal, integrated couch restraint
system.
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE
During the period, NASA recorded several successful launches in

its space science program and instituted bioscience projects to (1)
investigate the possibility of extraterrestrial life forms; (2) expand
knowledge of the effects of space on living organisms.
The 320-pound Canadian-built geophysical satellite Alouette I was
launched by NASA in September. Alouette is the first satellite de-
signed and built by a country other than the United States or the
U.S.S.R. ; it is also the first satellite launched by NASA in a near-
polar orbit and from the west coast. Alouette supplied valuable data
on electron density in the ionosphere to Canadian, British, and Ameri-
can scientists. It is continuing to transmit data.
Explorer XV, one of a series of satellites to investigate the space en-
vironment and the relationships between the earth and the sun, was
orbited in October; it studied radiation which resulted from the July 9
high-level nuclear explosion and which was trapped in the earth's
magnetic fields. Explorer XVI was launched December 16_ in an
I_ASA EIGI-ITI-/ SEM/AN2CUAL REPORT TO C01_TGRE_S
effort to determine whether micrometeoroids can penetrate the thin

metal skin of a spacecraft in earth orbit.
Rangor V, one of the series of unmanned space vehicles designed to
gather data on the moon and cislunar space, was launched (October
18) in a parking orbit and then injected into a lunar trajectory. How-
ever, a power failure of the solar panel made midcourse guidance cor-
rections impossible. As a consequence, Ranger V missed the moon
by about 518 miles and went into orbit around the sun.
Mariner II, launched on August 27, carried 40 pounds of instru-
men{s within 21,594 miles of Venus (on December 14) and sent signals
about 36 million miles back to Earth, The spacecraft transmitted
data on the speed of the solar wind, on the quantity of meteoritic
particles in space, and on the surface temperatures of Venus.
In other lunar and planetary studies, NASA continued developing
spacecraft to transport instrumented payloads near the moon and to
make lunar landings. Among these are the Surveyor Lander, to act as
a lunar research laboratory; the Surveyor Orbiter, to serve as a recon-
naissance system of the Moon; the Pioneer, to monitor areas between
the planets during the International Quiet Sun Year; and Voyager, to
fly orbiter-lander missions to Mars and Venus.
NASA's bioscientists also worked to develop instruments to be car-
ried aboard Ranger, Mariner, and similar spacecraft to detect life
forms on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and other planets. Equally im-
portant were the agency's investigations of such outer space stresses as
radiation and weightlessness on living organisms.
Substantial progress was made during this report period in design-
ing and building several life-detection devices. Advanced instru-
ments were perfected to allow more precise measurements in psy-
chology, physiology, and related fields. In September, NASA
broadened its bioscience programs to include the biological science of
behavior, which deals with such complex problems as information
storage and retrieval in living systems.
APPLICATIONS PROGRAM
NASA made substantial progress in its applications pr%oTams--

meteorological systems, communications systems, industrial applica-
tions, and future applications satellites.
Successes in meteorological systems continued with the sixth con-
secutive launch of a TIROS satellite without a failure. TIROS VI
added considerably to the accomplishments of its predecessors by
transmitting over 156,000 meteorologically usable pictures and by
observing and tracking 10 hurricanes and 21 typhoons. Work went
s_Y 9
ahead on the l_imbus spacecraft, which is designed to provide greater

coverage than TIROS. And studies continued on (1) the feasibility
of a synchronous meteorological satellite which could keep weather
systems under essentially constant observation, and (9) advanced
systems to assure uninterrupted and worldwide coverage of atmos-
pheric conditions influencing weather. The agency also extended its
sounding rocket explorations of the atmosphere.
In communications systems, significant milestones were reached with
the launching of the A.T. & T. Telstar and the NASA Relay active
low-altitude satellites. In addition, work continued on Syncom, the
active synchronous altitude satellite and developmental efforts pro-
gressed on the Echo II passive communications satellite.
NASA expanded its industrial applications program to disseminate
to industry information on new ideas and methods resulting from the
space program.
The agency also undertook studies on the feasibility of employing
applications satellites to improve navigation and to collect oceano-
graphic, meteorological, or other data from floating buoys, balloons or
automatic weather stations, and remote locations.
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

NASA continued its comprehensive advanced research and tech-
nology programs. These include (1) basic research, to further our
understanding of the natural laws which form the basis for the ad-
vancement of space and aeronautical technology; (2) engineering
research, leading to the development of engineering de_ign pr]nclple.u;
and (3) subsystems research_ using experimental subsystems to in-
crease technical knowledge and skill for the design of advanced opera-
tional systems. Under these advanced programs_ which employ the
resources of universities_ research institutes, industry, and NASA field
centers_ work was conducted in space power technology, space vehicle
systems, spacecraft electronics and control, aeronautical research, bic,
technology and human research_ and advanced propulsions systems
(nonnuclear).
The agency stepped up its space power technology program by
expanding its developmental work on solar cells_ thermionic power
converters, a multikilowatt solar power system, batteries for space
applications_ advanced fuel cells_ an internal reciprocating engine
suitable for space use, and complete power systems.
Efforts were intensified on space vehicle systems, particularly on
studies of the conditions space vehicles will be exposed to for long
periods of time in the hostile environments of space. To prepare for
extended operations in this environment_ NASA continued advanced
10 NASA EIGHTH SE1VIIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
research on high-energy radiation effects and shielding, the meteoroid

hazard, fluid behavior under zero gravity, high-vacuum technology,
and thermal radiation and temperature control. Improvements were
made in spacecraft engine components that will enable them to better
withstand the effects of the space environment; work progressed
toward the solution of problems created by aerodynamic heating of
spacecraft, and studies were initiated on total systems required to ac-
complish various space missions.
In work on spacecraft electronics and control, NASA conducted in-
vestigations on the critical problems of communications blackout
occurring when a body reenters the atmosphere at high velocity, de-
veloped experiments designed to provide the basis for further exploi-
tation of laser technology in communications and tracking, advanced
its studies of spacecraft attitude control, continued research to analyze
trajectories, and carried on important work in instruments required
for space missions. The design of the first NASA automatic ground
data processing system was largely completed.
Aeronautical research was centered on three challenging types of
vehicles: The hypersonic cruise vehicle, the supersonic transport, and
vertical or short takeoff and landing aircraft. Each of these is po-
tentially capable of greatly increasing man's ability to transport
people and things economically and safely from place to place on the
earth. In addition, the X-15 research airplane program continued
to provide data on supersonic and hypersonic aerodynamics.
NASA took a major step to intensify its efforts in biotechnology and
human research: The Directorate of Biotechnology and Human Re-
search was established in the Office of Advanced Research and Tech-
nology in July. Its objective: To acquire a greater understanding
of man, his capabilities, and the problem of integrating him into
complex flight systems. To meet these requirements, the Directorate
initiated or continued studies of life support and protective systems
and associated instrumentation, together with human factor and
systems analysis.
Progress was made in the program to develop advanced propulsion
and space power generation systems using chemical energy. In seek-
Lug solutions to problems involved in the use of these systems for
future space missions, the agency conducted research on the formula-
tion of high-energy propellants; investigated the problems of steady-
and unsteady-state combustion, ignition, and the fluid dynamics of
two-phase flow; Worked on solid motor development; and extended its
research and development efforts on solid propulsion subsystems and
components to assure a proper balance between propellant improve-
ment and the system state-of-the-art.
s_._aY 11
NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWER GENERATION
Progress was made in research and development efforts to achieve

the utilization of nuclear energy for space applications. These efforts
are conducted through the SNAP-8 project for developing a nuclear
electric generating system_ and through research and development
programs on nuclear electric power_ electric propulsion (the electric
rocket engine), and the nuclear rocket.
During the period major adjustment t_ the SNAP-8 system (being
developed jointly by NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission)
improved the flexibility of the design and reduced development prob-
lems-at the cost, however_ of increased system weight. The SNAP-8
reactor passed its first criticality test. Boiler development testing was
also successful.
Further preliminary work, including the construction of facilities,
was undertaken on the nuclear electric power research and technology
program, which is aimed at developing much lighter nuclear power
systems having higher electrical power and a longer operating life
than the SNAP-8 system.
In the electric propulsion (electric rocket engine) program, work
progressed on large and small ion and arc jet engines. Laboratory
and flight models of large contact and electron bombardment ion
engines were developed, and a linear strip cesium contact unit engine
module--which may form the basic module for larger engines--was
built and successfully tested. Two laboratory versions of large are
jet engine concepts were c_)nstructed and tested. The electric pro-
pulsion program also sponsored studies to determine the feasibility of
plasma engines for space propulsion application.
The nuclear rocket program, conducted jointly by NASA and
AEC, continued toward the goal of utilizing nuclear energy as the
source of high energy required to perform difficult long-range, high-
payload missions which cannot be duplicated by other systems. Work
was carried forward on the four parts of the program--the NERVA
propulsion system_ the KIWI reactor test project_ advanced research
and technology, and the RIFT project, paced by progress on the
reactor.
A preliminary model specification of the NERVA engine was com-
pleted_ work on components progressed, and tests were conducted on
an early-generation simulator of the engine. An Air Force facility
at Fort Worth, Tex., began to be used for tests of the effects of nuclear
radiation on materials and components to be used for the NERVA
project.
12 NASA EIGHTI_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory continued testing two KIWI

reactors, B1B and B4A, in which liquid hydrogen was used as a
coolant for the first time. Liquid hydrogen pumps and regeneratively
cooled nozzles were developed for the KIWI reactor.
The advanced research and technology program continued its ef-
forts to provide technical support for current projects and to achieve
the capability to build reactors and propulsion systems having per-
refinance characteristics well beyond those now under development.
Preparatory work progressed on the first phase of the design and
development of the RIFT stage. A manufacturing site was selected.
In addition, preliminary design criteria were developed for RIY_r
static test facilities at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station
(NRDS) in Nevada. Extensive work was completed on three major
test facility complexes at NRDS required for static testing of reactors,
engines_ and vehicles associated with the nuclear space program con-
ducted by NASA and AEC.
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
To provide tracking and data acquisition support for its space re-
search, NASA maintains the Manned Space Flight Network, the
Deep Space Network, and the Satellite Network.
The Manned Space Flight Network--14 land-based stations,
ships, and a central data processing center--supported the 6-orbit
flight of Astronaut Schirra during the entire flight. Ships in the
recovery area provided additional telemetry, radar, and spacecraft
communications during reenCry.
To augment the network for Project Gemini, "NASA made plans
to add pulse code modulation (PCM) telemetry systems at 10 selected
sites. Also, it proceeded with plans to install television cameras on
board the spacecraft so that pictures can be transmitted to receivers at
Cape Canaveral, Fla. ; Corpus Christi, Tex. ; Grand Canary Island,
and the telemetry and communications ship in the Pacific.
The Deep Space Network three permanent and two mobile sta-
tions--supported the Mariner II and Ranger V missions. During the
Mariner flight to the vicinity of Venus, the network provided 24-hour,
7-day-a-week coverage. For Ranger V, the network obtained infor-
mation on spacecraft performance during early and post launch pe-
riods, tracked it to the vicinity of the moon, and determined that it
missed the target by 518 miles.
NASA modified the network to meet programed spacecraft require-
ments. These included installing digital instrumentation systems at
the permanent stations, adding L-band frequency synthesizers and
s_Y 13
atomic standards to the transmitting loops, and equipping all stations

with tdemetry-to-teletype encoders.
The Satellite Network--13 radio-interferometer tracking stations
and 12 Baker-Nunn camera optical tracking stations--supported the
10 satellites launched during the period and 6 others that had been
previously launched. A mobile ground station was flown to Brazil
in suppo_ of. _..,1
_a_LIJA
.... XV. Cv.str ....... _^.1.
_Ulh &UI _eW bl_,A_hLll_
and d_ta acquisition

stationscontinuedat Gilmore Creek,Alaska;
Fa_rbanks,Alaska; Hiland, Nova Scotia;and Rosm_n, N.C.
UNIVERSITY AND BASIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
To expand and strengthen the contribution of nonprofit scientific

and educational institutions to NASA's research prograa_ the agency
sponsored two symposia. The first, the Space Science Summer Study,
was attended by over 100 leading scientists who studied NASA's space
sciences research programs and recommended future research. The
second was a 3-d_.y NASA-University Conference on the Science and
Technology of Space Exploration attended by over 900 representa-
tives of 224 scientific and educational institutions. They learned
about NASA's needs and programs and how they could participate in
research and in the training of researchers.
In another effort to increase the role of universities in the
program, NASA established the sustaining university program. This
program enabled 100 predoctoral students to train under NASA
grants to 10 major universities; arrangements were completed for 800
others to enter training in September, 1963. Five facilities grants
were also made to universities to improve their capability to perform
space research for NASA.
During this period, NASA also awarded 157 grants and research
contracts to nonprofit scientific and educational institutions, industrial
organizations, and other Federal agencies. Total value of the spon-
sored projects was $23.2 million.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
By the close of the report period, 61 political jurisdictions had par-

ticipated or were participating with the United States in actual flight
experiments, in ground-based activities directly supporting orbiting
experiments, in support of tracking and data acquisition operations,
or in personnel exchanges.
Through cooperation with the Department of State, the National
Academy of Sciences, and various international organizations (the
European Space Research Organization, for instance), NASA con-

tinued to seek ways to broaden international cooperation in the uses of
outer space. Through December, new arrangements were made for
flight, ground-based, or flight-support programs with Bermuda,
Brazil, Canada, India, Italy, Japan, Nigeria, South Africa, the So-
viet Union, and the United Kingdom.
Representative achievements of the international programs were
the September 28 launch of the Canadian Alouette and the December
5 announcement of the confirmation of a planned cooperative program
with the Soviet Union.
Underscoring this effort, 1,843 foreiga nationals visited NASA
facilities, and 220 American scientists went abroad to take part in
international conferences and symposia.
Eighteen students from 8 countries were studying space sciences
at 12 universities in the United States. Seventeen foreign nationals
from eight European countries took part in Columbia University's
first Summer Institute in Space Science. And 30 technicians from
7 countries were receiving training at NASA research centers.
SERVICES, MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, AND

SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
To help achieve the widest possible dissemination of information in

space science and technology_ NASA_s educational programs and
services provided: space-related information and materials for
teacher instruction and classroom use; consultation services and assist-
ance in planning space science seminars, institutes, symposia, and in-
service training programs for instructors; and spacemobile lecture-
demonstrations in the United States and abroad.
Also, the agency's contractor-operated scientific and technical infor-
mation facility reached scheduled production levels and was issuing
the biweekly Technical Publications Announcements journal of re-
port literature on an accelerated basis. And NASA signed an agree-
ment with the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences (now the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) to provide a single stand-
ardized bibliography of published worldwide scientific information
in the aerospace sciences.
NASA added over 1,000 scientists and engineers to its staff between
July 1 and December 31, 1962, as it strengthened its internal organi-
zation to meet the increasing demands of the country's accelerating
space program. It also arranged seminars for its executives in such
areas as project management, procurement, and cost accounting.
SVM_Y 15
These resulted in more effective use of manpower and achieved econo-

mies in operating programs.
An office was set up at Cambridge, Mass., in July, to work with in-
dustrial contractors, research institutions, _md other Government
agencies in the northeastern area.
To assure that NASA's organization and management keep pace
with its research and development acti._.ties, a position of AssistaJut
Administrator for Management Development was established in
August. Further, in October, two additional Deputy Associate Ad-
ministrators were added, giving three top aides to the Associate Ad-
ministrator-the agency's general manager.
To save time and money, the agency completely mechanized its
methods of accumulating and reporting financial datawpermitting
compatible processes at all its installation_. Simplified inventory
techniques were also set up at six of NASA's largest field centers.
These reduced administrative costs and allowed management to con-
contrate on high-dollar value transactions which make up the greatest
investment.
About 92 percent of the agency's $1,307 million in procurement was
contracted to private industry during this period. Awards to small
business accounted for 66 percent of the total number placed wlth 'busi-
ness firms.
NASA placed about 23 percent of its total procurement with or
through other Government agencies, primarily the Department of De-
fense--thereby avoiding duplication and allowing the most effective
and economical use of its own and the resources of the other agencies.
T_ 1.--Ma]or _AflA Immches, July 1-Dec. 31, 196Z
Name, date launched, mission Launch vehl_e Launch Results

site*
Telstar I, July 10. Launched by Delta ............. AMR... Demtmstrsted the feasibility of using
NASA for A.T. & T. To test a low-altitude active repeater satel-
broadband miczowave commu- lite as a communications device. Ex-
nications in space. Also, to tensively employed for transatlantic
transmit data on radiation TV and radio broadc_te, telephone
effects. calls, and fats/talk demonstrations.
Telemetenui information on radia.
tion effects.
Mariner II, Aug. 27. To fly by Atlas-Age_a B .... On Dec. 14 flew by Venus at a dktanco
Venus to gather data on the AMR.;. of 21,600 miles. Recorded and tra_-
planet and on interplanetary mittod to Earth data on the planet
space. and on solar wind and cosmic dust.
TIROS VI, Sept. 18. To obtain Delta ............. AMR... Transmitted over 1_6,000 meteorologi-
photographic data on earth's cally usable pictures. Observed and
cloud cover. t_ackad 10 hurricanes and 21 ty-
phoon.
See footnote at end of tabl_
TABLE 1.--Major NASA launches, July 1-Dec. 81, 1962---Con.
Name, date launched, mission Launch vehicle Launch Results

site*
Alouette I, Sept. 28. Canadian Thor-Agena B .... PMR_-. Transmitted valuable data on condi-
designed and built satellite tions in ionosphere. Approximately
launched by NASA. To study 65,000 ionagrams recorded as of Dec.

ionosphere's free electron dis- 31.
tribution, measure galactic noise
from outer space and in iono-
sphere, and gather data on
cosmic rays.
Explorer XIV, Oct. 2. To meas- Delta ............. AMR_-- Furnished important information on
ure energetic particles in the solar cosmic rays and trapped radia-
magnetosphere and outer space tion belts.
and their relationships to mag-

netic fields of earth and inter-
planetary space.
Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7), Oct. Atlas D ........... AMR_._ Successful in every respect. Astronaut
3. To evaluate performance of Walter M. Schirra and spacecraft re-
man-spacecraft system in 6 covered after 6 orbits.
orbits.
Ranger V, Oct. 18. To hard land Atlas-Agena B .... AMR_.- Midceurse guidance correction not per-
on lunar surface. To obtain formed because of spacecraft power
data on lunar tremors, and TV system malfunction. Lunar impact
photography and X-ray spec- not achieved. Spacecraft went into
troscopy of lunar surface. To orbit around sun after missing moon

obtain lunar surface radar re- by 518 miles.
flectivity data.
Explorer XV, Oct. 27. To study Delta ............. AMR.-. All experiments functioned well.
artificial radiation belt created Data were undergoing analysis.
by July 9 nuclear explosion.

Saturn I (Block I), Nov. 16. S-1 stage (cluster AMR___ Test successful. Vehicle reached alti.
Test flight of live first stage and of 8 H-1 tude of 104 miles. Carried full pro
water-filled dummy second engines), peliant load of 750,000 pounds.
stage.
Relay I, Dec. 13. To test com- Delta ............. AMR._. No communications transmission untf
munications transmission over early 1963, when low-power level_
intercontinental distances,using were overcome.
active repeater system.

Explorer XVI, Dec. 16. To meas- Scout ............. WI ...... 11 micrometeoroids punctured skin el
ura mlcrometeoroid impact haz- the satellite's main body during it_
ard on satellite skin samples; first month in orbit. (Other data
investigate particles with dif- were under analysis.)
fering amounts of momentum;

compare performance of pro-
tocted and unprotected solar
cells in space.
*AMR--Atlantlc Missile Range, Cape Canaveral, Fla.

PMR--Paciflc Missile Range, Point Arguello, Calif.
WI--Wallops Island, Wanops Station, Va.
Activities and Accomplishments--
The Details
CHAPTER 1
Launch Vehicles and Propulsion
During this reporting yeriod, NASA continued to press for the

launch vehicles and propulsion systems needed for the present and for
the next decade. Significant gains were made in the development of
large lqunch vehicles, in the development of more eflicient engines,
and in the upgrading of the launch vehicles currently employed.
LARGE LAUNCH VEHICLE DNELOPMENT

The large launch vehicles-Saturn I, Saturn I-B,and Saturn V
(fig. l . ) 4 e i h g developed will be employed initially for the manned
lunar landing program. They will be used for earth orbital and
rendezvous testing of the entire Apollo spacecraft, reentry testing of
POLL NCH
250'
i
SATURN v 200'
i
150*
inn*
Figure 1-1. Apollo launch vehicles.
706-017 0-63-3 19
the command module, and circumlunar flight testing; ultimately,

Saturn V will deliver the manned lunar excursion module of the Apollo
spacecraft to the surface of the moon. For missions further into
the future, NASA continued work on the Nova launch vehicle con-
cept and on launch vehicle technology studies.
Saturn I
The Saturn I, largest rocket ever flown by the free world, is a two-
stage vehicle being developed to place a 22,000-pound payload in low
earth orbit. It will be the first vehicle to boost the manned Apollo
spacecraft into earth orbit. Three totally successful test launches have
demonstrated in actual flight the structural integrity of the vehicle
design, the feasibility of clustering engines and propellant tanks, and
the adequacy of large vehicle control concepts. (A fourth flight_ also
successful, was conducted after the close of reporting period.)
The Saturn I development program is divided into two phases,
represented by two types of vehicles: Block I vehicles which have
live first stages (S-I) with dummy upper stages and Block II vehicles
which will have live first and second stages (S-I and S-IV).
The third consecutive successful test of a Saturn I Block I vehicle
was recorded on November 16, 1962 (fig. 1-2). For this flight the
booster carried a full propellant load of 750,000 pounds. At a maxi-
mum altitude of 104 miles, 95 tons of water in the dummy upper
stage were released in the ionosphere in continuation of the Project
High Water experiment. The test launch had several important flight
objectives, all of which were fully achieved, and the flight was termed
a complete success.
The _-I (First) Stage.--During the fall of 1"962, S-I stages for
the SA-3 and SA-4 flights completed two successful static test firings;
the cluster of eight H-1 engines, comprising the S-I stage, developed
1.3 million pounds of thrust during these tests. In addition_ a special
S-I, Block II test Stage was fired during the above period. This event
marked the first firing of a stage developing 1.5 million pounds of
thrust, which is the full thrust level of the Block II configuration with
eight uprated H-1 engines. This test helped lay the groundwork for
entering into the Block II phase of the program.
The S-I stage for the fourth Saturn flight (SA-4) was being readied
for shipment to the Atlantic Missile Range in early 1963.
Assembly of the S-I stage of the fifth Saturn vehicle_ which will
be the first to carry a live second stage, was completed ; the stage was
being readied for static firing (fig. 1-3).
-
LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 21
Figure 1-2. Test launch of Saturn I (Block I) November 16,1962.
The dynamic1 Block I1 vehicle (SA-D5) was assembled in the

dynamic test tower. It marked the first mating of a contractor-
produced s-IV stage with an s-I stage.
lFlight type nonpropulsive stage to be used in dynamic ground tests of the entire
vehicle conflguration. The stage is capable of being serviced with propellants, pressurized.
and drained; weight and center of gravity are identical with flight configuration.
22 NASA EIGHTH G E M I A " U A L REPORT To CONGRESS
Figuro 1-3. Assembly of S

Isfago of A f l h Saturn 1.
Assembly of the first stage ($1) for the sixth Saturn vehicle
(SA-6) was nearing completion. This will be the first vehicle to
carry Apollo spacecraft boilerplate configuration.
The first S-I stages (SA-8 and SA-10) to be contractor produced
at the Michoud plant in New Orleans, La., were in the subassembly
phase and progressing satisfactorily.
The S-IV (Second) Stage.-The first successful hot firing demon-
stration of the six R L l O engine cluster on the s-IV battleship stage
took place on August 17; the stage produced its full rated thrust of
90,000 pounds for 10 seconds. A full duration hot firing of 7 minutes
occurred on October 4.
Delivery of the fipst flight type S-IV stage (the dynamic test stage)
mas made to NASA during November (fig. 14). This stage will be
used for dynamic tests of the Block I1configuration.
L Y test stage with heavy-weight tankage used for engine flringa, propellant loadlng and
other testa requiring a margin of safety beyond that available with flight-weight tankage.
Tbia stage is primarily used for propulsion system tests.
LAUNCH VEEXICLEB AND PROPULSION 23
Figure 1-4. Delivery of S I V stage by barge.
The S-IV facility checkout stage3 was completed and is in the

I
f i n d portion of checkout before shipment to the Launch Operations
Center. A t LOC, it will be used to check out the LC 37 facility
before the flight test of SA-5, with the first live S-IV stage.
Completion of major assembly work for the first Block I1 flight
stage (SA-5) was accomplished during this report period. This
stage was in final assembly and will be shipped to the Sacramento
Field Station for acceptance testing in the spring of 1963.
Major structural assembly of the second S-IV flight stage (SA-6)
was completed during this report period, and initial assembly opera-
tions were begun on S-IV stages for SA-7, SA-8, and SA-9.
Saturn Z Facilities.-The modifications to the S-I area of the
Michoud plant in New Orleans, La., were about half completed. The
shipping and receiving dock should be completed in early 1963.
' A flight type, nongropulsive stage to be used in checkout of a static test facility or
to be used with t h e entire vehicle configuration f o r checkout of a launch facility. IThe
stage is capable of being serviced with propellants, pressurized, a n d drained.
The all-systems testing position of stand No. 2 of the Alpha complex

at the Sacramento Field Station was modified. Preparations were
being made for the first hot firing tests in the S-'IV all-systems pro-
gram which are scheduled for 1963.
Saturn I-B
After selecting the lunar orbit rendezvous mode to achieve the first
manned lunar landing with Apollo, NASA initiated development of
the lunar excursion module for Apollo.
To perform essential rendezvous and reentry tests of the entire
Apollo system (including the lunar excursion module) NASA ini-
tiated development of a modified Saturn vehicle with a payload capa-
bility of 50 percent more than the current Saturn I. This vehicle:
the Saturn I-By is a two-stage vehicle capable of placing the Apollo
spacecraft (command modul% service modul% and lunar excursion
module) in low earth orbit for systems testing and for rendezvous
testing.
The I-B vehicle is comprised of two stages already under develop-
ment in the Saturn I and Saturn V projects: the S-I (first stage)
and the S-IVB (second stage). Necessary modifications will be made
to these stages to meet the particular missions of the I-B.
The Saturn I-B development program calls for four developmen-
tal flight tests (designated as SA-201 through SA-204) beginning
in 1965. Each of the developmental flights will be made with live
first and second stages.
NASA completed design criteria and early preliminary designs
"for the two Saturn I-B stages. Also_ the agency began design and
procurement of long lead tooling for the S-IVB stage and made plans
for definitive contract negotiations.
S-I Stage.--The S-I stage will have a cluster of eight H-1 engines
(using liquid oxygen and kerosene) developing 1_500,000 pounds of
thrust. The proven functional hardware for this stage will be iden-
tical with that of the first stage of the Saturn I vehicle.
S-IVB Stage.--The S-IVB stage, being developed and produced
under contract, will have a single J-2 engine (using liquid hydrogen
and liquid oxygen) and will develop 200_000 pounds thrust. Only
functional changes and new interstage structures will be provided for
the S-IVB stage to accommodate the Saturn I-B vehicle mission
requirements.
Facilities.--Site preparation began on the new Beta complex at the
Sacramento Field Station:-- Construction work started in December_
and the first test stand should be available for testing of the S-IVB
stage in 1964.
Saturn V
The Saturn V (fig. 1-5) is the largest launch vehicle under devel-
opment in the free world. The vehicle will be approximately 280 feet
in height and when fully fueled will weigh 3,000 tons; it will have a
launch capability of 240,000 pounds. With the Apollo spacecraft it
will &and apprexirr?Etely 350 feet high. It is thc only -vehic!e now
being developed for a manned lunar landing mission.
Figure 1-5. Artist’s conception of Saturn V.
A Saturn V program flight schedule was fully coordinated between

spacecraft programs and vehicle programs. NASA expects to con-
duct the first development launch in 1966.
First Xtage (X-IC).-The first or booster stage, S-IC (fig. 1-6),
is to be 138 feet long and 33 feet in diameter. It mill have five F-1
engines, each generating 1.5 million pounds thrust, for a total thrust
of 7.5 million pounds. The dry weight (weight without propellants)
of the stage will be under 300,000 pounds; the propellant will weigh
approximately 4,400,000 pounds.
Technical review and evaluation of the contractor’s cost proposal
for the definitive long-term hardware contract was completed, and
the proposal was being negotiated at the end of tlic period. The con-
tract will provide for the design, development, hbrication, test, and
Figun 1-6. Cutaway of S I C stage of %?urnV.
evaluation of nine flight test stages and one ground test stage (sys-
tems checkout). The stage is to be manufactured and assembled at
the Michoud plant.
Second Stage (S-II).-During the period, NASA signed a defini-
tive contract for the design, development, fabrication, test, and evalu-
ation of nine flight stages, one dummy flight stage, six ground test
stages, and associated ground handling and support equipment for
the $11 (second stage). This stage (fig. 1-7) is powered by five 5-2
engines, each producing 200,000 pounds of thrust, for a total of
1,000,000 pounds. Acceptance tests of flight stages will be conducted
at the Mississippi Test Facility.
NASA placed major emphasis on completion of preliminary and
detailed designs; facility planning; procurement of special tooling
and test equipment to support the assembly operatiofis ; procurement
of components to support the test program for design verification and
qualification ; and procurement of hardware and initiation of fabri-
Figun 1-7. Cutoway of S-II stage.
cation for all ground test vehicles, one dummy, o r nonpropulsive,

flight stage and the first flight-test vehicle.
Thin? Strip <lC-IV2?!.-In Augxst, N-4s-4 amended B de!hitirre
hardware contract for the design, fabrication, and development test
of five ground test and six flight S-IVB stages, and associated ground
support and handling equipment. The contractor was requested to
submit a proposal for two additional flight stages and two dummy
stages. (The S-IVB stage is illustrated in fig. 1-8.)
Funding in the first half of fiscal year 1963 provided for detail de-
sign, facilities planning, and hardware procurment or three of the
five ground test vehicles and the first flight test vehicle. Structural
testing for qualification of components was carried out.
Instrumentation Unit.-An instrumentation unit will contain a
common guidance and stabilization system for all stages of the Saturn
V vehicle. This all-inertial guidance system will send commands to
the control systems for each of the vehicle stages. It will be a modi-
fication and improvement of the basic equipment developed in the
Saturn I program.
At the end of the reporting period, the contractors were working
on the structural and environmental systems and electrical networks.
UIAMCICK- -_...
L I W . am.
LENGTH- 59ft.
-
WEIGHT (unloaded) 21,000 Ibs.
PROPELLANTS -
Liquid hydrogenI- Liquid oxygen
ENGINE- 5-2
THRUST- 200,000 Ibs
Rgum 1-8. Cutowoy of the S-IVB stoge.
figum 1-9. Artist's conception of hydrostatic tort facility, Marshall Spaco Right Center.
Figure 1-10. Saturn V flnt stage test fmcility at Marshall Space Flight Center.
Also, NASA was acting to procure tooling and special test equipment
for the fabrication, assembly, and testing of instrumentatiop unit
components and systems.
FaciZities.-The hydrostatic test facility at MSFC was under con-
struction; NASA expects it to be completed by mid-1963, in time to
start assembly and test of the first Saturn V ground test vehicles (see
fig. 1-9).
Construction work was also proceeding on the west area test com-
plex, which includes the static test stand; NASA expects the com-
plex to be completed early in 1964 (see fig. 1-10).
Figure 1-1 1. Artist's conception of Michoud (Louisiana) plant.
Modifications to the Michoud plant were underway, with pilings

and foundations for the vertical assembly building complete; the
building construction began in December. The boring mill installa-
tion was completed. The first production effort at the plant should
begin in the fall of 1963 (see fig. 1-11).
I n other actions related to its facilities, NASA completed criteria
for the Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) test complex and made plans
to select a contractor for site preparation; proceeded with work on
the bulkhead fabrication facility at Seal Beach, Calif. (see fig. 1-12) ;
completed site preparation at the Santa Susana Facility; and went
ahead with modifications to the COCA 1 test stand (see fig. 1-13).
Advanced Vehicles
NASA's advanced large launch vehicle (or post-Saturn) efforts in-
clude: Nova and Advanced Nova launch vehicle system studies, reus-
able and/or recoverable launch vehicle studies, and launch vehicle
supporting technology work.
LAUNCH VEXICLES AND PROPULSION 31
* h s = . . - - u v -"u--
--
Figure 1-12. Artist's conception of bulkhead fubrication facility, Seal Beach, Calif.
Nova can be described only generally as a launch vehicle of con-

siderably greater capability than the Saturn V. Supporting studies
were conducted on advanced launch vehicle concepts as well as mis-
sion-oriented studies on lunar and planetary missions for very large
launch vehicles.
Studies of large launch vehicle recovery and reuse continued. These
included studies of auxiliary devices suitable for recovery of launch
vehicle stages already designed as well as of vehicle concepts in which
recovery and reuse is reflected in the original design.
NASA's launch vehicle supporting technology efforts seek to solve
technical problems faced by launch vehicles now being designed as
well as to advance the technology required to support design, develop-
ment, and manufacture of future launch vehicles.
figure 1-13. 5-11 static test facilily, Santa Surana, Calif.
ENGINE DEVELOPMENT
NASA continued developing the engines needed for its large launch
vehicles. These include the H-1, the F-1, the R L 1 0 , the 5-2, and
the M-1, all of which use liquid fuels and liquid oxygen. The H-1
and F-1 burn kerosene fuel; the other three burn liquid hydrogen.
The first four provide the power for various stages of the Saturn-class
vehicles. The M-1 will be used in the larger Nova-class vehicles. I n
addition to these, NASA supported efforts related to the solid propel-
lant motor program.
The Rl-10 A 3 Engine

The R L l O A-3 engine (fig. 1-14) uses liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen as propellants, develops 15,000 pounds of thrust, q d is
designed for use in both the Centaur and the S-IV stage of the Saturn
I vehicle. The Centaur will use two A 3 engines; the S-IV stage
will use six Ad's.
,-
e
Figure 1-14. RGlO A 4 engine.

In the intensive development program, RL-10 type engines have

had about 2,000 firings; and been run for a total of almost 70 hours.
As test experience increased, failures become less frequent; no failures
occurred during the 156 most recent predeclared tests which subjected
the preliminary flight rating test configurations to the equivalent of
100 full duration runs.
Extensive testing has proved the components: single injectors were
fired for a total of almost 4 hours; in more than 70 firings, thrust
chambers ran for a total of more than 31/_ hours; single hydrogen
cooled bearings lasted 71/_ hours; and single engines of one build ran
for a total of about 2 hours. In a particular test, a variable thrust
version of the engine demonstrated throttling down to 10 percent of
rated thrust.
A six-engine cluster of RL--10's was test fired in a battleship 4
version of the S-IV stage. Altogether, 10 test firings were conducted ;
2 of these were full duration tests, running approximately 62/_ minutes.
Approximately 60 engines were acceptance tested in Florida and
delivered to the NASA for ground tests and early flight tests. En-
gines for the first flight S-IV stage were delivered to the contractor
for installation in the flight vehicle.
The H-I Engine
The H-1 engine (fig. 1-15), used in a cluster of eight for the S-I
stage of the Saturn I, performed as expected during the third suc-
cessful Saturn I test. In this and the two previous successful launches,
the H-1 had a thrust rating of 165,000 pounds at sea level.
During the period the contractor-produced operational trial ver-
sions of the H-1 engine were tested and proved to be equal to those
previously manufactured by NASA. These engines will produce
188,000 pounds of thrust at sea level.
A development problem which remains is the possible need for a
more resistant material for the chamber tubes to withstand opera-
tions at the 188,000 pounds thrust level. A test program conducted
during this period should result in a decision on an improved material
during the next period.
F--1 Engine
During this period, the F-1 engine (fig. 1-16), designed to pro-
duce 1,500,000 pounds of thrust for the advanced Saturn V vehicles,
made satisfactory progress toward achieving operational status. The
major development problem outstanding at the end of the last re-
See p. 22.
LAUNCH VE.HICLES AND PROPULSION 35
Figum 1-15. H-1 ongino. .
Rgum 1-16. F-1 engino.

706-017 0-6-
porting period concerned the liquid oxygen pump; several explosions

had occurred. The trouble was caused in part by the test facility ; it
was successfully overcome by modifications to the piping of the test
stand, by increasing clearances to avoid rubbing between parts, and
by slowing the pump startup time.
The major problem remaining in the F-1 program is the phenome-
non known as combustion instability, which is characterized by pres-
sure oscillations in the combustion gas inside the engine. The result-
ing vibration can destroy the entire engine. Although combustion
instability has developed in only 7 of the 250 F-1 firings in the last
2 years, even this small incidence cannot be tolerated. Consequently,
major emphasis has been placed upon solving this problem. The
source of instability in liquid propellant engines has been the subject
of considerable research because most engines exhibit instability in
the early years of their development.
Ad hoc groups of industry, university and Government experts
were convened to advise on this problem and an intensive development
effort was undertaken to provide a solution.
It is expected that this problem will be solved on the F-1 engine,
just as it has been solved for all other liquid propellant engines in
use. It is not expected to delay the lunar program activities.
Despite these problems, engine testing continued at a high rate.
Two hundred and sixteen engine tests were completed by December
31, including six runs at full thrust level and duration.
The testing phase of the F-1 engine is scheduled to culminate in
a preliminary flight rating test during the latter part of 1963; the
F-1 can then be considered suitable for use in experimental vehicles.
Work was started to manufacture 76 engines for use in the Saturn
V vehicles.
NASA let a contract to start construction of three new test stands
at the Edwards Air Force Base; these are required for engine de-
liveries scheduled to start in mid-1963, and for the expanded develop-
ment and production effort. These stands are scheduled to be available
for use in 1964.
The J-2 Engine
The J-2 engine (fig. 1-17) is a 200,000-pound thrust liquid

hydrogen-liquid oxygen engine, which is to be used in the upper
stages of Saturn vehicles. A single J-2 is used in the S-IVB stage
of the Saturn I-B and Saturn V vehicles, and five J-2's are clustered
in the S-II stage of the Saturn V.
Testing of the J-2 engine systems continued at an accelerated rate.
Approximately 130 full-scale engine tests were made. The highlight
figure 1-1 7. 1-2 engino.

of the period was the accomplishment of two full duration (approxi-

mately 250 second) engine tests, completed during October. These
tests followed the successful solution to the engine start sequence
problems encountered during early 1962. The engine start problems
included stalling of the hydrogen pump (failure to maintain con-
' tinuous flow). The addition of a gas-driven starter turbine system
and a modified start sequence provided continuous flow without pump
stall during a start.
A development problem recently encountered was the high side load
caused by the jet separating from the walls of the 27 : 1 expansion
ratio nozzle during sea level starts. These loads would be trouble-
some in vehicle ground testing even though they would not exist with
the low back pressure of the space environment. The contractor
was investigating several mechanical and aerodynamic solutions to
this problem.
M-1 Engine
NASA's program for the 1.2-million-pound-thrust M-l liquid
hydrogen engine was initiated in April 1962. The M-l (fig. 1-18)
was conceived to take advantage of the current state-of-the-art, and
to be developed quickly for incorporation in the upper stages of Nova-
.,.*--,
Figure 1-18. M-1 engine.

class launch vehicles. Following the decision to use lunar orbit

rendezvous for the first manned lunar flights, the M-1 engine program
was modified to develop an engine suitable for a later Nova flight date.
This allows a longer, more orderly development program at lower
funding rates in the initial stages; also, the new schedule will result in
a more advanced engine of higher performance and greater flexibility
for different missions.
A mechanical testing program was initiated on pumps of the ap-
proximate scale., _,x ,1.^
w._ M-I. The .v_._
_. _.,e.y1 large /k4,.,, _.,_.1
:_.1. -_-_o,
,.jv,_vor
and the mandril necessary for furnace brazing of the tube wall chamber
were fabricated. Through its contractor, NASA began assembly of
a thrust chamber on the mandril and construction of the large engine
stands and component facilities necessary for testing this extremely
large engine. The stands were progressing on schedule.
Large Solid Propellant Motor Demonstration Program

Through a series of NASA-DOD meetings held during the report-
ing period, the two agencies formulated a large solid propellant motor
program to be managed by the Air Force. The plans call for con-
tractors to fabricate several "half-length" motors, 20 feet in diameter
and 60 feet long, that will generate 3 -:n:
....... on pounds of thrust for about
2 minutes. Subsequently, a single contractor will be selected to pro-
duce solid motors, of the same diameter but twice as long, to produce 6
million pounds of thrust.
Additionally NASA completed a series of study programs during
the period. Also, through its contractors, the agency investigated the
following matters related to large solid motors: (1) noise patterns
generated during launching by clusters of solid rockets delivering up
to 20 million pounds of thrust; (2) reliability aspects of large solid
propulsion boosters; and (3) potential methods of fabricating large
diameter rocket chambers and ability of available machines to produce
them.
LIGHT AND MEDIUM LAUNCH VEHICLES
NASA continued making use of the Scout, Delta, and Thor-Agena/

Atlas-Agena launch vehicles during this period. In addition, the
agency took steps to intensify work on the Centaur vehicle, and the Air
Force continued modifying the Titan II as the booster for the Gemini
program.
Scout
Four additional Scout (fig. 1-19) launches, two each from Wallops
Island and the Pacific Missile Range, took place during the reporting
period. One of these, a reentry experiment, was partially unsuccessful
Figure 1-19. kou? launch vehicle.

due to a delayed third stage ignition. The other three launches were
orbit attempts and were completely successful.
In the reentry experiment from Wallops Island, the uprated first
stage motor was successfully flown for the first time. A secondary
experiment--recording boundary layer aerodynamic noise levels of the
structures of the first two stages as they were exposed to the atmos-
In the other launch from Wallops Island, the vehicle placed the
S-55B, Explorer XVI, micrometeoroid satellite into orbit. An aero-
dynamic noise level experiment was successfully completed on this
launch.
The other two launches were of DOD spacecraft from PMR which
achieved the desired orbits.
During this period a horizontal type launcher installation, similar
to that at PMR, was initiated at Wallops Island. This will meet the
training requirements of a NASA-Italian Memorandum of Under-
standing. In addition, it will provide the facilities for the increased
launch requirements resulting from the Air Force-NASA decision to
limit launch sites for Scout to Wallops Island and PMR. And it will
also provide the capability for the AEC launch requirements for five
reentry type experiments.
Thor-Delta
During the reporting period, Delta (fig. 1-20), continuing its role
as one of the Nation's most reliable launch vehicles, placed five more
satellites in earth orbits: On July 10, Telstar I; on September 18,
TIROS VI; on October 2, Explorer XIV; on October 27, Explorer
XV; and on December 13, Relay I. The record of consecutive Delta
launch successes was extended to 14, with the initial Delta launch in
May 1960 the only failure to date.
The overall reliability of the Delta vehicle and the completely suc-
cessful launching of the improved version during this period have
assured a continuing role for it in the NASA space programs.
Agena
The Thor- and Atlas-Agena program had the following activity and
progress during thisreporting period:
Additional Lunar Launvh.--Aflas-Agena Ranger V was launched
from the Atlantic Missile Range on October 18_ 1962. Subsequent
launches are planned in this lunar exploration program, after the
completion of an intensive investigation aimed at increasing space-
craft and launch vehicle performance reliability. (See chap. 3,
"Scientific Investigations in Space.")
42 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT M CONGRESS
I
I
Figure 1-20. Delta launch vehicle.
Interplanetary Xpace Exploration LazLnches.-T’wo Atlas-Agena ve-

hicles were launched from AMR to explore planetary and interplane-
tary space in the neighborhood of Venus. The first of these launches,
Mariner I, was launched on July 22,1962. This vehicle was destroyed
by the range safety officer after about 5 minutes of flight when the
vehicle deviated in trajectory because of erratic steering commands.
The second Atlas-Agena launch, of Mariner “11, took place on
August 27, 1962 (fig.1-21). Vehicle performance was such that the
LAUNCE VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 43
Mariner I1 spacecraft was injected successfully into a trajectory well
within its midcourse correction capability to achieve the near-approach
to Venus.
Scientific SateZZite Lazllzches.-The Alouette, the joint Canada/
United States venture to explore the upper ionosphere, was launched
on September 28 from PMR by a Thor-Agena booster. This launch
was the first NASA Thor-Agena launch. The vehicle performed
Figure 1-21. Atlas-Agena Iounth of Mariner II.

satis_factorily and injected the Canadian-built spacecraft into an orbit

extremely close to that desired.
Agena D.--As reported in NASA's Seventh Semiannual Report_
the U.S. Air Force and NASA have agreed on the development of an
advanced version of the Agena B, called the Agena D. NASA, after
a vigorous study program, scheduled the introduction point of the
Agena D for the various NASA missions. Based on these schedules,
the first NASA Agena D will probably be flown on the POGO mission
in early 1964.
Standard Atlas Space Booster.--The U.S. Air Force and NASA
also agreed on the development of a standard Atlas space booster.
This vehicle will be designed to improve countdown and flight reliabil-
ity, increase mission flexibility_ and reduce launch site turn-around
time. Because of the planned use of this vehicle, NASA and the
USAF will share the development costs equally.
Atlas-Centaur
Atlas-Centaur (fig. 1-g2)_ this country's first launch vehicle using

liquid hydrogen as a fuel_ will send Surveyor to the moon and the
advanced Mariner B to the near planets. It will also have other future
satellite and space probe missions. In addition, the liquid hydrogen
technology being developed for Centaur will support the development
of high-energy upper stages for future launch vehicles including the
Saturns.
During the previous report period_ the first development launching
of Atlas-Centaur ended in structural failure of the vehicle after 54
seconds of flight. An intensive investig_ttion of the flight and develop-
ment program indicated that the most probable cause of the flight
failure was breakup of the weather shield, just below the nose cone,
because of unexpectedly high aerodynamic forces in that area. The
investigation also indicated that Centaur could be developed into a
reliable and efficient vehicle, but that additional efforts would be re-
quired from both NASA and the contractors.
Since the Marshall Space Flight Center was fully occupied with the
vital task of developing the Saturn vehicles for the manned lunar pro-
gram, the management of the Atlas-Centaur project was transferred
to the Lewis Research Center in October 1962. This transfer made pos-
sible additional effort on Centaur by the Lewis Research Center,
which was already well versed in liquid hydrogen development.
Under intensified guidance, additional ground tests were incor-
porated into the development program, including several tests of com-
LATJNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 45
Figure 1-22. Aflar-Contaur.
plete flight Centaurs in the unique dynamic and altitude facilities

available at the Lewis Center. To support the added ground testing,
R flight Centaur mas diverted from the flight test program to ground
testing. This delays the next development 1e.unchuntil mid-1963, but
allows intensified ground test efforts immediately.
Atlas-Centaur is expected to launch test Surveyors in late 1964 and
full soft-landing Surveyors to the moon in early 1965.
Gemini Launch Vehicles
A modified version of the Air Force-developed Titan II will be used

as the primary launch vehicle for Project Gemini. Changes will in-
crease reliability and astronaut safety.
Critical components of the Gemini version of the Titan II, such
as the malfunction detection system, were scheduled for flight testing
on Air Force Titan II ICBM's during the developmental program.
Fifteen Titan II's were being procured for the Gemini program
through the Air Force.
The Gemini target vehicle will be a suitably modified Agena D.
]t will be boosted into earth orbit by an Atlas. NASA was having
the Agena modified to include capability for multiple starts, so that
the rendezvous maneuver can be performed. The agency was also
adding a radar transponder to send signals to the Gemini spacecraft.
Eight Agena target vehicles were being developed and procured for
the program.
TABLE 2.--NASA launch vehicles, Dec. 31, 1962
Payload
Vehicle Stages Principal use

345-mile orbit Escape Mars/
Venus
_cout .............. Launching small scientific satellites and

probes (Explorer).
Delta .............. 800.............. 120 ........ Launching scientific, meteorological, and
communications satellites (TIROS
Orbiting Solar Observatory, OSO-1
Ariel, Telstar I and Relay).
rhor-Agena B ..... 2 I_00 ............................. Launching scientific and applications sat.
ellites (Echo n, Nimbus, Polar Orbit-
ing Geophysical Observatory).
ktlas D ........... 1 (t) ................. Launching manned Mercury spacecraft.
ktlas-Agena B ..... 2_ 5, 000 ............ 750 400 Launching heavy scientific satellites
lunar and planetary probes (Ranger,
Mariner).
atles-Centanr ..... 8p 500 ............ 2,300 1,300 Launching heavy unmanned spacecraft
for lunar soft landers (Surveyor).
_aturn I (formerly 2 20, 000 (15,000 ................. Project Apollo.
Saturn C-I). without
restart
capability).
_aturn I-B 28, 500 ............................. Project Apollo.
(formerly
Saturn CIB).
]aturn V 220, 0_ .......... gO, 000 70, 009 Project Apollo.
(formerly Ad-
vanced Saturn
C-5
Pitan II ........... 7, 000, 87/161 ................. L_unching manned spacecraft (Gemini).
elliptical
orbit.
t Only NASA application is Project Mercury--2500 pounds in 114-mile orbit.

CHAPTER 2
Manned Space Flight
NASA continued to achieve si_m___ificantresults in all aspects of its

manned space flight program. Noteworthy gains were made in the
development of manned spacecraft and in the activities related to
manned space flight support.
MANNED SPACECRAFT DEVELOPMENT
In the sequence of manned spacecraft development, NASA made

further progress toward the immediate goal of a lunar landing and
return during this decade and the long range goal of preeminence in
space. This progress included achievements in Project Mercury, the
Mercury 1-day mission, Project Gemini, and Project Apollo.
Project Mercury
The third manned orbital flight of Project Mercury occurred on
October 3, 1962, with Astronaut Walter Schirra in spacecraft Sigma
7 (fig. 2-1). The major objective of the flight was to evaluate the
performance of the man-spacecraft system in a six-orbit mission.
The mission was successful in every respect. Lift-off occurred at
approximately 7:15 a.m., e.s.t. Both the launch and the insertion
into orbit, by the Atlas-D boo._t_r w_re p_rf_._; apogee and p__rigee of
orbit were 174.6 and 99..36 miles, respectively. The flight accomplished
nearly six full orbits, and landed in the planned recovery area near
Midway Island in the Pacific Ocean at 4:28 p.m., e.s.t.
During the flight, Schirra experienced a weightless condition for
about 8½ hours and found that it had no noticeable effect on his
performance. He carried out extended periods of drifting flight,
checked out the spacecraft control system periodically, took photo-
graphs of terrestrial features, performed visual yaw-alinement ex-
periments, and ate and drank during the mission. Throughout the
flight, Astronaut Schirra adhered very closely to the flight plan, and
his performance greatly increased confidence in the feasibility of
future long-duration manned missions.
Retrofire occurred on time, and computed data indicated that the
spacecraft would land within the predicted recovery area. The pilot
actuated his drogue parachute near the 40 thousand feet level as
planned. Recovery forces had been tracking the spacecraft by radar
and had the unique experience of actually watching the Sigma 7
47
Figum 2-1. Astronaut k h i m being arsiskd into Sigma 7.
descend and splash in the water. The spacecraft landed about 4 miles
from the aircraft carrier, Kearsarge. The carrier picked up the
spacecraft, with the pilot still in it, 40 minutes after landing.
Despite certain minor problems encountered during the flight
(overheated suit circuit during the first 1%orbits; reduction in qual-
ity of air-to-ground voice transmission), this was the most successful
Mercury mission to date. It provided the added experience needed
for the next in the series-the “One-Day Mission.”
The One-Day Mission
The “One-Day Mission” will provide the opportunity to acquire es-
sential data on human reaction to an extended period of weightless-
ness. It will also serve to better evaluate spacecraft systems and the
Mercury range network. The knowledge gained will be directly ap-
plicable to Gemini and Apollo.
The “One-Day Mission” will employ a modified Mercury spacecraft.
The modifications consist of increasing the quantity of life-supporting
consumables (oxygen, food and water) and changing certain equip-
ment as indicated by Mercury experience. The flight plan for the
One-Day Mission provides for considerable periods of drifting flight
to cunserve attitude control fuel and electrical power.
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 49
The spacecraft is to be launched from Cape Canaveral_ utilizing

the Atlas launch vehicle. After launch_ the spacecraft should orbit
the earth for a period up to 34 hours_ reenter and land in a target
area of the Pacific Ocean. The network support program consists
of the existing Mercury networlq modified to extend the tracking
and data acquisition facilities.
After tlm successful MA-8 mission, NASA decided to fly only one
One, Day Mission. Consequently_ one mission (MA-9) is scheduled,
with two backups. At the, clo_ of the repo_rting period, two space-
craft were in the process of systems test, assembly, and checkout at
Cape Canaveral; a third was in storage_ to be used if necessary.
A portion of the One-Day Mission project of particular significance
is the mission simulation, called Project Orbit. Here, a complete
production spacecraft is "flown" in the simulated vacuum and tem-
perature of an earth orbi h for any length of time desired. The space-
craft systems duplicate a flight vehicle and are exercised as they would
be in actual flight. The mission simulation was designed to test flight
subsystems_ and to establish a high level of confidence in their per-
formance. This testing helped to fix and confirm the new design of
a thruster for controlling the spacecraft attitude; it also helped to
establish reliable figures for use of consumables during a one-day
mission.
Plans call for launching the manned One-Day Mission spacecraft
during the second quarter of calendar year 1963. The accomplish-
ments of this mission should determine the advisability of subsequent
Mercury flights prior to initiation of the Gemini program.
Project Gemini
Project Gemini will employ a two-man spacecraft to study the
effects of weightlessness in long-duration space flights, and to develop
the orbital rendezvous technique. The project will consist of a series
of long-duration missions, followed by a series of rendezvous missions
in earth orbit. For the long-duration missions_ the Gemini spacecraft
willbe put into an earth orbit for periods of 1 week or more and return
to a land recovery site within the continental United States. The
rendezvous missions will be 2-day flights for the Gemini spacecraft.
For the rendezvous missions, the target vehicle (a specially modi-
fied Agena-D) will be put into orbit first; its orbital pattern will be
accurately determined by ground tracking radar stations. Then the
Gemini spacecraft will be launched to perform rendezvous. Rendez-
vous of the spacecraft and target vehicle can be accomplished by
commanding orbital changes of either. Final docking (joining) of
the two vehicles will be under the manual control of the astronauts;
there will be no transfer of men or materials from spacecraft to target.
Twelve flight missions were scheduled for the Gemini Project. The
first launch in the first quarter of 1964 will be an unmanned flight.
Its mission will be to obtain data on the heat protection system of the
reentry vehicle, and also to obtain launch vehicle and spacecraft
structural and system data. The first manned orbital flight is sched-
uled for 1964. The first rendezvous mission is scheduled for 1965.
In later missions, the reentry trajectory of Gemini spacecraft will
be controlled by the astronaut. A paraglider (triangular shaped
wing mounted on inflatable booms) will be used for the actual landing
of the spacecraft. The spacecraft will be suspended beneath the para-
glider by cables which the pilot can mechanically control to maneuver
and land at a preselected site.
The two-man Gemini spacecraft is based largely on Mercury tech-
nology. However, new subsystems must be developed for the ex-
tended flights and for the necessary maneuvering in space.
Many problems experienced in Project Mercury were avoided in the
design of the Gemini spacecraft. For example, Gemini was designed
to allow quick access to subsystems, permitting checkout_ repair_ and
replacement of these subsystems quickly and easily. The spacecraft
has aircraft-type ejection seats and an inertial guidance system with a
radar unit. This guidance system provides the information neces-
sary for carrying out the rendezvous maneuver; it provides informa-
tion for controlling the spacecraft to a predetermined recovery site;
and it serves as backup in the event of failure of the Gemini launch
vehicle guidance system during launch. Another new feature in
the spacecraft is a fuel cell which will serve as a primary electrical
power source during orbital flight.
The Project Gemini contract calls for the development and pro-
duction of 12 spacecraft_ of which 3 will be refurbished for reuse.
During this period_ the contractor's effort was directed toward de-
signing, developing and constructing the spacecraft, its subsystems,
and the paraglider; and toward the associated tests.
In August, a full-scale mockup of the spacecraft was completed.
Other milestones reached during this period included successful tests
of the dual ejection seats and flight tests of the one-half scale para-
glider. Design drawings of the spacecraft were released in October
and assembly of the first spacecraft was begun.
The Gemini launch vehicle_ a Titan II, was being modified to
increase reliability and astronaut safety. These modifications include
incorporation of radio guidance in place of the Titan II guidance

system, development of a malfunction detection system to allow astro-
naut abort, addition of a redundant control system, and development
of special checkout equipment and test facilities.
Development of the Gemini launch vehicle (and its subsystems)
progressed satisfactorily; the present development rate will allow
delivery of five vehicles in fiscal year 1964. Work also proceeded
satisfactorily on the vertical test facility for integration and checkout
of
- electrica!, hydraulic, -_,,d
....................
ma,_hQn;,_Q1 _,,k ....j.......
+.... _,.ese are to be
, +1,
completed during 1963.
The eight Atlas D vehicles, which will be used to boost the Agena D
target vehicle into orbit, will be procured through the Air Force. The
final design criteria for the modification of launch pad 14 to accept the
Atlas-Agena vehicle for the target launches were completed.
The specially configured Agena D target vehicle--which NASA is
procuring through the Air Force Space Systems Division--was being
designed and components developed. Development of the multiple
restart propulsion system and subsystems peculiar to the Gemini was
progressing satisfactorily.
Also being worked on were such items as the development of bioin-
strumentation, pressure suits, survival kits, and food and waste man-
agement systems; study contracts in the areas of rendezvous and
guidance; and astronaut abort simulations.
Operational support efforts during the period were directed toward
planning trajectories for the long-duration and rendezvous flights;
also, plans were made to train personnel to be used as flight controllers.
To meet the recovery operational needs, NASA was seeking to de-
termine recovery procedures; testing spacecraft landing systems;
designing prototype recovery equipment; and procuring handling
equipment, retrieval equipment, and the electronic location aids.
Design and initial development of mission simulators, the docking
simulator, and spacecraft system trainers for flight crew training were
in progress.
With the spacecraft_ itself, Project Gemini moved further into its
construction and production phase. Assembly work continued on
three boilerplate spacecraft, four static test units, and two production
spacecraft (fig. 2-2). To date, four boilerplate spacecraft were com-
pleted and delivered for test; spacecraft tooling was nearly complete.
Work was started on assembly of the first Gemini Launch Vehicle
(fig. 2-3). And construction work was started to modify launch
complex 19 at the Atlantic Missile Range to accept the Gemini launch
_ohicle.
706---017 0--63-------5
52 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT "0 CONGRESS
Figure 2-2. Gemini rpacecmh.
Figure 2-3. Titan II, Gemini launch vehicle.

MANNED SPACE F'LIGET 53
Work on spacecraft subsystems was progressing well. The first
rendezvous radar was completed and undergoing tests. Two proto-
types of the digital command system were delivered to the s p a w m f t
contractor. The docking equipment and structural configuration were
almost completely designed and drawings were being released.
Project Apollo
During the report period, Project Apollo work advanced signifi-
c?ntly in the major amas of mission planning, critical procurement
contracts, spacecraft design, system development, and support devel-
opment. As a result of the studies and analyses noted in the previous
report, the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) technique for the Apollo
mission was selected over the technique for a direct flight to th0 moon.
This selection channeled'the project efforttoward h a 1 design of the
LOR mission spacecraft and definition of the LOR mission elements.
Flight M h w n Planning.-The Apollo flight mission incorporating
lunar orbit rendezvous requires the development of an Apollo spm-
craft composed of three elemen-the mmmand module, the service
module, and the lunar excursion module (LEM) ,*shownin figure 24.
Figure 2 4 . Apollo spacecraft showing threo modules.

NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
M_TED SPACE FLIGHT 55
The sequence of events required to accomplish the lunar mission is

shown in figure 9-5. The three-module spacecraft will be launched
by a Saturn V vehicle. From an earth orbit the spacecraft will be
accelerated on a trajectory to the moon by the last stage of the Saturn
V vehicle. After a 21/_-day journey, the spacecraft will be injected
into an orbit around the moon. Two of the three-man Apollo crew
will transfer to the lunar excursion module and will descend to a pre-
determined area on the moon's surface. The third astronaut will
remain in i)lle commana modtue, whmu win continue _, ,r,it
._ __t. the muu,
_.... L.
Following an exploration period, the two astronauts will return to
the LEM, launch the LEM into lunar orbit, and accomplish rendez-
vous and docking with the orbiting Apollo command module. When
the docking maneuver is completed, the two men will reenter the com-
mand module. The LEM will be left in lunar orbit. The Apollo
crew will then activate the service module's propulsion system for the
return flight to earth. Just before reentry into the earth's atmos-
phere, the service module will be jettisoned. The precise timing and
angle of reentry will enable the Apollo crew to bring the spacecraft to
a safe landing in a predetermined area.
Gommand Module and Service Module Development.--NASA se-
lected the prime contractor to design, develop, and fabricate the
Apollo spacecraft command and service modules. In addition to
developing these modules, this contractor is responsible for the inte-
gration of all modules into a complete spacecraft.
During the report period, preliminary design of the command and
_rvi_ modules was _mp!eted. Tb_ree deve!opmental comma.nd
modules were released from manufacturing. The first module was
delivered to NASA in August and underwent flotation and seaworthi-
ness testing (fig. 2-6). A second module was completed in October
and was undergoing extensive land- and w_ter-impact tests at the con-
tractor's plant (fig. 9.7). The third developmental command module
was completed in December and was shipped to E1 Centre for fight
tests to develop the parachute and landing systems of the spacecraft.
In December, a detailed mockup (fig 2-8) of the command module
was completed and subjected to preliminary review by NASA for
internal and external axrangement.
Much of the activity during the report period involved testing the
basic conceptual design and designing subsystems. Extensive wind
tunnel tests were completed to determine the aerodynamic character-
istics of the various Apollo spacecraft configurations. The launch
escape system design was simplified by using a fixed thrust lateral
firing "kicker rocket" in place of the originally planned thrust vector
control system. The environmental control system was simplified
56 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT To CONGRESS
Ftgum 2-6. Flotation hstfng of a command modulo.
t
1
L-- I_._ ~.
-_ I-I_ --
Figure 2-7. Command module undegoing land impact ksts.

7- I - - '
z I
Figure 2-8. Detailed mockup of command module.
by converting from a mixed gas to a pure oxygen a t m q h e r e ; this

resulted in increased reliability.
The service module propulsion system tank capacities were in-
cmzwed tc, allcrw greater operatimal flexibilit.?. The command rr?diu!e
reaction control system thrusters were changed to match those of
Project Gemini. The first firings of the launch escape system motor
and the first cluster parachute drop were made in December. Initial
deliveries of flight R. & D. instrumentation equipment were made to
support the first planned Apollo spacecraft flight tests.
Major ground and flight test programs were planned for the A p l l o
project. These included structural tests, thermal tests,vacuum leak-
age tests,propulsion tests,and individual and combined systems tests.
The initial flight test plans to evaluate the launch escape system
performance, both off -thepad and during flight, were established.
The flight-abort tests will use Little Joe I1 (fig. 2-9), test launch vehi-
cles; the tests will be conducted at the White Sands Missile Range.
NASA completed negotiations with the Department of Defense for
use of the range and establishment of a remote propulsion development
facility at White Sands. The agency also completed a definitive con-
tract for delivery of four Little Joe I1 solid rockets, two launchers,
and the required ground support equipment.
figure 2-9. LIMOJoe II launch vehicle.
Guidance and Navigation System for the Lunar MiSsiOn.-Design

and development of the guidance and navigation system continued at
the Instrumentation Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, During the reporting period, MIT began the final de-
signs of the command rq-dule guidance and navigation equipment
to be used for the first series of Saturn-Apollo tests. These designs
cover the inertial platforms, the guidance computer, and the optical
subsyshms. Also, initial studies to define the LEM guidance systsm
were in progress. Wherever possible_ identical equipment will be

used in both the LEM and the command module.
Lunar Excursion Module.--NASA released the request for pro-
posals and the specifications for the lunar excursion module (the last
major spacecraft module contract necessary for the development of
the complete Apollo spacecraft) and completed evaluation of indus-
trial proposals for its development. In December_ the agency sub-
stantially completed contract negotiations for the development and
manufacture of +h_se m,_rl,_la_ and _h_ _,_,_.n .... _.... +
The LEM development by the contractor is expected to lead to a
detailedconfiguration definitionby the end of 1963. Concurrent with
these design studies_NASA will selectsubcontractors and undertake
development work on criticalcomponents and portions of the hard-
ware. These include subsystems required for environmental con-
trol_ stabilization and control_ propulsion_ electrical power_ and
communications.
Astronaut Selection and Training

During September_ NASA selected nine additioaal astronaut can-
didates to enter the flight crew training program in preparation for
possible flight assignments in Gemini and Apollo. The agency picked
these men from the Nation's top jet test pilots through a comprehensive
screening program. Subsequently, it initiated a Gemini training pro-
gram for them. Classes and familiarization courses were conducted;
and the design and manufacture of trainer% simulator% and mockups
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT SUPPORT
NASA continued to progress in its activities designed to support

manned space flight. Achievements during this reporting period
concerned the integration and checkout program_ systems studies and
systems enginearing_ and space medicine.
Integration and Checkout
The integration and checkout program is an across-the-board effort

to insure overall integration_ reliability assessment, and checkout for
all elements of the Apollo project. The integration aspect seeks to
insure compatibility of the Saturn V launch vehicl% the Apollo space-
craft and the ground operational support system with each other.
The reliability aspect covers assessing the reliability and safety levels
being achieved from initial planning through flight and .recovery.
Checkout encompasses the whole of the preflight testing program,
verification, of the operational flight readiness of the Apollo space

vehicle_ inflight checkout_ and lunar takeoff checkout.
NASA is obtaining technical services and engineering assistance
for this program through contract. This work was divided into a
study phase and an implementation phase. The study phase_ during
which plans for the integration analysis_ reliability assessment, and
checkout for the Apollo system were developed_ was concluded early
in October. Subsequently_ the contractor was authorized to imple-
ment these plans. This phase of the effort was underway as the pe-
riod ended_ and will continue for the life of the Apollo project. The
contractor will also conduct further studies and analyses and will
furnish specified checkout equipment.
Systems Studies and Systems Engineering

Since the last report_ NASA has significantly expanded its systems
studies and systems engineering activities in support of manned space
flight programs. Primary emphasis has been directed toward Project
Apollo.
The first major step taken in defining the Apollo system was the
analysis of exhaustive studies conducted to determine the preferred
technique (or mode) for achieving the Apollo lunar landing mission.
In July_ the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) mode was recommended;
the LOR selection was reaffirmed in October_ upon completion of fol-
low-on mode studies.
The next step in the synthesis of the Apollo system is the develop-
ment of the overall Apollo system specification. This specification
procedure_ initiated during the reporting period_ will define the require-
ments for all elements of the Apollo system before and throughout
its development. The first specification document is expected to be
issued early in 1964; thereafter_ quarterly revisions are planned. Ac-
tivities .in this period related to the Apollo specification procedure
included the establishment of a weight control authority for allocating
launch vehicle and spacecraft weights; development of reliability and
system test plans; definition of environmental hazards; and definition
of scientific mission requirements.
For post-Apollo manned space flight missions_ studies were under-
taken to define mission objectives, requirements, and preliminary sys-
tem specifications for a lunar logistic system_ manned lunar base_
manned space station_ and manned planetary missions.
Space Medicine
Space medicine programs provide operational medical support for
flight crews, conduct studies, and develop and test life support and
_'_'ED SPACE FLm_ 61
other medical systems. The flight of MA-8 in October indicated the

success of these programs. 1
Throughout the Mercury flights, medical data obtained from the
sensing devices revealed no significant physiological abnormalities
which could be attributed to flight. Life support systems concepts
and components were demonstrated to be valid and reliable. No prob-
lems stemming from weightlessness were encountered. Medical sup-
port of the astronauts and of the ground activities connected with
No significant biomedical changes will be required for the One-Day

Mission. However, the capability of the environmental control sys-
tem was extended for the One-Day Mission requirement.
The Gemini and Apollo flight requirements represent needs for
either new concepts and systems or the extension or improvement of
these concepts and systems which were applied and tested in Mercury.
Among these is the requirement for a new pressure suit for Gemini
to provide increased mobility and comfort for the astronauts during
extended flight time and extravehicular operations. The first models
,, ,1, ......
............. -, ......,_,_d_.,_r_d
1-_^ ^ during'_" u,_ ....l_purtmg
- "- p_rlod.
-- " Also, invi-
rations to bid for development of life support umbilical lines for
extravehicular operations were processed.
Similarly, a suit adapted to extravehicular wear and lunar explora-
tion will be required for the Apollo lunar mission. A development
contract for this item was signed in the last quarter of 1962.
Associated with the development of the extravehicular suit are pro-
iecte_ eontraet, s for n rmanbl_, |i_ .q,mnnrf system to nrnvirlo oYonr-
stun capability, a device to evaluate the effectiveness of the environ-
mental control system, and a miniature pressure suit controller.
Purchase requests on the last two items were also processed during this
reporting period. Additionally, a subcontractor was selected to pro-
vide a portable life support system with a 4-hour exct_rsion capability
and rechargeable from the lunar excursion module.
Other spacesuit contractual efforts initiated during this period in-
clude arm and leg disconnect assemblies, an automatic pressure suit
test console, development of full-pressure suit gloves, and pressure
suit glove disconnects.
The greater accelerative forces which will be encountered in Apollo
continued to be a matter of medical concern. This concern led to a
contract for a universal, integrated couch restraint system and a pro-
posal for work on a multidirectional force attenuation device for crew
The aeromedleal analysis of this flight is on pp. 23-26 of the "Results of the Third
I_nlted States Manne@ Orbital Space Flight, October 3, 1962," Manned Spacecraft Center,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Superlnten_en_ of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Illus., 120 pp., price 70 cents.
restraint-support systems. Studies on the effects of acceleration and

impadt were begun at the Navy's Aviation Medical Acceleration and
Aviation Crew Equipment Laboratories, at the Air Force Aerospace
Medical Research and Aeromedical Field Laboratories, and at the
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Also, NASA contracted for
special studies of X-rays of the human spine under load and of the
heart and lungs during exposure to forward acceleration.
The development of new spacesuits and the requirements for more
effective restraint and support systems and greater protection against
extreme heat and cold led to studies on new materials, insulating fab-
rics, and closure devices.
The extended flight times of both Gemini and Apollo require fur-
ther attention to problems of atmosphere, food_ and waste. Contracts
in these areas initiated during the reporting period include an at-
mosphere validation program, development of a galvanic oxygen par-
tial pressure sensing cell, an electrodialysis system for the removal
of carbon dioxide_ and studies on waste control. In addition, con-
tracts for atmospheric studies were completed.
Radiation studies, related initially to Apollo flights, are directed
toward a better understanding of the bioeffects from proton and elec-
tron radiation; toward shield design criteria; toward a detection sys-
tem to measure and evaluate shield performance; and toward devel-
opment of dosimeters.
A need for refinements in biomedical instrumentation for Gemini
and Apollo led to the initiation of work on the development of long-
term electrodes for extended space flight, the development of minia-
ture biomedical recording and miniaturized blood pressure measuring
systems_ and a biomedical recorder for laboratory use.
CHkPTER 3
Scientific Investigations in Space
IJsing Iwmxmned scFientXc vehicles 1 h stndies of geqhysics and
astronomy and in investigations of the planets, NASA’s space science

program achieved several noteworthy firsts during the period covered
by this report. To match this technological progress in the Nation’s
space program, the agency also planned biosatellite studies needed to
pave the way for the more extensive uses of outer space for peaceful
purposes.
STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

The United States launched the Canadian-built geophysical satellite
Alouette I (fig. 3-1) from the Pacific Missile Range at 11p.m., Pacific
time, September 28 (2 a.m., est., September 29). Alouette was de-
signed to measure electron density (fig. 3-2) in the ionosphere at alti-
tudes abqve about 200 miles and to study variations of such density
Figum 3-1. Canadian-built geophysical raterlite Alouette.

63
Rgum 3-2. Aloueito moosums 01sc)ron donshy 200 milos abovs L o ooA.
with time of day and latitude. (Electron density is the important

factor in radio and radar communications.)
The 320-pound spherical spacecraft-42 inches in diameter and 34
inches high-was the first designed and built by a nation other than
the United States or the U.S.S.R. It was NASA's first near-polar
orbital launch, and the agency's first launching of a satellite from the
rest coast.
Alouette also represents three-way international cooperation in space
science: Canada designed and built the satellite; the United States
mated the satellite with the launch vehicle, performed acceptance tests,
launched and tracked the satellite; and the United Kingdom operated
telemetry stations at Slough (England), at Singapore, and in the
South Atlantic.
The spacecraft was extremely successful. Its experiments trans-
mitted valuable data to Canadian scientists on the complex conditions
in the ionosphere over the arctic and subarctic regions of Canada.
Preliminary results were being shared with the United States and
the United Kingdom to provide quick feedback to related experiments
planned by the participating countries. Scientific data will be re-
leased as soon as they can be analyzed.
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE 65
Explorer XIV
Explorer XIV (fig. 3-3), launched on October 2, was designed to
continue monitoring trapped radiation belts during the period of de-
creasing solar activity and, more importantly, to monitor solar cosmic
rays to determine what hazard they can be expected to represent for
i r m r ~ s dflights h the ,!po!!o progmm. In &Won, the spacecraft
Figure 3-3. Artist's sketch of Explorer XIV.

66 NASA EIGHTH SEI_IANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
gathered important information about artificial radiation resulting

from the Starfish high-altitude nuclear burst of July.
The satellite---an octagon-walled platform surrounded by an octagon
housing--weighed 89 pounds and was 27 inches in diameter and 51
inches long. Its highly eccentric orbit, extending 61,000 miles out
from the earth and approaching within 175 miles of the earth, carried
it through several important regions in space. The spacecraft
measured radiation in the Van Allen belts. It also went beyond these
radiation belts and gathered data on solar cosmic rays. Explorer XIV
also collected data on solar winds, the extent and direction of the
earth's remote magnetic field, transient magnetic fields associated with
plasmas, and on primary cosmic radiation from outside the solar
system.
Explorer XV
Explorer XV (fig. 3-4) was launched on October 27 as a project of

highest priority to measure the intensity and rate of decay of artificial
radiation trapped in the earth's magnetic field resulting from a high-
level nuclear blast on July 9 (fig. 3-5). This information is vitally
needed by the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of
Defense to understand phenomena of the nuclear test, and by NASA
to determine radiation levels and assess related changes that must then
be made in its unmanned spacecraft. Such data are also needed to
evaluate the nature of hazards of manned space flight.
The spacecraft, octagon-shaped like Explorer XIV, weighed 100
pounds. It was launched in an orbit inclined 18 ° to the Equator with
an apogee slightly short of 11,000 miles and a perigee of about 194
miles. Explorer XV was needed because similar satellites already in
orbit were not capable of securing the data it was designed to measure.
All experiments functioned well. However, since the spin rate of
the satellite remained at 73 r.p.m, rather than slowing to a planned rate
of 10 r.p.m., some data were affected adversely.
Explorer XVI
The 16th Explorer--weighing 232 pounds, or more than twice either

Explorer XlV or XV--was launched on December 16 to determine
whether micrometeoroids could penetrate the thin metal surfaces of
spacecraft orbiting near the earth.
Explorer XVI's instruments were designed to investigate micro-
meteoroid puncture hazards to the skin of the spacecraft; to measure
particles having different momentums; and to compare the perform-
ance of protected and unprotected solar cells.
Figure 3 4 . Checking out solar cells of Explomr XV.
706-017 0-63---6
10,360
MILES
C----lO,OOO MILES+
Figure 3-5. Orbiting Explorer XV penetrates manmade radiation belt.
Sounding Rockets
NASA also launched 40 sounding rockets during this report period
to gather basic data about the near-earth environment and to test in-
struments for future earth satellites, space probes, and manned flights.
Other sounding rockets, carrying grenades and sodium vapor for
experiments, were used in studies of wind velocities, temperatures,
and physical properties of the atmosphere.
Project High Water

Among these launchings, on November 16, was a second Saturn
experiment involving the release of 95 tons of ballast water a t a height
of 100 miles-a 50-percent increase in height over the previous Saturn
water release. (See Project High Water, Seventh Semiannual Report
lo Congress, p. 50.)
A cloud formed from this Saturn S A 3 test spread outward for 4
seconds, lasted 8 seconds, and disappeared. Data from photographs,
radar, and radio observations are being analyzed. (The importance
of this test is that, contrary to expectations of some experts, no major
disturbance was created.)
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATI01_S I1_ SPACE 69
LUNAR AND PLANETARY PROGRAMS
NASA, on October 18, launched Ranger V--latest in a series of

unmanned spacecraft designed to gather information about the moon
and cislunar space. (Earlier Ranger flights were detailed in the
Seventh Semiannual Report to Uongress, pp. 50-53.)
The 727-pound Ranger was successfully launched in a parking orbit
and subsequently injected into a lunar trajectory. About 38 minutes
after injection the solar panel power failed, leaving the spacecraft to
function on battery power alone. Since the batteries were not de-
signed to supply power for a complete mission without assistance from
the solar panels, communication with the main spacecraft transmitter
was lost after 10 hours of flight. Midcourse guidance corrections
were not performed and the objective of lunar landing of a survivable
instrument package was not achieved. Instead, the spacecraft went
into orbit around the sun.
A board of inquiry, composed of experts from NASA, the Air Force,
and industry, was set up to investigate the spacecraft's failure and to
review all phases of the Ranger program. The board concluded that
the Ranger concept was basically sound: since Mariner II, which
completed the successful Venus fly-by, was based on the Ranger series.
However, the group recommended certain improvements that could
contribute to the increased flight reliability of the forthcoming Ranger
VI. Accordingly, NASA is subjecting Ranger VI, the next space-
craft in the series, to exhaustive tests to prove out the vehicle for
.............. _,.,_ ...... _ scheduled for early 1963---
is expected to be delayed several months.
Surveyor Lander
]_Ieanwhile, the agency moved forward in developing a spacecraft
able to soft-land on the moon, as it began fabricating a proof-test
model of Surveyor Lander (fig. 3-6).
Surveyor Lander, in addition to serving as a lunar research labora-
tory, will determine suitable landing sites for Project Apollo astro-
nauts and gage the damage that meteoroids could cause to their space
suit_s and the outer skin of the spacecraft.
First of the 17 flight missions of this craft--a vehicle of 2,100
pounds gross weight to be launched by Centaur--is tentatively sched-
uled for early 1965.
Surveyor Orbiter
A derivative of Surveyor Lander, using many of its components
and subsystems, is Surveyor Orbiter, which is under consideration as
the country's first lunar satellite.
Figum 3-6. Model of Surveyor lander.
During the report period studies were made of possible shapes for
the spacecraft, and its performance in relation to gross weight was
analyzed.
Placed into close orbit about the moon, Surveyor Orbiter would
serve as a lunar reconnaissance system and a long-lifetime environ-
mental monitor. Its stereo TV cameras could provide broad-area
surveys of the moon’s surface. Combined with Surveyor Lander
in an operational team, Orbiter could help in selecting landing sites
for unmanned and manned spacecraft.
Pioneer and Mariner

Supplementing its other extensive investigations of interplanetary
space, NASA established a new program to provide Pioneer space-
craft to monitor areas between the planets during the International
Quiet Sun Year.
The first Pioneer is planned for launch by a Thor-Delta vehicle
early in 1964. Weighing about 110 pounds, the satellite is designed
to measure solar plasma, magnetic fields, energetic particles, cosmic
dust, and other interplanetary characteristics.
8
EARTH
DEC. 14
OV. !
/ / MARINER II PASSES _ _%
/ NOV.
OCT. 1
OCT. 1
SEPT. I
VENUS AT SEPT. i LAUNCH

LAUNCH AUG. 27 AUG. 27
--'ARTH AT
Rgure 3-7. Mariner II Venus fly-by.
For unmanned exploration of nearby planets and their environs_ the

agency successfully launched the second in the ]_fariner series on
August 27; this spacecraft flew by Venus at a distance of 21_594
miles (fig. 3-7).
The 450-pound Mariner II_ orbited by an Atlas-Agena B e carried
about 40 pounds of scientific instruments designed to supply sig-
nificant data on Venus and the space surrounding it.
Before its rendezvous with that planet on December 14, the satellite
transmitted over 5 million scientific data points. Its plasma probe re-
vealed a steady "solar wind" at 250--450 miles per second; a cosmic
dust detector indicated that meteoritic particles in space were less
numerous than near the earth.
Instruments giving temperatures at the planet's surface and at
heights above the surface performed as designed, but these data re-
quire reduction before temperature values can be assigned.
A new record for long-distance communication in space was set,

when data was transmitted about 36 million miles at the time the
spacecraft encountered Venus and for several days after it passed the
planet. The previous record for long-distance communication had
been held by Pioneer V-22.5 million miles on June 26,1960.
Mariner I, carrying the same payload as Mariner I1 for a Venus
fly-by attempt, was deliberately destroyed when it went out of control
about 5 minutes after lift-off on July 22.
Voyager
A tentative design of the Voyager spacecraft for orbiter-lander
missions to Mars and Venus is expected by late 1963. The first
launching of a satellite of this type by a Saturn-class vehicle is
planned for the latter part of the decade.
BIOSCIENCE PROGRAMS
A major objective of NASA’s bioscience programs is to develop
instruments to be flown on Mariner, Surveyor, and similar spacecraft
in search of extraterrestrial life forms on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and
other planets.
I- A /-.
,/// %,
Figure 3-8. Infrared spectrophotometer.

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN" SPACE 73
Attempts to detect living matter by Mariner must be delayed until

Mars is at its nearest point to earth (about 85 million miles) in 1964_
1966_ and approximate alternate years thereafter. In the meantime
bioscientists will concentrate on space probes_ balloons, and ground-
based laboratory research in their investigations of outer space
organisms and studies of the origin of life.
Ultraviolet Radiation and Infrared Studies
In the laboratory, mixtures of the earth's primeval gas were exposed
to ultraviolet radiation. Scientists believe that ultraviolet radiation
could have supplied the energy for chemical synthesis of life-related
substances in the early history of the world. The studies are related
to investigations of the possibility of life c n other planets.
A test flight of a balloon carrying an infrared spectrophotometer
(fig. 3-8) for use with a 36-inch telescope (fig. 3-9) was completed.
Plans were made for a stratospheric air sampler to be carried by a
balloon to an altitude of 100,000 feet in February 1963. At that
height free from the earth's atmosphere_ an infrared study of life-
related compounds on Mars will be made.
Upper Atmosphere Microbes

In July a balloon flight in warm, turbulent" weather to investigate
the possible "seeding" of life between the planets revealed the presence
of a large number of pigmented organisms at an altitude of 65_000
feet.
A second balloon flight during October at the same altitude in a
mass of polar air detected very few of these organisms (fig. 3-10).
Apparently the number and type of bacteria, fungi, and pollen in
the earth's atmosphere (particularly the stratosphere) vary greatly
with meteorological conditions as gases do.
Investigations of Extraterrestrial Life

Several new devices to research extraterrestrial life were under
investigation. One would use ultraviolet radiation_ which is rapidly
absorbed in most forms of matter, to indicate the presence of bio-
logical molecules in outer space.
Substantial advances were made in developing two other life-
detection devices. One, a miniature biological laboratory called the
"multivator', was equipped with a sample gatherer and a sensitive
photomultiplier tube. This device is housed in an aluminum cylinder
about the size of a man_s forearm less his hand. The other, a radioiso-
tope biochemical probe (fig. 3-11) _ is a remote life sampler about the
size of a candy jar and weighing only 11_ pounds. The system uses a
74
r
NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 3-9. Telescope combined with infmred spectrophotometer.
tethered projectile to capture the sample and draw it into a growth

medium containing sugar labeled with radioactive carbon ((3").
Organisms ferment the sugar and produce carbon dioxide gas; a
radiation counter measures the C'" in the gas, telemetering the data
to earth.
SCIENTIFIC I"ESTICATI0NS IN SPACE 75
NASA also continued to press for the recovery of scam meteorite

samples to be examined for evidence of extraterrestrial life. It
awarded funds to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to set
lip 1.2 carnwa. triangdatior- ce-ters comring wide m?w of South
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Iowa, and Texas.
Teams will recover fragments of meteorites from this multistate
fireball detection network for microscopic examination and subtle
chemical tests to determine whether small objects in them resembling
fossils of small primitive plants are genuine fossils.
Space Environmental Biology
Q u a l in importance to developing life-detection instruments to be
flown on spacecraft exploring the moon and the other planets are the
agency's investigations of the effects of outer space stresses, such as
weightlessness and radiation, on living organisms.
Future biosatellites will provide the means to study sub- and zero-
gravity, life cycles freed from earth's rotation, and other unique
features of the outer space environment. I n the interim, extensive
ground-based research is being undertaken to simulate this environ-
ment in experiments with various life forms.
Effects of Magnetic FieZds.-Laborabry studies were continued on
the effects of very high and very low magnetic fields on man.
~-
Figure 3-1 1. Advanced model of radioisotope biochemical probe.
Water for Planetary Life Forms.-Permafrost and freeze-thaw

cycles made some water available to several types of bacteria (Escheri-
chia coli and Aerobacter) that subsequently grew in this severe en-
vironment, demonstrating how limited amounts of water are supplied
planetary life.
Mannude Atmospheres for Spacecraf t.-Extensive studies were
m,ade of algae to produce oxygen, food, and water from astronauts’
waste products. Bioscientists concluded that this biological system
appears feasible for future use aboard space vehicles.
I n addition, investigations were continued on sugar cane, corn, and
sunflower leaves as generators of oxygen in the manmade atmosphere
of the spacecraft.
Bioengineering for Space Exploration
The adjustments of simpler organisms it0 magnetic fields, radiation,
weightlessness, and other stresses of outer space, as simulated in the
laboratory, are helping bioiogical engineers assure that man will be
able to adjust to these hazards in space and to survive in an artificial
environment.
Synthetie Diets.--Volunteer prisoners are now testing chemically

defined synthetic diets previously tested on several generations of rats.
One cubic foot of these diets (including 50 percent water) will supply
2,000 calories a day for a month.
Medical research into possible dietary uses in diseases caused by
nutritional factors is also being undertaken.
Advanced Instrumentation.--Bioscientists are carrying on research
with electronic device implants in studies of the physiology and
psychological responses of monkeys and other animals.
These wireless instruments--permanently implanted in test ani-
mals--stimulate the subjects from a distance and telemeter data by
remote control.
Another sophisticated instrument is a microscopic system using
polarized light that permits Observations of movements and processes
in cells such as protoplasmic streaming. Research had formerly been
limited to photographs from the electron microscope.
In addition_ recording devices and measuring systems for orbital
flights are being developed to study day-night biological rhythm in
insects and small mammals.
Behavioral Biology
Investigating ways in which man and other life forms adjust to arti-
ficial and extraterrestrial environments, NASA, in September_ broad-
ened its bioscience programs to include the biological science of be-
havior. The new program will concern itself with such biobehavioral
prablems as information storage and retrieval in living _y_ems,
biocommunications, and sensory, pel_eptual, and motor processes.
CHAPTER 4
Applications Programs
NASA's applications programs, which include meteorological sys-

tems, communications systems, industrial applications, and future
produce results beneficial to mankind.

Meteorological and communications systems progressed. Another
TIROS meteorological satellite was launched and began to transmit
weather data. The Telstar satellite demonstrated that a low-altitude
active communications satellite is feasible. And the Relay active
communications satellite was launched and placed into orbit.
NASA also expanded its industrial applications program and be-
gan investigating future applications satellites.
METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEMS
NASA extended its series of successful TIROS launches, progressed

with developmentaa work on Nimbus, conducted advanced satellite
studies, and continued its meteorological sounding rocket program.
TIROS
On Q^_*^_'_-_
_'_t' ......... 18 ,h
_.e q_Tp_
...... VI _...cteoro.._.cal
1_; _tellite
(fig. 4-1) was launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral by a Thor-
Delta vehicle. This was the sixth launch, without a failure_ of this
series_ which had its first launch on April 1, 1960. (Since then,
TIROS satellites have been launched as follows: TIROS II, Nov. 23_
1960; TIROS III_ July 12_ 1961; TIROS IV, Feb. 8, 1962; and
TIROS V_ June 19, 1962.) Since the initial launch, a TIROS satel-
lite has been in orbit transmitting usable and valuable meteorological
data almost continuously--except for one period of 5 months and
another of about 2 months.
TIROS V and VI were still transmitting valuable meteorological
data at the end of the report period. The average useful lifetime of
the first four TIROS satellites was a little over 5 months. TIROS V
exceeded this lifetime during the report period, and TIROS VI was
approaching it at the end of the period. Having the same operating
equipment as TIROS V and supplying the same coverage, TIROS VI
79
80 NASA EIGETH SEMIANNUAL REPORT To CONGRESS
Figure 4-1. TIROS VI meteorological satellite.
was launched in September so that it would “see” the Northern Hem-

isphere during the second half of the period of maximum hurricane
activity. Like its predecessor, TIROS V I was launched into a more
highly inclined orbit than were the first four TIROS satellites. (Its
orbital elements : apogee, 4-40 statute miles ; perigee, 428 statute miles ;
inclination, 58.28” ; and period, 98.7 minutes.)
During the report period, TIRO V I transmitted 156,772 meteoro-
logically usable pictures. These were utilized in connection with 4,665
cloud cover analyses, 708 special satellite storm advisories, and 280
APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS 81
adjustments to analyses prepared by the U.S. Weather Bureau's Na-

tional Meteorological Center. The satellite observed and tracked 10
hurricanes and 21 typhoons.
NASA plans to continue the TIROS project by launching five ad-
ditional R. & D. satellites during 1963 and 1964. These, plus two addi-
tional TIROS to be funded by the Weather Bureau, are planned to
insure the availability of meteorological satellite data until such time
as the capability of the Nimbus R. & D. satellite is reasonably proved.
Nimbus
Because of the inclination of its orbit and because it is space oriented

(faces the earth only part of the time), TIROS provides limited geo-
graphic coverage. Nimbus, on the other hand, will be launched into
a near polar orbit at a greater altitude and will be earth oriented; that
is, it will be pointing towards the earth during its entire orbit. It
therefore will provide greater coverage than TIROS. (Additional
details on Nimbus are presented in NASA's Seventh Semiaz_nua_ Re-
port to Congress, chap. 4.)
During the period major subsystems of Nimbus underwent proto-
type environmental testing (fig. 4-2). Scheduled for 1963 were
spacecraft prototype and flight modei testing, assembly and testing
of the sensory ring, and, finally, the first spacecraft launch (late in
the year).
Advanced Satellite Studies
NASA -"_;_v.._._.u_,A_;_°_,,,._°_"'i;
.... v.. the ..........._o;_,;1;_3.
of _° s3,nchronous (24-
hour orbit) meteorological satellite. The objective: Observations of
weather systems such as tornadoes, thunderstorms, and squall lines
which have lives too brief to assure viewing by the Nimbus-type satel-
lite. A synchronous satellite, for example, might have a camera that
is directable on command so that it could be used to follow and keep
under essentially constant observation any meteorological system.
Research work continued to be performed on advanced systems to
assure constant and improved worldwide coverage of atmospheric con-
ditions that influence meteorological patterns. One result of such
work is the Automatic Picture Transmission Subsystem (&PT). Al-
though originally designed for Nimbus, APT may receive its first
flight test on a TIROS satellite during 1963. When operational, the
APT subsystem will enable meteorologists at properly equipped
weather stations to obtain some high-quality local cloud pattern photo-
graphs when the satellite is within a 1,700-mile range of a receiving
station.
82 NASA E I G H T H SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Figure 4-2. Environmental tests of major subsystems of Nimbus model.
NASA continued its research efforts directed a t meeting many other

advanced satellite requirements. For example, a TV camera that can
“see” at night would greatly enhance the picture-coverage capability.
S n d data acquisition and analysis techniques must be improved to
speed the data to the maximum number of users in its most usable
form.
Sounding Rockets
Meteorological sounding rockets (large and small) are used to ex-

plore the atmosphere at altitudes above the operating range of balloons
(100,000 feet) and below the effective observational altitude of satel-
lites (100 miles).
Large Meteorological Sounding Roe_ets°--The large meteorological
sounding rocket systems, which measure the atmosphere generally be-
tween altitudes of 25 to 120 miles, use solid-propellant rockets of the
Nike-Cajun type with three payloads: grenades, sodium vapor, and
pitot-static tubes.
In November and December, coordinated launches from Wallops
Island, Va, and Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, involved 11 ex-
periments (7 grenade, 3 sodium, and 1 pitot-tube). Seven of these
provided measurements of the atmosphere between 25 and about 120
mDes. The grenade and pitot-tube experiments covered the region
from 25 to 60 miles, and the sodium experiments that from 45 to
about 120 miles, providing comparative data between 45 and 60 miles.
The December launches were also coordinated with sodium experi-
ments in Italy, France, Australia, Argentina_ and Algeria.
NASA planned about 35 experiment.__---predominantly grenade and
sodium--to be launched during 1963 from Wallops Island and Fort
Churchill, and possibly a site in the lower latitudes. The objective:
To provide research data on the effect of latitude on the structure of
the upper atmosphere.
Small Meteorological Sounding Rockets.--Small meteorological
_ounding rockets are being used to explore the atmosphere from 20 to
about 40 miles. They are of the Arcas and Loki type which, at apogee,
eject chaff, parachute, inflated sphere, and bead thermistor sensors.
The bead thermistor sensor measures temperature; the other three,
wind velocity. The inflated sphere can also be used to measure density.
About 40 small meteorological rockets were successfully launched
from Wallops Island during the report period. Some were launched to
develop, test, and improve techniques and capabilities for measuring
the atmosphere. Others were launched in a cooperative effort with the
Army, Navy, and Air Force to provide range support and synoptic
data for upper atmosphere meteorological research from a network
of nine stations.
NASA planned to launch about 100 small meteorological rockets
from Wallops Island during 1963.
706-017 0----63-------7
84 NASAEIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
NASA continued its work toward the development of active com-
munications Satellites---those that carry a power supply, receive a
signal from a ground transmitting station, amplify it, and retransmit
it to a ground receiving station. As part of the program to examine
alternative systems proposed for communications satellites, NASA
also continued its studies of passive satellites--those which reflect a
signal from a ground transmitting station to a ground receiving
station.
In addition, NASA has been assigned responsibilities under the Com-
munications Satellite Act of 1962.
Active Communications Satellites
NASA launched the low-altitude satellites Telstar and Relay, pre-

pared the synchronous altitude satellite Syncom for launch early in
1963, and initiated studies on an advanced synchronous altitude satel-
lite. (Operating altitudes for communications satellites are classi-
fied as low or intermediate--up to 12,000 miles--and synchronous--
22,300 miles.)
Telstar.--On July 10 NASA launched Telstar (illustrated in fig.
4-3) for the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Telstar demon-
strated the feasibility of using a low-altitude active repeater satellite
as a communications device. It transmitted transatlantic TV in
color, as well as in black and white. Transatlantic telephone con-
versations were held and teletype messages sent via the satellite. Data
and facsimile transmission was also accomplished, and much useful
information was telemetered from the scientific instruments carried
on board.
In addition to launching the satellite, NASA established environ-
mental test specifications, provided orbital data_ and procured the
launch vehicle. A.T. & T. financed the design and construction of
the spacecraft and the ground stations in the United States. NASA
and A.T. & T. joined in processing the data to support research and
development on the spacecraft and ground systems.
On November 23, 1962, after 137 days of operation, Telstar stopped
functioning as a communications device because of a failure in the
command decoder. (It was returned to working order after the end
of the report period.)
Relay.--On December 13, NASA launched Relay (fig. 4-4), its
low altitude active communications satellite, which differs from Tel-
star in configuration and technical characteristics. The launch, from
Cape Canaveral by a Delta vehicle_ achieved an elliptical orbit close
k__
Figum 4-3. Tolrtar I communications satellik.
to that desirei (apogee, 4,623 miles; perigee, 822 miles; inclination,

4'7.48"; period, 185.1 minutes). (Relay and its supporting ground
stations are discussed 'in NASA's Sixth-chap. S a n d Seventh-
chap. &semiannual Reports to 00ngress.)
It became evident soon after launch that Relay's power supply
voltage was too low to operate the communicationssystem. Investiga-
tions to determine t.he cause of this low power continued to the end
86 NASA EIGBTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS I
Figure 4-4. Relay communications sakllik.
of the report period. (After the period had ended, repairs from the
ground made Relay operational, and it accomplished its first trans-
atlantic television and telephone exchanges.)
fipOont.-Work progressed on Syncom (fig. 4-5), NASA's syn-
chronous altitude active communications satellite, which was sched-
uled to be launched during the first quarter of 1963. Operating at an
Figum 4-5. Syncom synchronous communications sakllih.
altitude of 22,300 miles, Syncom will achieve .a velocity around the

earth corresponding to the rotational speed of the earth on its axis.
A satellite at this altitude, if in equatorial orbit, would appear to
remain stationary above a point on earth immediately below the space-
craft. Since its orbit will not, however, be equatorial but inclined,
Syncom will appear to wander somewhat to the north and south of
the equator. (For further information on this satellite, see NASA’s
Sixth and Seventh Sern&n.nml Reports to Congress.)
Adztanced Synchronm8 Altitude Satellite Studies.-During the
period, NASA let a contract for the study of problems associated
with the development of an advanced synchronous-orbit communica-

tions satellite. The systems of this advanced satellite would be com-
patible with all current types of common carrier communication lines,
permit simultaneous murtiple station access to the satellite, offer in-
creased time of availability, and have larger communications capacity
than the Syncom satellite. A decision to proceed with this advanced
concept will be made after the study is completed.
Passive Communications Satellites
Typical of passive communications satellites is Echo I, launched

August 12, 1960, and still in earth orbit though in a somewhat
wrinkled condition. (This satellite is described in NASA's Faur$h
Se_rdannual Report to Gangress, chap. 2.)
NASA continued developmental work on Echo II, a larger, more
rigid successor to Echo I. Having a diameter of 135 feet and weigh-
ing 500 pounds, Echo II is constructed of a laminate of aluminum
and mylar 0.00075 inch thick. It will carry an inflation system
designed to produce sufficient pressure to cause the satellite to take
on a permanent set and not tend to return to its earlier folded v_ondi-
tion, with resulting surface irregularities, when the gas pressure drops.
In a test flight conducted on July 18, an Echo II balloon was
launched into a ballistic trajectory and successfully inflated, but radar
returns indicated that the inflation did not produce a smooth reflecting
sphere. Studies were being made to determine the best way of meas-
uring the relationship between inflation pressure and radar scattering
characteristics of the satellite.
Echo II was scheduled to be launched from the Pacific Missile Range
in the first half of 1963.
Passive communications satellites developed to date have been
limited in communications bandwidth (for ground stations of prac-
tical, achievable size). The reason: The radio cross section of the
satellite (dependent on and varying with its physical size) has been
small for the weight in orbit when compared with what is desirable
for practical communication. NASA therefore began a program to
design and develop materials and structures capable of substantial
improvement in the ratio of cross section to weight.
Communications Satellite Act of 1962

The Communications Satellite Act of 1962, passed by Congress on
August 31, is important for the eventual establishment of an opera-
tional communications satellite system. Under this act NASA is to
advise the Federal Communications Commission and the State I)e-
partment on technical matters, cooperate in research and development
with the corporation established by the act, and furnish--on a reim-

bursable basis--satellite-launching and associated services.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
NASA's industrial applications program has as its objectives to

........_d_n_i_j
and ca ta_!og new_
_ ideas and innovations resultin_u from the
space program, to disseminate these to industry_ and to encourage
industry to use them. The program may result in improved manu-
facturing processes, new materials and procedures, solutions to in-
dustrial problems, and reduced manufacturing costs.
To assist in this program, an Industrial Applications Advisory
Committee (its membership is listed in app. F) was created in August
1962. The committee is (1) to aid NASA management in transferring
to industry new scientific and technological knowledge resulting from
NASA's research and development programs_ and (2) to recommend
methods for the identification, retrieval, evaluation_ and dissemination
of innovations having a high potential for industrial applications.
The ideas and innovations will come almost entirely from NASA
Centers and their contractors. Industrial applications officers were
therefore desigmated at each Center and Operations Office to conduct
the program at the sub-Headquarters level.
The Midwest Research Institute initiated a pilot study effort on
behalf of NASA to disseminate some of the technical information
gathered and to determine the reaction of industry to the industrial
applications program. Exploratory dissemination meetings, held in
16 Midwest industrial communities, were well received by industry.
Followup contacts made at these meetings are being conducted.
A procedure was initiated for handling and evaluating the ideas
and innovations arising from the Centers and their contractors. Pro-
cedures for more detailed evaluation and for dissemination of the
information were under development during the report period.
FUTURE APPLICATIONS SATELLITES
NASA undertook studies to explore the possible use of earth satel-

lites for (1) improving the navigation, of nonmilitary ships and air-
craft and (2) collecting data from remote locations.
Navigatien
To study the need for better navigation of nonmilitary ships and
aircraft, NASA initiated a project that involves the following:
(1) Establishing the navigation requirements of various classes
of craft, such as merchant shipschydrographic and oceanographic
survey vessels, fishing vessels, and commercial aircraft.
(2) Considering nonsatellite navigation methods and tech-

niques now available or under development, to determine the
extent to which these will satisfy the requirements.
(3) Determining how the use of earth satellites can contribute
to improvements in navigatiom
The information obtained from this project will provide a basis
for (1) determining the suitability of utilizing or perhaps modi-
fying the Navy transit navigation system for nonmilitary appli-
0 cations and (2) deciding whether development of a system
designed specifically to meet civilian requirements should be
considered.
Data Collection by Satellites
Proposals have been made that earth satellites be used to collect data
from remote locations and, i_ some cases, to locate the positions of
the sensors. Examples are oceanographic data from floating buoys,
meteorological data from balloons or automatic weather stations,
cosmic ray data from high levels of the atmosphere, and tsunami warn-
ing information (on tidal waves resulting from seismic disturbances
of the oce_._ floor).
NASA planned a study to identify potential users of data collected
in this manner and to determine the magnitude of the collection job.
This investigation will be followed by a feasibility and design study
preparatory to development of the satellite system, if justified.
CHAPTER 5
Advanced Research and Technology
NASA -----
tS_bl-l'l_tJL
_ UIJ:
..........
_b GOllll)l't_ll_ll_l
'.... :....
Y
_uv=._d
_...... research -- -' "--'-
_I, IJLU
_ll-
nology program that included work in space power technology, space

vehicle systems, spacecraft electronics and control, aeronautical re-
search, biotechnology and human research, and advanced propulsion
systems (non_ucle_r).
SPACE POWER TECHNOLOGY
NASA advanced its space power technology program, which is

concerned with spacecraft power systems deriving their energy from
solar or chemical sources. Such systems have a wide range of re-
quirements--from a few watts to tens of kilowatts and from durations
of nfinufes to many years. No single sy_em will meet all of these
requirements; therefore NASA continued its studies on s_veral oom-
piementary methods of energy conversion, storage, and control.
During the report period, work w_s conducted on solar cells, therm-
ionic power converters, a multikilowatt solar power system, batteries
for space applications, advanced fuel cells, an internal reciprocating
engine, and complete power systems.
Solar Cells
NASA exImaded its research on the thin film solar cell to develop
materials which will reduce the cost of solar power systems, improve
the mechanical properties of solar cells, and make practical solar-
cell power systems of kilowatt sizes.
The agency continued its studies of damage (particularly electron
dam_tge) to solar cells from changes in the space radiation environ-
mont. NASA researchers demonstrated that, with proper design,
solar cells will operate for years in the radiation belts.
During the report period NASA shifted the emphasis from accu-
mulating engineering data on damage rates and shielding to develop-
ing improved cells. An example is the so-called drift-field solar call.
Analytical studies showed that, under radiation damage, this device
could have a lifetime 10 times greater than that of the best present
devices. Ex_periments confirmed the basic concept. It now seems
possible that solar cells can be developed which will be more resistant
91
to space radiation than other common semiconductor devices used in

spacecraft electronics.
Thermionic Power Converters
NASA researchers carried on a systematic study of the materials

and plasma physics properties of thermionic power converters, static
devices which directly convert heat energy to electric energy. The
purpose: To provide information needed to develop high-efficiency,
long-life converters.
Development continued on an advanced power system which, by
thermionic converters, converts heat to electric energy from sunlight
focused by a parabolic mirror. This work reached an important
milestone when a prototype flight-weight system was tested at Table
Mountain, Calif., and delivered over 40 watts. This is twice the out-
put thus far obtained for other systems of this size (using a 5-foot-
diameter mirror).
The mirrors for such a system present many difficult requirements
since they must be light in weight yet perform with high optical accu-
racy. NASA continued its work on the technology of producing such
mirrors. The first phase of this program was successfully completed
with the development of 5-foot-diameter rigid nickel-electroformed
and 32-foot-diameter petal-type aluminum honeycomb mirrors.
Both sizes were subjected to launch-environment and various optical
tests. A complete survey of space mirror technology was conducted
as the basis for planning future research.
Multikilowatt Solar Power Systems
Work continued on the development of a multikilowatt solar power

system using a turboalternator for power conversion. In this system
solar energy is used to boil mercury; the mercury vapor driving the
turbine is condensed and returned to the boiler.
Component development testing continued. The rotating unit com-
pleted a test of about 2,500 hours; failure resulted from a buildup
of corrosion products in the mercury loop. Tests were started to
develop methods of trapping the corrosion products to achieve longer
life.
The other major components, except the radiator, passed significant
tests during this period. Fluid dynamic problems forced a redesign
of the radiator based upon different principles of heat rejection.
Completed studies of a jet-spray condenser, useful in zero-g, provided
valuable data for consideration in this redesign.
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 93
Batteries for Space Applications

Battery work during the period included a complete survey of space
battery testing programs and preparation of a battery applications
handbook. The objective: To acquire needed engineering data on
space battery characteristics and limitations. This knowledge was
extended by deta_i!ed battery-failure testing studies.
NASA extended its materials studies on improved battery sep-
arators, a weak element in space batteries. The advanced silver-
cadmium sealed cell was packaged for space applications and demon-
strated on three satellites. This battery provides lower weight and
nonmagnetic properties that are highly desirable for many scientific
satellites.
Development progressed on a series of space-type silver-zinc bat-
teries and larger sealed nickel-cadmium batteries. In particular,
improved cases and electrode binders were developed for space
applications.
Advanced Fuel Cells

NASA continued work on advanced fuel cells, whidh have signifi-
,cant possibilities for manned missions. The agency developed an
improved method of product water removal from hydmgeaa-oxygen
fuel cells, The result: Potential reductions in system complexity and
hence improvements in reliability.
Internal Reciprocating Engine

Developmental work continued on an internal reciprocating engine
to be used for some space missions of relatively short duration or where
mechanical power may be desired. The reactants are oxygen and
hydrogen. The potential advantages include low specific propellmat
consumption. An early model of this engine was tested successfully.
Development of special oxygen injection valves progressed.
Complete Power Systems

Research on complete power systems involved work on advanced
switching devices which can be used to step up the low output voltage
usually associated with direct energy converters to higher levels r_-
quired by loads. Success in this area is expected to reduce the com-
plexity of advanced power systems and to improve their efficiency
and reduce their weight.
NASA also carried on investigations to achieve higher reliability
by applying miniaturization techniques to power system controls.
SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS
NASA carried on extensive research on the effects of the space en-

vironment and aerodynamic heating on spcae vehicle materials and
components. The agency also initiated studies in space vehicle
advanced concepts.
Environmental Effects
The agency investigated the effects on space vehicle materials and

components of high-energy radiation_ meteoroids_ zero-gravity_ high-
vacuum conditions_ and thermal radiation. NASA also studied the
effects of the space environment on the long-term operation of space-
craft engines.
High-Energy Radiation Effects and Shielding.--NASA continued
its efforts to develop effective shielding of space vehicle materials and
components against ionizing radiation.
Langley Research Center personnel irradiated transistors with
protons at the University of Minnesota and at Carnegie Institute.
Results, consistent w_th earlier tests at different energies_ indicated a
need for careful selection of components for some space missions.
Langley researchers also studied the effect of electron irradiation
on the mechanical properties of a typical foil for use in inflatable
satellites. The results showed that Van Allen Belt radiation by it-
self will probably not affect the utility of a passive satellite for sev-
eral years. However_ the degree of damage is such that this radia-
tion must be considered in relation to other factors of the space
environment.
NASA conducted prelaunch studies of the possible effects of the
artificial radiation belt (produced by a high-altitude nuclear detona-
tion) on the operation of the Explorer XVI micrometeoroid satellite.
The result: An increase in the thickness of solar-cell shielding from
0.006 to 0.187 inch to insure a 1-year lifetime.
The NASA Research Advisory Committee on Missile and Space
Vehicle Structures completed two studies on the effects of the space
environment on space vehicle structures. These studies dealt in par-
ticular with the problem of meteoroids and ionizing radiation. They
included an assessment of the environment_ various test programs_
facilities_ and the needs for future research. The studies are reported
in NASA publications Environmental Probleme of Space Flight
8tru, ctures_ I--Ionizing Radiation in Space end Its Influence on
_pavecraft Design (TND-I474) and II--Meteoroid Hazard (TND-
1498).
The Meteoroid Hazarcl.--In work conducted in its simulation fa-

cilities, Ames Research Center determined that a significant meteor-
oid hazard may be encountered in the vicinity of the moon. This
hazard is the result of secondary particles originating from impacts
of meteoroids on the lunar surface. Ames will continue this work.
Its goal: To determine in detail the extent of this hazard and its
possible effects on space vehicle components and materials.
Work conducted under a NASA contract showed that the meteor-
oid hazard may be anevla_eu
..... "--o_the use of _**-_.,.,__^1_
_..1; ..... oJ o_..._*_m_
adapt-
able to various types of spacecraft.
See chapter 3 for flight experiments with the Explorer XVI satel-
lite to determine the severity of the meteoroid hazard and to provide
information on probable penetration rates in the spacecraft material•
NASA also planned a larger "second-generation" meteoroid satel-
lite to be used in tests to determine expected penetration rates in
thicker materials approaching those used in propellant tanks, manned
capsules, and radiators for nuclear-electric propulsion systems. These
spacecraft are to be flown as secondary experiments on Saturn Block
II launch vehmms (SA-8 and SA-9). T_ .',.+; submit pro-
posals for this satellite were sent to 24 interested companies on Decem-
ber 21.
In an additional phase of the meteoroid hazard program, NASA
was formulating experiments to provide data at velocities up to
90,000 feet per second (f.p.s.) on the luminous efficiency, heat transfer,
ablation rate, and ionization efficiency of simulated meteors of known
mass, composition, material, shape, and size. From the results of these
tests, the gross heating effect of natural meteors can be determined and
meteoric entry phenomena established.
A further phase of the program is concerned with establishing the
expected penetration rates during meteor showers. A technique was
developed utilizing an Aerobee rocket to place a relatively large mete-
oroid penetration sensor above the atmosphere for several minutes.
During flight, penetration information will be recorded. The sen-
sor, built in the form of a paraglider, is designed to be recovered to
permit examination of the holes caused by penetrating meteoroids
and, it is hoped, analysis of meteoric material. Construction of the
paragliders progressed.
F_uid Behavior Under Zero Gra_,ity.--The behavior of fluids dur-
ing extended periods of weightlessness must be understood and con-
trolled in order that equipment may be properly operated during these
periods. The observed flight behavior of the liquid indicates that it
has a tendency to cling to and move with the container wall during
spinning. There are also indications that the heat transport process
within the liquid may be similar to subcooled nualeate boiling.
NASA conducted flight experiments to further investigate these
phenomena. Data were obtained from several Aerobee flights and
from pods mounted on Atlas vehicles.
Lewis Research Center studied the behavior of rocket engine propel-
lants in tanks under zero-gravity conditions, for example, in coasting
periods. Part of this work included the effort to determine fuel
(liquid and vapor) location and motion in tanks. Control of such fuel
behavior is important for effective venting or pumping. Using a
drop:tower facility which allows a few seconds of simulated zero-
gravity conditions with a scaled down model, Lewis researchers de-
veloped a promising method of internal tank baffling to locate the fuel
in a predictable area of the tank.
High-Vacuum Technology.--To obtain information on the effects
of high-vacuum conditions necessary to design vehicle structures and
components, the Lewis Research Center developed two new vacuum-
test chambers. The walls of these chambers are cooled by a gaseous
and liquid helium refrigerant; the gas molecules are condensed on
the very cold surface and thus removed. This technique is called
cryogenic pumping. These chambers are also used for studies of
scaling (density and temperature) relationships.
Thermal Radiation and Temperature ControL--Spacecraft com-
ponents which must operate within narrow temperature limits present
a problem which grows in complexity as spacecraft become larger and
more complex and begin to operate in more distant environments of
space.
In the near void of space, heat is conducted to or carried away from
a _pacecraft solely by radiative processes. In some instances the
thermal radiative properties of spacecraft surfaces cari be controlled
through the applications of coatings or coating strips with known
characteristics. This passive control method has been only partially
successful, and NASA continued the search for satisfactory coatings.
NASA basic research resulted in the development of a plastic paint
coating backed by a mirror surface. This composite coating absorbs
solar and thermal radiations when opaque and reflects these radiations
when transparent. Government patent applications were initiated for
this coating, which may solve numerous industrial thermal control
problems.
Ames Research Center conducted an experiment which indicated
that coatings do not degrade in space as they do in a simulated
environment. Such experiments, utilizing the OSO series of satellites,
_re continuing. In addition to coatings, these experiments are also

concerned with heat control.
E_ects o/ the 8pace Environment on Spacecraft Engines.--Of
major concern is the effect of the space environment on the long-term
operation of an engine. The agency made headway in analytical and
experimental work to determine the effects of the space environment
on such components as valves, seals, injectors, chambers, lubricants,
and propellants. The purpose: To evolve the specifications and design
criteria for spacecraft engine components. Improvements were made
in the storage of pressurizing gases, propellant expulsion devices, valve
designs, and thrust-control techniques.
Aerothermodynamics and Related Problems
NASA continued its work on problems created by aerodynamic

heating of spacecraft. It investigated heat loads experienced by re-
entry bodies, the stability of spacecraft entering planetary atmos-
pheres, and horizontal-landing spacecraft.
Heat Load Experienced by a Reent_?/ Body.--The heat load experi-
enced by a reentry body is made up of two parts : (1) a convective heat
input caused by direct contact between the air and the body and (2)
a radiative heat input caused by radiation from the shock-heated air
surrounding the nose of the vehicle.
At speeds up to lunar reentry, the heat load is principally the result
of convective heating. Ames Research Center studies confirmed that
the blunt-nose configuration, such as that of the Mercury and Apollo
vehicles, minimizes t.,_ _,_ld ,_ _,¢_ ..... ,.er.
On the other hand, at speeds beyond lunar reentry the radiative heat
input of blunt shapes rises prohibitively. After flights to neighbor-
ing planets, spacecraft will reenter the earth's atmosphere at very high
speeds (26000 miles per hour or more). Ames and Langley Research
Centers conducted extensive basic research which demonstrated that,
for reentry from interplanetary missions, a slender-nose shape (such as
that of a cone) minimizes the radiative input at the expense of some
increase in convective heating. Preliminary experiments demonstrated
that by proper shaping of the nose it is possible to maintain the slender-
nose profile even under the high ablation mass loss occurring at hyper-
bolic reentry speeds.
Ames continued its studies with blunt- and sharp-nose configurations
in order to arrive at designs which will allow a minimum total heat'
input over a wide range of reentry conditions.
NASA also continued a flight program to provide experiments in
high-speed reentries. The purpose: To obtain data which ground
laboratories are not yet able to furnish. Langley, for example, con-
98 NASA EIGHTH SEI_A_NNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
tinued using Scout rockets to launch instrumented payloads which are

accelerated by fifth stage velocity packages back into the atmosphere.
Preparations were made for followup flights in which Scout rockets
will be launched early in 1963 with the intention of obtaining reentry
velocities of about 28_000 feet per second.
Langley also made progress on Project Fire. The objective: To
obtain heating data in a similar manner at the lunar return velocity
of about 37_000 f.p.s. A reentry spacecraft having a shape similar
to that of Apollo was designed for this project. Construction of this
spacecraft progressed_ and work advanced on a "velocity package"
incorporating an Antares rocket and controls_ which will accelerate
the spacecraft to its reentry velocity. Data from these experiments
are needed to verify the design of manned lunar return spacecraft.
_qtability of Spacecraft Entering Planetary Atmospheres.--Ames
Research Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory investigated the
stability of spacecraft entering simulated atmospheres of Venus and
Mars. The atmospheres of these planets are believed to contain con-
siderably higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than the earth's.
To assure the highest possible reliability in the planetary flight .pro-
gram_ NASA must determine how this gas affects the aerodynamic
stability of entry spacecraft.
Experimental and theoretical research indicated that there would
be sizable differences in this stability--depending upon the concen-
tration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The stability of some
entry configurations decreased as the amount of carbon dioxide was
increased. The stability of others showed little or no change with high
concentrations o'f carbon dioxide.
Conducting basic research_ Lewis Research Center measured the
rates of dissociation of carbon dioxide gas into its components of car-
bon monoxide_ carbon_ and oxygen. These rates are needed for cal-
culations of the flow around the heat transfer to vehicles entering the
atmospheres of Venus and Mars. This was one of the first experi-
mental studies of the dissociation of complex polyatomic molecules.
In studies of the flow field around a body moving at hypersonic
speeds_ Ames Research Center modified existing numerical methods
to include real gas effects and made analyses by using linearized equa-
tions of flow. Such studies can be applied to descriptions of planetary
atmospheric effects.
NASA also studied (1) the control of the external heat balance of
spacecraft by mechanically or electronically varying the ratio of ab-
sorptivity to emissivity and (2) internal heat conduction in space-
craft_ including the complex and as yet unpredictable flow of heat
across unbonded joints under vacuum conditions.
ADVANCED RESEARCH ATXD l"OL0OY 99
The agency continued its efforts to find better methods of predict-
ing thermal performance by improved ground simulation tech-
niquw-solar simulation and thermal modeling-and by developing
more sophisticated computational techniqhes.
NASA also progressed in research on the use of high heat-resistant
materials for engibe cmstrwtinn. It explord Fyrdjtic materials
and refractory metals as possibilities for small spayxraft engine
I chanibem and nozzles.
HorizontaLLanding S p e r m f t.-NASA also examined numerous
I spacecraft configurations capable of horizontal landing rather than
i the parachute-type landing of the Mercury spacecraft. Lifting re-

entry configurations afford increased mttneuversbility over ballistic
configurations after the atmosphere is entered and are usually sub-
jected to reduced heating, as well as g forces, during reentry.
Flight Research Center (fig. 5-1) initiated a low-speed manned-
flight program to assess the handling characteristics and flight capa-
bilities of selected lifting configurations.
100 _ASA EIGI:ITI_ SE1VII_AL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Space Vehicle Advanced Concepts
On July 1, NASA initiated studies on advanced space and launch

vehicle concepts. These studies are concerned with the total systems
required to accomplish various space missions. The purpose: To
guide the planning of advanced research and technology programs.
During the period these studies included the preparation of "maps"
and parameters of Mars and Venus trajectories. These are discussed
under "Interplanetary Trajectory Studies," page 102.
Marshall Space Flight Center and Ames Research Center com-
pleted work statements for contractor studies of manned planetary
missions and nuclear vehicle system design parameters. The study
designed by Marshall will examine a wide range of basic nuclear ve-
hicle parameters for their effects on mission efficiency. The study
designed by Ames is to examine manned planetary missions in detail
in order to develop the requirements imposed on the technologies
needed to perform these missions.
Marshall also completed specifications for a study designed to pro-
duce a mathematical model of planetary missions so that future para-
metric studies of such missions can be made with greater ease and
completeness.
In addition, Marshall defined the requirements for conceptual de-
signs of several types of nuclear-powered spacecraft capable of trans-
porting men and materials economically from earth orbit to lunar
orbit. The initial study showed the possible economic value of such
vehicles, and a study was planned to examine the technical problems
involved in the creation of the vehicles.
Studies in space vehicle advanced concepts also dealt with electrical
space vehicles for manned planetary missions and space station de-
sign. Marshall Space flight Center drafted a study to investigate the
technical problems involved in the design of propulsion systems which
produce a very small thrust (10 lb. or less) by the acceleration of
charged particles through a rocket nozzle. These systems hold prom-
ise of economical transport to the planets.
Langley Research Center published the results of studies on the
technological problems of manned spacecraft suitable for use as earth-
orbiting space laboratories. The work described the technical state-
of-the-art in all areas of concern to such a vehicle concept, for example,
]ire support, attachment to launch vehicles, protection from micro-
meteoroids, power supplies, stability in space, and temperature
regulation.
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND _ECH_OIA_G_ 101
The various studies reported were centered around a space labora-

tory concept capable of providing support for up to 24 men in orbit
for a year. Langley engineers succeeded in developing a design for
a structure capable of twing folded and placed on a booster as a group
of six parallel tubes which could be remotely or automatically unfolded
in space to form a hexagon shape 150 feet in diameter. As a result,
the size and shape needed for comfortable space living were achieved
conceptually without compromising the design required for launch
with boosters already programed.
Beginning in August, Langley concentrated on concepts capable of
being used to determine the effect of long-term zero g on man in space.
Such concepts--often called minimum manned orbiting laboratories
because they are designed to perform one function with only a mini-
mum of expense--are needed if an early answer to this importlnt
question is to be obtained. Langley conceived several schemes for
systems making maximum use of currently programed systems such
as Gemini and the Saturn I, and began developing work statements
to be the basis for industry study in this same area.
SPACECRAFT ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL
NASA progressed in its research and development work on problems

of manned space travel involving communications and tracking,
spacecraft attitude control, interplanetary trajectories, instrumen-
tation, and data processing.
Communications and Tracking
Flight experiments continued on the interference of ionized flow

fields with radio transmission and tracking for vehicles entering the
atmosphere at velocities above 20,000 f.p.s. Flight results indicated
that a sharp-nose vehicle will penetrate the regions of high signal
attenuation (blackout) and permit signal transmissions. The re-
sults also indicated that a broad band width antenna offers less
dettming because of ionization, and there is consequently small loss in
transmitted signal strength.
In late 1962, a noninterference optical tracking experiment was
added to the S--66 Polar Ionosphere Beacon satellite to be launched in
early 1963. The purpose: To provide (1) experience in tracking
satellites with lasers, (2) knowledge on the interaction of optical
frequencies with the earth's atmosphere, and (3) the basis for further
exploitation of laser technology in communications and tracking.
102 NASA EIGRTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT "0 CONGRESS
Figure 5-2. Twin gym control system, Amer Research Center.
Studies of Spacecraft Attitude Control

The orientation of a spacecraft must be precisely controlled during
periods of thrusting, navigational observations, and scientific observa-
tions of space. Although requirements for accuracy vary, some tasks
require pointing with an accuracy of one second of an arc or better.
Ames Research Center achieved this accuracy during an experi-
m@ntalprogram using a twin gyro control system (fig. 5-2). This
work continued in an effort to apply the results to manned flight
control systems.
Interplanetary Trajectory Studies

NASA continued research to analyze trajectories (flight paths) for
potential future planetary missions involving landing on planets and
returning to earth. Venus and Mars missions were studied.
During the report period NASA researcheers found (1) that earlier
Mars and Venus trajectory studies had made simplifying assumptions
t8hatresulted in errors of as much as 30 percent in velocity require-
ments and (2) that consequently the use of planetary and Earth
atmospheres rather than propulsion for entry braking reduced the

total thrust increment requirements by more than 50 percent.
Marshall Space Flight Center used a new mathematical approach
to conduct basic research on celestial mechanics, which deal with the
motions of two or more bodies in space and the complex interrelation-
ships of their gravitational attractions. The results are important
in planning various lunar missions and determining trajectories for
guidance purposes.
A study of Mars and Venus trajectories created by Marshall in 1962
and performed under contract was essentially completed during the
period. This study obtained information to be made available by the
issuance of three reports: One to contain "maps" of all Mars and
Venus trips which can be accomplished with reasonable energy ex-
penditure in the years from 1970 to 2000 ; the other two s to present the
significant parameters in detail in the form of tables.
Energies required for flights to Venus and particularly Mars vary
widely as the relative positions of the planets _ orbits change with time.
The mission maps, which contain the results of 250,000 separate tra-
jectory calculations_ will present vital data for projecting trips to the
planets.
Instrumentation
Marshall Space Flight Center developed devices for determining

liquid hydrogen levels and an instrument for measuring local densities.
These developments are significant because the precise measurement
of hydrogen properties and levels is a prerequisite for the success of
many NASA space missions that depend upon liquid hydrogen
propellant.
The Ames Research Center developed a high-speed light system
using a laser and an electro-optical shutter to produce an extremely
short-duration light pulse of ¼00 of 1 millionth of a sceond. With
this systems it will be possible to photograph simulated meteoroid im-
pacts. This device should provide important data for design and con-
struction of future spacecraft.
Data Processing
During the report period the design of the first NASA automatic
ground data processing system with many modern features was largely
completed. This entire Jet Propulsion Laboratory complex--known
as the Space Flight Operations Facility--will incorporate provisions
104 NASA EIGHTH SElVIIAN_UAL REPORT _0 CONGRESS
for real-time trajectory, scientific, and video data analysis and control
functions at each of a number of operating sites within JPL.
One of two magnetic disk files was delivered. These files will be
used as the large-scale memory system needed to retain up to tens of
millions of pieces of rapidly accessible information for weeks or
months. This information is required in deep-space missions. The
system is expected to be operating in 1963.
Marshall Space Flight Center continued to introduce computer
countdown and checkout of the Saturn series of vehicles. By the time
SA-10 is launched, most of the operation will be computer controlled.
Goddard Space Flight Center began operating a developmental sys-
tem capable of checking out 128 channels of information on the Orbit-
ing Geophysical Observatory (OGO). One channel of OGO is
capable of transmitting 50 percent more data than the entire output
from Explorer XII, one of NASA's most successful scientific satellites
to date.
AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH
NASA carried on a wide range of aeronautical research. It ad-

vanced its work in aircraft aerodynamics and aircraft structures, sup-
ported the national supersonic commercial air transport program by
intense research efforts, advanced research on hypersonic vehicles, con-
tinued the series of X-15 research airplane successes, and extended its
investigations of V/STOL aircraft.
Aircraft Aerodynamics
With the aerodynamic feasibility of longer range supersonic aircraft

becoming firmly established, NASA directed its research attention
toward detailed aerodynamic improvements in variable-geometry
wings, engine inlets, and jet exits for operation at both supersonic and
subsonic speeds. The reductions in drag and increases in powerplant
efficiency will mean lower fuel consumption and operating costs for
applications like the commercial supersonic transport.
NASA aerodynamic research on the flexible-wing glider or parawing
concept for spacecraft recovery systems and military mobility concepts
led to improvements in performance, stability, and control character-
istics. These improvements considerably broadened the glide-range
potential and ultimate usefulness of the concept.
Aircraft Structures
Continually changing operational usage, powerplants, and aircraft

configurations have posed serious new problems or aggravated old
problems in aircraft structural design. As a result, NASA intensified
its research effort on structural problems encountered throughout the

entire flight regime from low subsonic to hypersonic spuds.
NASA continued its investigations of panel flutter, a continuing
problem to the aircraft designer. Agency researchers added to what is
known of the effect of compressive stress on curved panels, of thermal
stress and buckling on fiat panels, and of tail surface flutter.
Supersonic Commercial Air Transport

The agency did extensive preliminary research on the supersonic
commercial air transport (SST) in support of the joint NASA, Fed-
eral Aviation Agency, and Department of Defense national program
of assistance to the aircraft industry. The SST program is directed
toward the possibility of developing an economically competitive
supersonic commercial air transport. The major goals of the program
are the maintenance of U.S. leadership in aeronautics, public accepta-
bility of such factors as noise and the sonic boom, and the achievement
of satisfactory safety and reliability characteristics.
NASA Research Centers carried forward SST research to the stage
where industry will soon have sufficient information to choose among
several deA_ign concepts. The work completed indicated tec.hnica!
feasibility and defined the problems in need of solution.
During the period NASA researchers analyzed the SST engine
cycle and mission, extensively investigated engine componerrt match-
ing characteristics, conducted experimental research on inlets and ex-
haust nozzles, and reviewed and monitored research contracts awarded
---- -1__ .1
uzzut_r [Al_ progFanl.
NASA almost completed a preliminary screening of many alloys

recommended by industry for use in constructing a supersonic eom-
merciM air transport. Results of this screening program were
analyzed by a special Government-industry committee established by
NASA to advise on and to assist in coordination of materials res_rch
for the transport. Six alloys were selected for the more detailed and
intensive studies that are required to guide the preliminary design and
construction of an SST prototype.
NASA made recommendations for additional SST studies. The
Federal Aviation Agency incorporated three of these recommenda-
tions into research contracts and used seven as a basis for research
proposals. (One of several models of the SST is illustrated in fig.
5-4.)
NASA received an A-5A (A3J) jet aircraft, called the Vigilante,
from the U.S. Navy for use in studying the air-traffic-control problems
that will result when supersonic transport aircraft operate in terminal
areas.
,106 NASA EIGHTH SEMlANNUAL REPORT l W CONGRESS
figure 5-3. Suporsonic bansport modol.
Working in cooperation with FAA officials, NASA's Flight Research

Center engineers will plan and conduct supersonic flights of the Vigi-
lante on assigned Federal airways and into high air-traffic-density
areas, such as LQSAngeles. These flights and the air tra& control
procedures used for them are expected to provide the basis for formu-
lating plans necessary for the safe operation of commercial supersonic
jet aircraft.
Hypersonic Vehicles
I n its research on hypersonic vehicles, NASA initiated investiga-
tions to acquire data for various technical feasibility studies of
sustained high-speed, high-altitude flight beyond the current state-of -
the-art. This research included aerodynamic heating, air-inlet char-
acteristics, film-cooling techniques, normal force and drag estimation,
and configuration development. The objective : To advance available
t e c h n o l y so that decisions can later be made on the desirability of
winged air-breathing hypersonic transportation systems.
For hypersonic vehicles, the designer must protect fuels at cryogenic
temperatures from aerodynamic heating effects at the external skin
that may approach 3,000' F. The agenky developed some promising
concepts of structures that will be suitable for this purpose and yet
will be light enough to make aircraft construction economical.
ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOI_GY 107
X-15 Research Airplane Program
The X-15 research airplane program, in which three rocket.powered

aircraft are used, continued to provide data on aerodynamic and struc-
tural heating, structural dynamics, supersonic and hypersonic aero-
dynamics, and stability and control. The X-15 also began flight
experiments for the biotechnology and human research program (dis-
cussed later in this chapter).
On July 17_ Air Fore_ Maj. Robe_. M. White flew the X-15 No. 3,
equipped with an adaptive flight control system, to a record height
of 314,750 feet. (Two days later Major White received the Air Force
Astronaut Wings for this flight.)
On July 26, the X-15 No. 1 made the last of a series of eight suc-
ceesful flights in which it obtained valuable data on the use of reac-
tion jet controls at altitudes near 250,000 feeg, aerodynamic heating
during reentry at high angle of attack, and recovery from extreme
altitudes. On August 3, X-15 No. 1 was returned to North American
Aviation, Inc., for modifications required for a follow-on program of
experimental flighta
V/STOL Aircraft
NASA research on V/STOL (Vertical and Short Tako-Off and

Landing) aircraft progressed at an accelerated pace (fig. 5--4).
Langley Research Center began flight studies on the Vertol VZ-2
"test-bed" aircraft, in which stall-alleviation and low-speed control-
improvement devices had b_en incorporat_t.
Langley and Ames Research Centers initiated wind tunnel aero-
dynamic studies on large-scale models of the Tri-Service XC-142A
tilt-wing assault transport prototype.
Ames used its 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel to study a large-scale model
of the Army XV-SA fan-irr-wing and XV-4A augm¢nte_l jet air-
craft. Ames also continued flight studies of the deflected-slipstream
VZ-3 STOL test bed.
NASA researchers investigated the potentiality of the nonarticu-
lated rotor concept to improve flying qualities, reduce drag, and sim-
plify construction of future helicopters. A flying-quality study was
initiated at Langley on a helicopter using the Bell system. Langley
and Ames undertook wind tunnel aerodynamic, structural loads, and
rotor dynamics studies on models, using the Lockheed system.
In other V/STOL work, NASA made progress in efforts to isolate
the propeller slipstream effect on wing pressure distribution and the
unsteady forces due to gusts. This work is significantly related to
the problem of structural dynamic response.
Figurn 5 4 . Modd of a VTOL o ~ K ~ hRg, l o y Research Cenhr.
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN RESEARCH

The Directorate of Biotechnology and Human Research was estab-
lished in NASA's Office of Advanced Research and Technology in
July. Its tasks :
(1) To provide basic human data needed in establishing de-
sign requirements for advanced manned space and other aerospace
vehicles.
(2) To develop human factors engineering techniques to inte-
grate man and equipment in advanced space and aeronautical
applications.
(3) To develop advanced instrumentation and equipment to
sustain and utilize man in space and aerospace environments.
The biotechnology and human research program is carried on under
the coordinated efforts of the Government, universities, and indus-
try. Its program and requirements are illustrated in figures 5-5 and
5-6.
In order to accomplish its tasks the Directorate began conducting
studies in human research on. (1) the effects of chemical, physical,
biological, and psychological stresses under simulated space condi-
ADVANCED RESEARCH AN9 TEc"oLoQy 109
B O D Y SYSTEMS
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
BIO-MED-SELECTION
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS

PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
MAN-MACHINE
CONTROL
SYSTEM A N A L Y S I S
H U M A N FACTORS
Figurn 5-5.
Rgum 5-6.
tions; (2) man's energetics (energy and its transformations) in closed

systems; and (3) psychophysiological responses, tolerances, and re-
quirements of man in flight or orbit.
In this program NASA initiated research on the effects on man in
aerospace vehicles of atmosphere-composition force fields, temperature,
radiation, toxic chemicals, infectious biological agents, and isolation.
The agency also began establishing respiratory and nutritional re-
quirements for normal and stress states.
The program initiated analyses of criteria for the selection of space
crews. It also began establishing psychological, physiological, and
anthropometric parameters necessary for the selection and training of
spar_ crews for extended space missions.
Pharmaceutical research was expanded beyond radiation protection
to include remedies for counteracting effects of force fields and other
environmental stress factors.
Research undertaken included the use of animals and man in ana-
lytical and laboratory experimentation.
In this program, NASA began work to provide man, both in free
space and on lunar and planetary surfaces, with all necessary life-
support systems, including those for atmospheric and water supply
or regeneration, waste storage or cycling, carbon dioxide absorption
or reduction, air purification, and nutrition.
The program undertook development of instrumentation and equip-
ment to maintain and protect man in both "shirt sleeve" and restricted
environments. It considered the effects of reduced physical activity
in the design of protective devices needed to perform critical mission
tasks during lunar and planetary landings, rendezvous in space, and
reentry.
Studies progressed on pilot control problems in manned abort of
planetary missions; decision making in space operations, including
the problems to be faced, the environment at the time of the required
solution, and the ability of the pilot to respond; and the major task
of operator selection and training.
Work also continued in research and analyses of the total man-
machine complex. For one area of this work, medical monitoring
equipment was being obtained for the motion flight simulators at the
Ames Research Center and for use in the F-100C variable stability
a ir_raft and the X-15 rocket-powered airplane. This part of the
biotechnology program has as its goal the refinement of existing equip-
ment necessary, particularly in regard to lunar missions, for the inte-
gration of man into total aerospace systems.
Flight experiments were planned as part of this effort. These
experiments include early satellite launches with animals to study the
biological effects of exposure to weightlessness for periods of at least

30 days. This data will be studied for its application to man-systems
integration requirements.
ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS [NONNUCLEAR]
NASA carried on advamced research on solid propulsion amd liquid

propulsion systems.
Solid Propulsion Systems
NASA worked on problems involved in the use of solid propulsion

systems for future space missions. In seeking solutions to these prob-
lern_ the agency conducted study programs, continued rescarch in
propellants, investigated combustion ignition and fluid dynamics,
worked on motor development, and extended its efforts on subsystems
and components.
Study Programs.--NASA continued studies to investigate applica-
tions in current programs and to establish the basic solid propellant
technology required to accomplish future space missions.
Studi_ completed during the peri_od indicated th_A_._!id propel-
lants are assured of continued use in the spa_ program, even on the
basis of current state-of-the-art solid motor technology. (Solids are
accepted as the logical choice in certain mission applications in which
spin stabilization and velocity accuracy accomplished by propellant
exhaustion are ......... z.j These studies confirmed that an exten-
_ltnt Jn the a,ppHt;_tiolt Of SOlm lnotot_ tO some more complex missions
requires improvements in the performance, control, and operationul
characteristics of these motors. With these improvements, solid
propellants can competitively perform such missions as orbit trmas-
lets, lunar and planetary orbiting m_neuvers, initial phases of lunar
and plametary landings, and lunar and planetary talteoff maneuvers.
Research on Propellants.--Res_rch on various high-energy solid
propellants continued during the period. Specific impulse (the thrust
produced by burning 1 pound of fuel per second) is a key factor in
propulsion systems used in space exploration. It frequently deter-
mines the feasibility of accomplishing a given mission. Continuing
effort in this are_ is required.
Theoretical studies conducted for NASA by Cornell Aeronautical
Laboratory indicated that improved nozzle designs can be developed
which will promote recombination of the initially dissociated propel-
lants in the nozzle. Such nozzles have the advantage of minimizing
specific impulse loss resulting from lagging recombination.
112 NASA EIGHTH SEI_ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
NASA conducted basic research on the possibility of altering the

recombination process by additives to the propellant. Computations
made with sm_ll amounts of carbon added to the propellant showed
that recombination was considerably enhanced, although an increase
in specific impulse was obtained only under certain optimum condi-
tions because of the molecular weight of the carbon.
Research continued on the formulation of high-energy propellants
and safety probl_ns associated with processing and l_andling these
propellant systems.
NASA partially completed a study whose results thus far have
indicated that nondestructive testing techniques suitable for deter-
mining anomalies or flaws within the grain of military-class solid
propellant motors are not applicable to Nova-class motors. Modified
testing equipment and techniques were recommended.
_ombustion Ignition and Fluid Dynamies.--A coordinated effort
involving three NASA Centers, three universities, and one industrial
contractor carried on continuing investigations of the problems of
steady- and unsteady-state combustion, ignition, and the fluid dy-
namics of two-phase flow.
NASA went on with investigations of possible low-frequency in-
stability which may arise in very large motors. This work includes
studies of the combustion-zone processes in steady-state burning,
interpretation of the results in terms of dynamic behavior, and experi-
ments with oscillatory systems. As part of this effort, preparations
were made for studies of propellant burning surfaces, and preliminary
tests were conducted on oscillatory burners with several propellants.
Motor Development.--Jet Propulsion Laboratory (fig. 5-7) com-
pleted development of a state-of-the-art solid motor--the Syncom
"apogee kick" motor that gives the added thrust to put the spacecraft
into a circular, nearly synchronous orbit. Langley Research Center
also continued work on high-performance, high mass fraction solid
motors.
NASA carried on feasibility studies on hybrid rocket engines (those
burning a combination of liquid oxidizer and solid fuel to produce a
propulsive force) and the probable space missions in which they
might be used. These studies contributed to the understanding of
problems involved in the design and construction of hybrid lunar-
landing and lunar4akeoff propulsion systems.
Subsystem._ and Con_ponents.--NASA extended its research and
development efforts on solid-propulsion subsystems and components to
assure a proper balance between propellant improvement and the sys-
tem state-of-the-art. In this work, materiaJs are of 1)axticular con-
ADVANCED RESEARCH AN9 ” N O L O Q Y 113
cern, since improved pmpellant performance genemlly m a n s higher

flame temperatures and aggravated materials problems.
The agency continued development and testing of hot gas valves
( t h m capable of operating wit,h solid rocket fuel grcses). The chief
objective: To develop a valve that will provide a means for thrust
vector control for rocket systems utilizing hot gases from the com-
bustion chamber.
liquid Propulsion Systems

NASA’s research and technology programs in liquid rocket propulr
sion provided information needed for future propulsion systems and
a better understanding of problems confronting engine development.
These programs were concerned with launch vehicle engine tech-
nology, advanced liquid propellants, and general supporting research
and technology for liquid rockets. 1
Laumch Vehicle Engirw Techmbgy.-NASA is seeking to evolve

engine concepts that will have exceptionally high thrust and high
performance at a low cost per pound of thrust. During the pe-
riod the agency worked on methods to accomplish these objectives:
high chamber pressure combustion ; “unconventional” engine con-
struction, including multiple and toroidal (doughnut-shaped) cham-
i]4 NASAEIGHTHSEMIANNUAL
REPORT
TO CONGRESS
bers; forced-expansion andaerodynamic-type
nozzles;andadvanced
techniques for thrust vectorcontrol.
To operaterocketenginesat high chamberpressures_the propel-
lants must be pumped to pressures higher than those common today.
Analyses were undertaken and test devices built to determine the
problems that are involved in pumping to pressures of 5,000 to 6_000
pounds per square inch. Progress was made toward the solution of
the hydrodynamic and mechanical problems associated with very large
pumps operating at these high pressures.
Work continued on another pumping problem_ that of drawing
the fluid into the entrance to the pump with an inducer. NASA
researchers reduced the required suction pressure and improved the
inducer performance. Improved inducers would mean better engine
performance and would benefit the vehicle because reduced pressuriza-
tion requirements would reduce tankage and system weight.
Analytical studies indicated that_ for multimegapound thrust_ "un-
conventional" engine construction has exceptional merit. Work on
the multichamber and toroidal chamber concepts proved promising.
Analytical heat-transfer_ stress_ and aerodynamic studies verified
that the concepts have advantages. Experimental work_ including
hot-firing demonstrations and over 200 cold flow tests_ demonstrated
the capabilities of these concepts and verified analytical predictions.
The investigation of cooling these advanced engines_ which operate
at high chamber pressures_ involved analytical and experimental
work required to design the cooling system. The results of this work
established various factors and design criteria for regenerative cool-
ing at the upper limits. In addition_ NASA researchers determined
the best cooling methods for very high chamber pressures.
Basic work continued on thrust vector control using liquid injection
in 'the nozzle to provide vehicle steering. The technique will remove
the requirement for gimbaling, that is for moving the engines_ and
will thereby provide a much simplified mechanical design. Efforts
continued on solutions to the questions of how best to inject the fluid_
how to space the ports_ how much fluid is required_ and how much
turning can be achieved.
NASA continued investigations of high-expansion-ratio nozzles
applicable to advanced engines. The goal: the design and fabrica-
tion of good nozzles for any flight regime.
Adv_neecl Zieluid Propell_nts.--The agency made progress in the
exploratory program to determine the operating characteristics and
potentialities of the high-energy space-storable propellant combina-
tion of oxygen difluoride and diborane. This combination appears
to be storable in space without requiring excessive insulation or spe-

cial temperature-control techniques.
NASA tested a variety of materials--steel, aluminum, nickel, tita-
nium, magnesium, and copper alloys--under static conditions in gas-
eous and liquid oxygen difluoride. These materials are representative
of those used in propulsion systems. The agency also conducted work
on the effects of velocity and temperature on the liquid side of in-
jectors using these propellants and designed test hardware to meas-
ure these effects.
Progress was achieved on the catalytic decomposition of hydrazine.
A number of catalysts were found which possess the capability of
repeated restart at ambient conditions. Work was undertaken on
the design of a complete reactor for hydrazine decomposition. The
use of hydrazine in place of hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant
for small attitude-control engines will contribute significantly to
the overall performance of the spacecraft.
General Supporting Research and Technology for Liquid Rock-
ets.--NASi moved toward the solution of the problem of detection
and correction of combustion instability in liquid rocket engines.
Agency researchers identified a mechanism that is potentially capable
of sustaining this instability. They also made headway in develop-
ing a technique to detect engines that are sensitive to combustion in-
stability. Results they achieved are being applied in some engine
development programs.
Agency researchers completed a design for a rocket engine analyzer
and decision instrumentation which will analyze engine operating
conditions and make corrections or initiate engine shutdown.
NASA progressed in the fabrication and testing of an induction
flowmeter which, having no moving parts in the fluid stream, is an
important advancement in devices for measuring cryogenic propel-
lant flow.
706-017 _9
CHAPTER 6
Nuclear Propulsion and Power Generation
NASA advanced ;* ........ 1. o._ _ .... 1..... • ^_ _,_ • .... 1^o_

propulsion and power generation. It carried on work on the follow-
ing:
(1) The SNAP-8 development project.
(2) The nuclear electric power research and technology pro-
gram.
(3) The electric propulsion (electric rocket engine) program.
(4) The nuclear rocket program.
THE SNAP-8 DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

The objective of the SNAP-8 project is to develop a nuclear-
powered electric-generating system 'that will provide a nominal 35
kilowatts (kw.) of electrical power for advanced space missions. The
system will be capable of orbital startup and continuous unattended
operation in space for about 10,000 hours. The power can be utilized
for communication satellites, lunar bases, space laboratories, military
weapons, and satellite control.
The SNAP-8 project is conducted jointly by NASA and the Atomic
Energy Commission. NASA is responsible for developing the power
conversion equipment, integrating it with the reactor into an opera-
tional system and into a suitable flight vehicle, and flight testing the
entire system. AEC is responsible for developing the reactor, re-
actor control, and shielding.
During the report period, major adjustments were made to im-
prove the flexibility of the design and to reduce development problems.
These adjustments will, however, result in increased system weight.
It was decided (1) to use a separate liquid coolant to transfer heat
from a compact condenser to the radiator, (2) to incorporate separate
turbine and alternator packages (with conventional bearings) in the
system, and (3) to have the alternator and electrical circuits utilize
low-temperature components.
The project moved ahead when the AEC's SNAP-8 reactor passed
its first criticality test. Boiler development testing under the NASA
contract also proved successful. In addition, facilities for subsys-
tems testing began operating, and construction was initiated on a
facility for testing the SNAP-8 system in a simulated space environ-
117
merit. Difficulties may still be present as a result of several factors

including the problem of containing corrosive, high-temperature
mercury.
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH AND

TECHNOLOGY
NASA undertook further preliminary work in its research and

technology program aimed at eventual development of much more ad-
vanced nuclear power systems than SNAP-8. These advanced sys-
tems will be much lighter in weight (10 pounds or less per electrical
kw. produced)j and have higher electrical power--a megawatt (mw.)
or more--and longer operating life (1-3 years). Systems such as
these will be required for propulsion for interplanetary unmanned
and manned missions and for auxiliary power applications for com-
munications satellites, lunar bases, deep space communications, and
space laboratories.
The program deals mainly with Rankine cycle turbine-generator
systems similar to SNAP-8 and a direct conversion concept using
the thermionic emission principle (fig. 6-1).
The following are lhe immediate objectives of the advanced system
program: acquiring basic information, developing materials that can
withstand the effects of the space environment and system fluids, and
conducting research and development work on system components.
_O0°F
NUCLEAR
REACTOR
REACTOR ]
PUMP BOILER FUEL /COLLECTOR
ELEMENT
_TURBINE
950°F
J
::ii
1400°F T I I
CONDENSER ._ _
e.-,-- _ _ GENERATOR
t IT It L i CES,0M, \ANODE
pUMp I'
BAT_T _1_ COOLANTFLOW
"--_J OU TP ELECTRON FLOW
SEGMENTED
RADIATOR
THERMIONIC DIRECT
TURBOELECTRIC CONVERSION
Rgure 6-1. Advanced systems---energy convers_n concepts.

NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWER GENERATION 119
During the report period a radiation-condenser component test
facility and a potassium vapor turbine test facility were constructed.
A high-temperature liquid metal boiling and condensing heat transfer
facility was also completed. It operated for over 2,000 hours and,
toward the end of the report period, at' 2,000' F. (boiling sodium
temperature).
ELECTRIC PROPULSION (ELECTRIC ROCKET1 ENGINE)

During the report period, NASA made progress in its electric pro-
pulsion pi-ogram. This program has important objectives, as in-
dicated by space mission studies which have shown that electric
propulsion has the capability of providing a payload-to-initial-vehicle-
weight ratio greater than that for conventional rocket systems. An
electric propulsion system would be particularly suitable for ad-
vanced space missions.
It must be recognized, however, that the feasibility and performance
advantages of such a system depend to a large extent on the suc-
cessful development of large nuclear electric generating systems.
NASA's electric rocket engine development program (fig. 6-2)
hss zs its geal the developmmt of high-pomer engines (30 kw. to 30
mw.) for propulsion of spacecraft, and low-power engines (3 kw.
MAJOR PROBLEMS
DISSOCIATION
LOSSES
ARC JET ELECTRODE
lsp=700-1.500 SECS
EROSION
ION ENGINE ACCELERATION

NEUTRALIZATION
GENERAL
SM UNDERSTAND
lsp:700-10 000 SECS
Figure 6-2. Electric thrust chamber program.

and less) for spacecraft attitude and orbital control. The program
is composed of three separate projects: Large ion engines (30 kw.
to 30 row.), large arc jet engines (30 kw. or greater), and small ion
and arc engines (3 kw. or less). Studies were also underway on scal-
ing the smaller engines to the megawatt sizes necessary for the prime
propulsion of interplanetary spacecraft.
In addition, NASA sponsored studies to determine the feasibility
of various plasma generation and acceleration techniques and their
potential for space propulsion application.
Each of the three engine categories--electrostatic (ion), electro-
thermal (arc), and electromagnetic (MHD or plasma)---offers su-
perior performance in a different range of specific impulse, or thrust,
for different potential mission applications.
Large Ion Engines
Work progressed on the contact ion engine and the electron bom-
bardment ion engine.
The contact ion engine shows promise of yielding highest .overall
engine efficiency for values of specific impulse above 7,000 seconds.
This engine type is therefore the most likely choice for the ultimate
engine to be used with lightweight electric power-generating systems
on interplanetary missions.
The bombardment ion engine offers the highest efficiency in the in-
termediate range of specific impulse from 4,000 seconds up to 7,000
seconds. This engine type is the most likely choice for use on early
interplanetary missions with fairly heavy electric power-generating
systems.
Laboratory and flight models of contact and electron bombardment
engines were developed. These engines are small modules that pro-
duce 0.002 pound of thrust and are scheduled for flight testing in
early 1963 to determine whether ion engines can operate in the space
environment.
Development work on a surface contact ion engine continued. The
primary objective: To scale the 0.002-lb. thrust module into a 0.01-lb.
thrust (3-kw.) engine unit. Eventually this 3-kw. engine will be
clustered to attain the next power level plateau (30 kw.) in the large
engine development program (30 kw. to 30 mw.).
A linear strip cesium contact unit engine module (3 kw.) was built
and successfully tested (fig. 6-3). It produced a thrust of approxi-
mately 0.01 lb. in an overall size of 4 by 5 inches outside dimensions.
This engine may form the basic module for larger engines.
NASA awarded a contract for the development of a 3-kw. electron
bombardment ion engine that will also produce 0.01-lb. thrust. Eventu-
Figurn 6-3. Three-kw. ion engine module.
ally, this unit engine module will be flight tested and then clustered
to form a 30-kw. engine.
Large Arc Jet Engines
Development work continued on two different 30-kw. arc jet engine
concepts. I n addition, laboratory models of a 30-kw. d.c. and a 30-kw.
3-phase &.e. radiation-cooled engine, both designed to use ammonia
propellant, were built and successfully tested. Both engine versions
were demonstrated for several hundred hours, using hydrogen pro-
122 NASA EIGHTH SEM/ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
pellant_ and produced l_-lb, thrust without any apparent component

deterioration.
Efforts continued toward the objective of achieving engine system
reliability and performance for 60 to 90 days of continuous engine
operation. Power efllciencies of 45-50 percent were obtained over a
range of specific impulse from ls000 to ls500 seconds for both engines_
using both hydrogen and ammonia propellants.
Small Ion and Arc Engines
Development work continued on small ion engines (500 watts to 1

kw.) and small arc jets (1 to 2 kw.).
The earliest mission application of electric propulsion is likely to
be for attitude control and station keeping of synchronous stable-
platform satellites. To meet this requirements NASA awarded a con-
tract on October I for the delivery within I year of a flight prototype
system.
The attitude control system must be capable of overcoming the effects
of disturbance torques (movements producing rotations twistings or
torsion). These torques s which are dependent upon the satellite con-
figuration_ result from natural effects s such as solar radiation pressure
and micrometeoroid impact_ and internal effects s such as gas leakage
and moving parts. The unbalanced solar pressure is generally the
main disturbing torque.
The ion system selected is to weigh about 47 pounds; this weight
includes propellant for 3 years of operation on a 550-1b. synchronous
stable-platform satellite. The system is to contain 11 thrustors ar-
ranged in 4 pods. Each pod is to be mounted on a gimbal to permit
90 ° rotation. The result: 100 percent thrustor redundancy for attitude
control about all three axes and for station-keeping in the north-south
direction.
Many of the components of the system have already been developed
for other applications, and selection of these components provides
reasonable assurance of a satisfactory system at an early date..
Development work continued on a 1- to 2-kw. d.c. arc jet engine
for prolonged steady-state operation. Its possible use: For orbital
mapping of the earth's magnetic and radiation fields. A satellite pay-
load in initial low-altitude polar orbit could make use of electric
propulsion to spiral slowly outward to give a thorough mapping of
these fields_ which rotate with the earth.
This engines using hydrogen propellant, _lemonstrated thrustor ef-
ficiencies of 35 percent at 1000 seconds specific impulse for several
hours of steady-state operation.
NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND P O W E R GENERATION 123
THE NUCLEAR ROCKET PROGRAM
The nuclear rocket program is a joint National Aeronautics and
Space Administration-Atomic Energy Commission program for the
development of nuclear rocket systems for space exploration. Over-
all responsibility for this program is shared by the Space Nuclear
Propulsion Ofice (SWPOj, a. joint office of AEC and NASA, and the
Office of Nuclear Systems in the Office of Advanced Research and
Technology, NASA Headquarters.
SNPO has responsibility for the NERVA and KIWI segments of
the nuclear rocket program, for advanced research and technology on
propulsion, and for the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS)
in Nevada. The Office of Nuclear Systems has responsibility for the
R I F T (Reactor In-flight Test) project and advanced research and
technology on vehicles. Direction of the entire nuclear rocket program
is provided through a single individual, who serves both as Manager,
Space Nuclear Propulsion office, and Director of Nuclear Systems
(fig.6-41.
The objective of the nuclear rocket program (fig. 6-5) is the utiliza-
tion of nuclear energy as the source of high energy required to per-
form difficult long-range, high-payload missions which cannot be du-
plicated by other systems. For example, manned exploration of the
planets will require the use of nuclear rockets because with chemical
propulsion the spacecraft becomes impractically large. Hence, it is
generally agreed that the establishment of long-term preeminence in
space will require the development of nuclear rocket systems.
* ORGANIZATION-NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
=!!
124 NASA EIGHTH SEMUNNUAL REPORT TO CONGREElS
KIWI NERVA RIFT
Figuro 6-5. Major steps in nuclear rocket program.
NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application)

The NERVA project has as its goal the development of flight en-
gines for nuclear-powered upper-stage vehicles. The nuclear part of
the project involves the development of a reactor, based on the KIWI
concept (discussed in the next subsection), for the NERVA engine.
Design and analysis of the engine system continued, and a pre-
liminary model specification was completed. Work also progressed
on the analysis, development, fabrication and testing of engine com-
ponents (the propellant-feed system, nozzle, pressure vessel, pres-
surization system, and controls). And tests were conducted on an
early-generation simulator of the nuclear engine.
Design work was completed on many NERVA reactor components,
including the developmental fabrication of fuel elements ; procure-
ment of these componentswas initiated.
Chemical and flow testing of reactor components and subassemblies
went on. The purpose: to demonstrate the capability of reactor sub-
assemblies before these are incorporated in reactors for test runs at
the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS) . The design of
quipment to support reactor testing was substantially completed and
procurement undertaken.
Major procurement and development of nonnuclear components
will not, however, be undertaken until successful reactor operation is
Rgum 66.NERVA mockup.
demonstrated. Certain nonnuclear areas require technology develop-

ment and will be pursued.
NASA/SNPO and the Air Force executed an agreement that the
Air Force Nuclear Aerospace Research Facility (NARF), Fort Worth,
Tex., is to be utilized for the NERVA project. Proposals were
solicited for modifications and additions to NARF. These are re-
quired to provide facilities for development testing of components and
systems of the NERVA engine in a radiation field. Testing on initial
radiation effects at NARF began, and a schedule for subsequent test-
ing was completed. (A NERVA mockup is illustrated in fig 6-6.)
I26 NASA EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
KIWI Reactor Tests

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) , operated by the
University of California under contract to the AEC, continued re-
search and development on a series of nonflyable reactors (named
KIWI). These reactors are designed to develop the technology for ',
the first-generation nuclear rocket reactor based on uranium-loaded
graphite fuel elements.
Reactor research progress during the reporting period included
operational testing of two KIWI reactors, B-IB and B4-A (figs. 6-7
and 6-8), in which liquid hydrogen was used as a coolant for the first
time. Reactor startups with liquid hydrogen, a major potential prob-
lem area, indicated that no reactor control difficulties are caused by
the hydrogen. This is a significant achievement in the nuclear rocket
program. However, these tests resulted in mechanical damage to the
reactor core. Present efforts are directed toward engineering redesign
of the KIWI-B4 reactor and its NERVA counterpart to overcome
the mechanical difficulties encountered. An increased component and
design evaluation program is being undertaken.
-
'K I
L
Figure 6-7. KIWI-8-16 reactor.

Figum 6 4 . Kiwi-E44 reactor.
Major required progress was made in the development of liquid

hydrogen pumps and regeneratively cooled nozzles for the KIWI
reactor.
Advanced Research and Technology, Propulsion and Vehicles

Advanced research and technology in the nuclear rocket program,
conducted by NASA and AEC, has the following objectives: (1) to
supply general supporting research and technology for current proj-
ects, (2) to establish a base of technical information for the design and
operation of nuclear rocket components and engines, (3) to provide
the necessary basic technology for the development of future genera-
tions of nuclear rocket engines and vehicles, and (4) to evaluate the
feasibility of advanced concepts.
Lewis Research Center went on with advanced research and devel-
opment activities that provide (1) support to the NERVA project
and (2) basic engine systems technology for future nuclear rocket
propulsion systems.
Marshall Space Flight Center also continued supporting research
and technology on vehicles and mission applications.
It was decided that, as the KIWI program phases out, LASL is to

devote an increasing share of its capability to Phoebus, the program
for advancing the basic technology of graphite-based reactors. AEC’s
Argonne National Laboratory was assigned responsibility for study,
evaluation, and research on nongraphite reactor concepts as part of the
advanced rocket reactor technology program.
Lewis Research Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and some
AEC laboratories performed research on the feasibility of such ad-
vanced concepts as cavity reactors.
The RIFT (Reactor In-Flight Test) Project
R I F T is the development project for flight-testing a NERVA-
powered nuclear vehicle.
During this period preparatory work progressed on the first phase
of the design and development of the R I F T stage (fig. 6-9). Govern-
ment and contractor administrative and technical organizational plans
were developed, functionally integrated, and effectively initiated.
Detail design was completed on a small-scale (9-foot-diameter)
prototype tank to be utilized for extensive laboratory testing of insula-
tion, fabrication procedures, and equipment layout. Radiation-effects
testing on materials and components was initiated.
-
RIFT STAGE nEu,mcE
DRY STRUCTURE WI., Ib 44D(

TOTAL STAGE U t , Ib. m.M
PROPELLANTCAPACITY, Ib
STAGEDIA on
Figuro 69.RIFT stag..

A manufacturing site (a modified Navy hangar) at Moffett Field,

Calif., was selected and negotiations with the Navy to effect a transfer
were underway. Preliminarydesign criteria were developed for
RIFT static test facilities at NRDS, and a transportation route survey
was completed.
Hardware development will not be undertaken until reactor devel-
opment is further advanced.
The
!
Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS)
Work continued at the NRDS, Nevada, on three major test facility
complexes necessary for static testing of reactors, engines, and vehicles
associated with the nuclear space program conducted by NASA and
AEC.
The two test cells and associated facilities making up the reactor test
facility complex were completed except for final outfitting and check-
out of test cell C. Proposals were solicited for the conceptual design
of a new test stand within the reactor facilities complex. The new
test stand (designated test cell E), to be capable of testing reactors
with power levels up to 20,000 mw., will be used in the development of
reactors for a second-generation nuclear rocket engine.
Subcontracts were awarded for the construction of an engine main-
tenance and disassembly building, part of the NERVA engine facili-
ties complex, and for supplies and services necessary for the
fabrication and installation of equipment. A contractor was also
selected to design, procure, and install the instrumentation and control
systcms for cn_ne test stand No. 1, also part of this complex. Work
on various other miscellaneous projects was initiated and is currently
in progress at NRDS, including construction of tower camera stations
and hot-storage and contamination facilities, and modifications to
existing facilities.
Proposals were solicited for the selection of a support services con-
tractor at NRDS. When selected, the contractor will be responsible
for providing many services, from routine administrative-housekeep-
ing functions to highly technical operations. This contractor will also
support the work of development contractors and assist the SNPO in
NRDS activities.
CHAPTER 7
Tracking ancl Data Acquisition
During this reporting period, tracking and data acquisition activi-

ties supported the orbital flight of Astronaut Schirra (MA-8),
Mariner II and Ranger V, and 16 unmanned earth satellites. The
support came respectively from the Manned Space Flight, Deep Spacer
and Satellite Networks.
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK
The worldwide Manned Space Flight Network consists of 14 land-

based tracking and data acquisition stations, 2 ships which have been
outfitted with telemetry and communications equipments and a central
data processing center located at Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Md. The 14 land-based stations are situated in the United
States and in 6 foreign countries (fig. 7-1). These stations give co.ver-
age between the latitudes of approximately 35 ° north and 35 ° south.
(The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft orbits will occur within
these latitudes.)
The Manned Space Flight Network stations are at Cape Canaveral,
Fla, (installations at Grand Bahama and Grand Turk Islands are
operated as part of the Cape Canaveral station) ; Grand Canary Is-
land; Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar; Muchea and Woomera, Australia;
Canton Island; Kauai, Hawaii; Point Arguello, Calif. ; Guaymas,
Mexico; White Sands, N. Mex. ; Corpus Christi, Tex. ; and Eglin AFB,
Fla. The two telemetry and communications ships are positioned for
each mission to meet special coverage requirements (fig. 7-2).
The Mercury Network successfully supported the six-orbit flight of
Astronaut Schirra (MA-8). In addition to the ground-based stations,
three ships were located near the reentry area in the Pacific Ocean.
The ships provided additional tracking, telemetry, and spacecraft com-
munications during the reentry phase. The effective performance of
the network contributed to the success of the MA-8 mission. Further,
it provided additional information that would be needed for the Mer-
cury 1-day flight (MA-9) to be made in 1963.
For Project Gemini, NASA conducted a complete study of the net-
work and the ground-operating support requirements. As a result of
this study, the. agency decided to augment the network. Pulse code
modulation (PCM) telemetry systems are to be _added at 10 selected
131
706-017 0--63_---10
Rgun 7-1. Typical -16 antenna for manned space nigh?sfations.
sites. (PCM is a digital telemetry system which will provide more

channels of information, faster data rates, improved accuracy, and
less weight of equipment per data channel.) These sites are also to
receive dual acquisition equipment, dual digital command systems, and
pulse coders. These additions are to enable the tracking sites to dis-
tinguish between the manned Gemini capsule and the Agena target
when both are in orbit. New data handling equipment will convert
PCM data to real time displays; this is to be installed at all stations
with PCM equipment.
Television cameras are to be installed in the Mercury MA-9, the
Gemini, and the Apollo spacecraft. These will transmit near real-
time pictures of the astronauts and the interiors of the spacecraft to
TV receivers to be installed a t Cape Canaveral, on board the telemetry
TRACgING AND DATA ACQUISITION 133
Rgum 7-2. To~oIII.~~~

ship ROSE KNOT.
and communications ship in the Pacific, in Corpus Christi, Tex., and

on Grand Canary Island.
DEEP SPACE NETWORK

The NASA Deep Space Network provides tracking, data acquisi-
tion, and command to spacecraft and deep space exploration probes.
The network stations (fig.7-3) are at. Goldstone, Calif.; Woomera,
Australia; and Johannesburg, South Africa. They have 85-foot para-
bolic antennas and the necessary ground electronic equipment for
telemetry, tracking, and command communications between spacecraft
and ground station.
Two mobile stations supplement the three permanent ones. O n e
located at Cape Canaveral, Fla.--covers the preflight checkout of the
spacecraft electronics and the launch phase. It has a 6-foot parabolic
antenna and supporting ground electronics. The other mobile sta-
tion, colocated with the permanent station a t Johannesburg, South
Africa, covers injection phases of lunar and planetary spacecraft.
This station has a 10-foot parabolic antenna that acquires spacecraft
during the early portion of trajectory when the spacecraft is passing
rapidly over the horizon at a relatively low altitude. (This station
feeds acquisition information to the large 85-foot antennas.)
- -
Rgum 7-3. Doop Space Notwork Station, Woomom, Australia.
The Deep Space Network stations are continuslly being improved

and modified to meet programed spacecraft requirements. As an ex-
ample, NASA installed digital instrumentation systems at all perma-
nent stations. These systems record station performance parameters,
thereby providing more direct calibration, adjustments, and checkout
to expedite station readiness time. Also, the agoncy added L-band
frequency synthesizers and atomic standards to the transmitting
loops; these provide precision doppler at planetary distances. All
stations were equipped with a telemetry-to-teletype encoder in direct
support of Mariner spacecraft.
To maintain the network at a high standard of performance com-
patible with the state-of-the-art, several development programs were
initiated or completed during this period. These included the devel-
opment of a general-purpose telemetry-to-teletype encoder to serve
many flight programs; the test and evaluation of S-band maser; a
complete test of prototype S-band cassegrain colic and subreflector;
and the design of an S-band frequency synthesizer for data transmit-
ting and receiving loops.
TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 135
NASA planned a prototype 210-foot parabolic antenna to provide

tracking, telemetry, and command capability in support of the ad-
vanced interplanetary programs. The preliminary design of the an-
tenna system and ground support electronics was completed and pro-
posals were re.ceived from prospective contractors for final design
and construction. These are to be evaluated and a contractor selected
4--- L__-_I_ 1 , "I
_u uu_d the fit_ system to _ue loca_ea at Goldston% Calif. (The con-
tractor was selected after the end of the report period.)
During this period, the Deep Space. Network supported the Mariner
I, the Mariner II, and the Ranger V missions. Mariner II, as reported
in chapter 3, was launched on August 27; it successfully completed
its mission on December 14, 1962, when the spacecraft passed within
21,100 miles of Venus, gathering 42 minutes of invaluable scientific
data. During the flight to Venus, the Deep Space Network provided
complete 24-hour, 7-day-a-week coverage of the spacecraft. The telem-
etry, tracking, command, and communication systems of the network
performed well throughout the flight mission.
Ranger V, launched on October 18, was also fully supported by
the Deep Space Network. The Ranger V mission was considered only
a parti,al success because of power failure onboard the spacecraft after
injection into Lne
..... Junar _ransier plane. However, the network ob-
tained valuable information on the spacecraft performance during
early and post launch periods. From information obtained in track-
ing the spacecraft, it was calculated that Ranger V passed within ap-
proximately 518 miles of the moon. (Subsequently, it went into orbit
around the sun.)
SATELLITE NETWORK
The Satellite Network includes 13 radio-interferometer tracking

stations and 12 Baker-Nunn camera optical-tracking stations. The
radio-tracking stations provide tracking and data acquisition sup-
port for the unmanned scientific and application satellites. They are
located at Antofagasta, Chile; Blossom Point, Md. ; College, Alaska;
East Grand Forks, Minn. ; Fort Myers, Fla. ; Hartebeesthoek, South
Africa; Lima, Peru; Mojave, Calif.; Quite, Ecuador; St. John's,
Newfoundland ; Santiago, Chile; Winkfield, Engl.and; and Woomera,
Australia.
In addition, mobile ground stations were used for special require-
ments and projects. One of these stations was flown to Brazil and
obtained the necessary data from Explorer XV for determining the
density of the artificial radi.ation belt created by a nuclear test last
July.
The following satellites, launched during the period, were supported

by the network :
_ATELLITE DATE LAUNGHED
Telstar ................................................. 10 July 1962
Tetrahedron ............................................ 17 September 1962
TIROS VI ............................................. 18 September 1962
Alouette ............................................... 28 September 1962
Explorer XIV .......................................... 2 October 1962

Explorer XV ........................................... 27 October 1962
ANNA IB .............................................. 31 October 1962
Injun 3.... ............................................ 13 December 1962
Relay .................................................. 13 December 1962
Explorer XVI .......................................... 16 December 1962
At the close of this period, a total of 16 satellites was being sup-

ported for tracking and data acquisition.
The Baker-Nunn optical camera tracking stations are operated by
the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. These 12 high-precision
optical camera facilities augment the tracking facilities of the Satel-
lite net; they provide the precise tracking data needed for geodetic,
air density, and shape of the earth studies. The cameras can deter-
mine the accuracy of satellite positions within 2 seconds of arc. The
stations are located at Organ Pass, N. Mex. ; Olifantsfonteirb South
Africa; Woomera, Australia; San Fernando, Spain; Tokyo, Japan.;
Naini Tal, India; Arequipa, Peru ; Shiraz, Iran; Curacao, Netherlands
West Indies; Jupiter, Fla. ; Villa Dolores, Argentina; Maui, Hawaii.
During this period, construction was completed on the tracking
and data acquisition station at Gilmore Creek, Alaska. Construction
was started in September on the Weather Bureau's Nimbus Opera-
tional System (NOS) Station at Fairbanks, Alaska. Another Weather
Btlreau station was planned for Hiland, Nova Scotia. And the sta-
tion at Rosman, N.C., scheduled to be operational by late 1963, was
under construction. These stations are to be equipped with 85-foot
parabolic antennas which will enable NASA to handle greater volumes
of data telemetered back from the observatory-type satellites.
NASA made plans to add pulse code modulation (PCM) systems to
the satellite net to handle the increased amount of data received from
such satellites as the Eccentric Geophysical Observatory (EGO), Or-
biting Astronomical Observatory (OAO), Orbiting Solar Observatory
(OSO), and Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO).
Newer digital command systems, to be added, will increase the com-
mand capability. And the planned addition of a mobile range-and-
range-rate system will provide the necessary information to establish
the orbit more quickly and more accurately than previously possible.
CHAPTER 8
University and Basic Research Programs
NASA ¢_o_ to encourage ,-,'r,';.,°.-,:,.;_-..,,.,_ _*-h....

_xtt • u_zu_, _tl_lt.
:^_.'_.'-_ _,4
"._,u_txuJi. _-_xUxJtU.t_UD _lkll_L
engineers to participate in its research programs, and the scientific

community in turn contributes heavily to NASA's scientific and tech-
nological work. Many of its members have participated in experi-
ments performed with space probes and satellities; still more have
carried on ground-based research in support of space operations.
Such research projects---the mainstay of NAS_'s extramural re-
search program because they are directly responsive to the agency's
recognizable technological requirements--are one responsibility of the
Office of Grants and Research Contracts. This Office issues and admin-
isters grants and research contracts to nonprofit scientific and educa-
tional institutions, initiates policies governing their relationships with
NASA, and acts as their principal point of contact with the agency.
To stimulate such participation in its research programs, NASA
sponsored symposia, .....
............_oi,_i_. _ urAversity program, and basic re-
search projects.
Symposia
Two important symposia were held during the report period.

The first, the Space Science Summer Study, supported by a grant
issued by the Office of Grants and R_search Contracts, was conducted
at the State University of Iowa from June 17 to August 10, under
the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences. Over 100 of the
Nation's leading scientists studied in depth NASA's current and
projected programs of scientific research in space, related them to other
national research efforts and overall scientific needs, and made recom-
mendations to NASA that will be reflected in future space research
programs.
The second meeting was a 3-day NASA-University Conference on
the Science and Technology of Space Exploration. This was held in
Chicago, November 1-3, and was attended by over 900 representatives
of 224 scientific and educational institutions. Its purpose was to
increase NASA's efforts to inform scientists and educators of aero-
space-related needs and programs and to advise them how to partici-
pate in both the conduct of research and the training of researchers.
Despite the wide extent of university research oriented to NASA's
needs, there was general agreement that the universities were capable
137
of doing much more to help advance the national space effort. NASA,
therefore, looked for additional ways of increasing cooperation be-
tween it and the university community and took steps to achieve this
objective. The result was the establishment of the Sustaining Univer-
sity Program.
Sustaining University Program

This program is designed to complement the sponsored, or project,
research and to increase the role of universities in the national space
program.
The Sustaining University Program is designed to help increase the
future supply" of scientists and engineers in space-related science and
technology; help universities provide facilities urgently needed for
space research; and encourage creative multidisciplinary investiga-
tions, development of new capabilities, and consolidation of research
activities.
Trainlng.--To increase the supply of scientists and engineers,
NASA made training grants available to qualified universities for
the selective support of outstanding predoctoral graduate students
in space-related sciences and engineering. During this report period,
100 predoctoral graduate students entered training under grants with
10 major universities. NASA also completed work on 88 additional
grants to as many universities; these grants will enable nearly 800
students to enter training in September 1963.
Students under this program receive a basic yearly stipend of
$2,400, plus up to an additional $1,000. The university receives
funds to cover tuition, laboratory fees, and certain reasonable expenses
directly attributable to the training. Predoctoral training grants are
made for 3 years; the students' performance is reviewed annually.
Facilities.--NASA has also extended assistance to American uni-
versities by providing grants to enable them to acquire research
facilities. The need for such grants developed when several uni-
versities conducting research for NASA were hindered by serious
limitations in their laboratory facilities. The grants for facilities are
intended to overcome these limitations and to enable university sci-
entists and engineers to perform required space research. Five facili-
ties grants under this program were awarded in September 1962.
The first of the facilities is expected to be available for use in 1964.
The facilities grants are made to qualifying institutions for urgently
needed new buildings or for expansion of existing facilities. NASA
generally approves facilities grants only for institutions conducting
UNIVERSITY AND BASIC RESEARCH PROGRAMS 139
substantial research for the agency in a broad area of space science

or technology.
Research.--NASA adopted one other method of encouraging uni-
versity investigations which overlap the. fields of interest of several
NASA program offices. The agency provided support to initiate new
research work: to consolidate multidisciplinary research efforts, and
to develop new research groupa
This program is quite small compared to the sponsored project re-
search, but it offers NASA a new and highly flexible tool for working
with thd _niversity community in the national interest.
RESEARCH PROGRAMS
NASA also receives original ideas for basic research through the
medium of unsolicited research proposals submitted by scientific_ edu-
cational, and industrial organizations. They are vital to the advance-
ment of space related sciences and technology because they often
suggest research which may produce new basic knowledge or new
applications of present knowledge. These are another responsibility
of the Office of Grants and Research Contracts which receives, coordi-
nates the evaluation of, and insures the proper handling of all un-
solicited proposals submitted to NASA headquarters.
Grants and Research Contracts

During the report period, NASA's Office of Grants and Research
Contracts received 2_i92 unsolicited proposals for research. One
hundred and fifty-seven projects totaling $23.2 million were spon-
sored. One hundred and thirty-three projects of nonprofit scientific
and educational institutions amounted to $21 million_ 90 percent of the
total. Twelve projects of industrial organizations amounted to
$700,000_ and 12 projects of other Federal agencies amounted to
$1.5 million. In addition_ 61 unsolicited industrial proposals were
forwarded to other Government procurement offices.
Recipients and amounts awarded are listed by State in appendix I.
CHAPTER 9
International Programs
and his use of it in peaceful scientific programs continued to expand.

By the close of the report period, 61 political jurisdictions had par-
ticipated or were participating with the United States in actual flight
experiments (13 countries), in ground-based activities directly sup-
porting orbiting experiments (scientists and technicians in 47 coun-
tries), in support of tracking and data acquisition operations (25
jurisdictions), and in personnel exchanges (30 countries).
Representative achievements of this cooperation were the Septem-
ber 28 launch of the Canadian Alouette and the December 5 announce-
ment of the confirmation of a planned cooperative program with the
Soviet Union. Exemplifying the organization of multilateral pro-
grams, over 50 scientists at 38 stations in 9_Dcountries were enlisted
with scientists at 17 American stations in a joint effort calling for
experiments using signals from the NASA Ionosphere Beacon Satel-
lite (S--66). (The spacecraft, scheduled for launch in 1963, will
provide the means for synoptic study of the composition and behavior
of the electrified levels of the upper atmosphere.)
Testing of communications satellites continued under arrangements
previously negotiated with the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Brazil,
and Germany (the latter not yet operative), under which the cooper-
ating countries provided the necessary ground terminals abroad.
Ground observations of local weather phenomena, synchronized with
passes of the TIROS satellites, continued in a number of countries.
NASA's international efforts concerned cooperative programs and
operations support agreements with individual countries, cooperation
through international organizations, and personnel exchanges and
training activities.
COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS AND OPERATIONS

SUPPORT
Through December, new arrangements were made for flight, ground-

based, or flight-support programs with Bermuda, Brazil, Canada,
India, Italy, Japan, Nigeria, South Africa, the Soviet Union, and the
United Kingdom.
141
142 NAS_ EIGI-rFH SEMIANNUAL REPORT T0 CONGRESS
Australia
Attempts by NASA to launch an Australian-prepared experiment
in very low frequency (VLF) emissions during this reporting period
were unsuccessful due to malfunction in the Aerobee 150A sounding
rocket. (Another launch is expected to take place early in 1963.)
In July, arrangements were made with the Australian Government
for survey teams to explore locations for three proposed tracking
stations. The stations required are a deep space facility to support
the lunar and planetary programs; a tracking and data acquisition
station to support the EGO and OAO satellite and the Gemini and
Apollo programs; and a small transportable facility to be used with
the EGO satellite.
Bermuda {United Kingdom)

Arrangements were made with the Government of Bermuda for
the installation of two tracking telescopes and the launching of sound-
ing rockets from Bermudian territory. These are to be used in con-
junction with two Scout reentry tests scheduled for launch in 1963
from Wallops Station and a reentry flight demonstration (RFD-1)
of a dummy SNAP experiment.
Brazil
In September_ NASA installed a portable data acquisition station

in Brasilia to track the Explorer XV satellite. In this effort, the
agency received the timely cooperation of the Brazilian Government.
Canada
On September 28, NASA successfully launched Alouette, the Cana-
dian Topside Sounder Satellite (S-27) (fig. 9-1); the launch took
place from the Pacific Missile Range at 11 p.m. Pacific time (Septem-
ber 29 at 2 a.m., e.s.t.). As pointed out in chapter 3, Alouette was the
first satellite completely designed and built by a nation other than the
United States and the U.S.S.R. The launching was NASA's first
from the Pacific coast and the agency's first use of the Thor-Agena B
vehicle.
In other actions, Canada and the United States concluded an agree-
ment to place a Nimbus command and data acquisition station in
Newfoundland; this took place in December, shortly before the end
of the reporting period. And with the cooperation of the Canadian
Government, NASA conducted a series of high-altitude balloon
launches with live animals. These launches were made from a site
in Labrador; their purpose was to measure the effect of cosmic
radiation.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 143
Figure 9-1. Canadian scientish study Alouette L-27 model.
India
NASA and India’s Department of Atomic Energy defined a pro-
pram for the conduct of two cooperative scientific projects by means
of sounding rockets; the rockets are to be launched from a site in
India near the geomagnetic equator. The first experiments, sodium
vapor studies of upper atmosphere winds, were scheduled to begin in
1963. Plans were also made for the second experiments to be con-
ducted in 1963; these will permit study of the equatorial electrojet by
means of sounding rockets carrying magnetometer instrumentation.
The agreement further provides for the continuation and expansion
of a current program for the acquisition of telemetry data from U.S.
satellites.
Italy
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and Italian Foreign Minister
Attilio Piccioni exchanged notes in Rome to confirm establishment of
the joint NASA-Italian Space Committee Project San Marco. This
three-phase scientific venture is expected to culminate in the launching
of an Italian satellite into equatorial orbit from a towable platform in
the Indian Ocean. San Marco's principal objective is to determine the
local density of the upper atmosphere in the equatorial planes.
Italian engineers began training related to the project and took
operational assignments at NASA field centers. The first sounding
rocket tests of satellite components should" take place at jWallops
Island in the spring of 1963.
In another action, the United States and Italian Governments in
November confirmed an agreement between NASA and Telespazio
concerning cooperation between the two countries in testing experi-
mental communications satellites.
Japan
NASA and the Japanese Ministry of Post and Communications
arranged to extend the recent series of cooperative sounding rocket
experiments (fig. 9-2) to cover a launching scheduled for Wallops
Island in February 1963. This experiment will attempt to evaluate
Japanese and United States techniques for measuring electron tem-
perature and density at altitudes above 135 km.
In another agreement between these same agencies, concluded on
November 6 and confirmed by their respective governments, the t_vo
made plans providing for cooperation in future NASA communica-
tion satellite experiments.
In December, with the approval of the Government of Japan, a
NASA survey team explored sites in the course of a general investiga-
tion of the Far Eastern area for a suitable location for a new track-
ing and data acquisition station. This statiop will be used to support
the EGO, the OAO, and the POGO projects.
Figum 9-2. ORdal inspoets a Japanwo *xperimmnt prior to launch.
Malagasy
A further site survey was arranged in November with the Malagasy
Republic in connection with a station to be used to support the Nim-
bus, POGO, and topside sounder programs.
Nigeria
Negotiations were concluded in December permitting NASA to
place a shipborne station, the Kingsport, in Lagos Harbor to support
Project Syncom.
Noway
With NASA technical assistance and Danish cooperation, Norway
launched three ionospheric sounding rocket experiments from the
Andoya, Norway, range. These launchings took place on August 18,
December 11,and December 14.
Six additional launches were planned, two from Wallops Island
early in 1963 and four from Andoya in midsummer. Data from these
flights will be compared in an effort to verify theories of the forma-
tion of the D region of the ionosphere.
Philippines
The general investigation of possible sites for a tracking station to

support the EGO, OAO, and POGO projects, was extended to the
Philippines with the approval of the Philippine Government.
South Africa
In conjunction with the MA-8 orbital mission, NASA made ar-

rangements with the Republic of South Africa to conduct a xenon
light experiment from the airport at Durban, South Africa. (The
purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the astronaut
could see an earth-based light source of known intensity.)
Additionally, under a NASA grant, scientists from Washington
University (St. Louis, Mo.) and the University of Potchefstroon
(South Africa) conducted a series of balloon launches from Calvinia,
South Africa, to measure the effect of cosmic radiation.
Soviet Union
The agreement of the United States and the Soviet Union to co-
ordinate launchings of weather and geomagnetic satellites, to ex-
change resulting data, and to experiment with the passive communi-
cations satellite Echo II, was announced at the United Nations on
December 5. The agreement had been achieved in June by Dr. Hugh
L. Dryden and Soviet Academician A. A. Blagonravov. Working
group meetings to implement the agreement are scheduled for March
1963.
Sweden
Through a joint NASA-Swedish Space Committee program, four-

Nike-Cajun sounding rockets were fired from Kronogard, Sweden, in
August. Instruments aboard the rockets obtained samples of high-
altitude noctilucent clouds that occur in the Arctic. Scientists of the
Air Force Cambridge Research Center participated in the effort as
associated experimenters.
United Kingdom
As of the close of the reporting period, Ariel I (S-51) continued to

yield substantial data on the ionosphere. (Ariel, carrying British
instrumentation, was launched by NASA in April 1962, as the first in.
ternational satellite.)
Work went forward on the second joint satellite in this series, Ariel
II (S--52), scheduled for launch in 1963. Also, discussions continued
on definition of the experiments for the third Ariel (S-53), to be en-
gineered entirely in the United Kingdom.
COOPERATION THROUGH INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS
NASA continued to support the Department of State in represent-

ing U.S. interests in various international forums concerned with
outer space. NASA officers assisted the U.S. delegation to the Sep-
tember meetings of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space; they also assisted the U.S. delegation in the sub-
sequent U.N. General Assembly discussion of international coopera-
tion in the exploration and use of outer space.
Similarly, through the National Academy of Sciences, N_kSA con-
tinued to support U.S. participation in the work of COSPAR (the
Committee on Space Research of the International Council of Scientific
Unions) and other international scientific bodies.
Continuing discussions were held during the reporting period with
representatives of the two European regional space groups---the
European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and the European
Launcher Development Organization (ELDO). The purpose of these
discussions was to identify program areas of mutual interest. Both
organizations should ba formally e.stablished by mid-!963.
PERSONNEL EXCHANGES, EDUCATION, AND

TRAINING
During the report period, 1,343 foreign nationals visited NASA

facilities, obtaining first-hand evidence of the openness of U.S. space
activities. Among the visitors were officials of space programs in
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, and the United
Kingdom. Officials of the Preparatory Commission for the European
Space Research Organization also visited for technical discussions.
Delegates to the NATO Advisory Group on Aeronautics Research
and Development (AGARD) Structures and Materials Panel toured
NASA facilities, as did NATO Parliamentarians and Western Euro-
pean Union Parliamentarians.
NASA sent 220 scientists abroad to participate in international
conferences and symposia during this period. Other NASA per-
sonnel traveled overseas in connection with site surveys, discussions
regarding cooperative programs, support of ]aunchings, tests, or down-
range operations of the Atlantic and Pacific Missile Ranges and the
Wallops Station.
Eighteen students from eight countries are currently studying in
the space sciences at 12 American universities in the first year of
706-017 0----63--11
1_8 NASAEIGHTHSEMIANNUAL
REPORT
TO CONGRESS
NASA's cooperative international fellowship program. This fellow-
ship program ultimately envisions up to 100 foreign students annually
working at 30 U.S. universities on a shared-cost basis. Under this pro-
gram, administered by the National Academy of Sciences, university
faculty members may be sent overseas to lecture on space science
subjects.
Seventeen foreign nationals from eight European countries partici-
pated in Columbia University's first Summer Institute in Space
Science (1962), conducted under a NASA grant.
Thirty technicians from seven countries are receiving training and
contributing to work in space research at Goddard Space Flight
Center, Langley Research Center, and the Wallops Station, in sup-
port of international projects.
CHAPTER 10
Services, Management, Procurement, ancl Support

Functions
During the last • 6 mol_,1.

.... sol _62
1, NASAl" ........ deuce,.1-,..1.._ "^-_1
,_ e,,u.atIu,,_,
programs and services and fostered wider dissemination of infor-
mation in space science and technology.
The agency also strengthened its internal structure, to keep organi-
zation and management in pace with expanding research and develop-
ment activities and at the same time added scientists and engineers to
its staff.
For efficiency and economy NASA completely mechanized the ac-
cumulation and reporting of financial data and installed compatible
processes at all its installations. The agency also introduced simpli-
fied inventory techniques at its six largest field centers, these tech-
niques reduced administrative costs and freed management to con-
centrate on high-dollar value transactions accounting for the greatest
investment.
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND SERVICES

NASA cooperated with educational organ_ations, agencies, and
institutions such as the U.S. Office of Education, State departments
of education, colleges and universities, to provide information on
space science and technology for teacher education and for the en-
richment of elementary and secondary school curriculums.
Educational programs and services included space science lecture-
demonstrations, distribution of space-related information and mate-
rials for teacher instruction and classroom use_ consultation services
and assistance in planning space science seminars, institutes, symposia,
and inservice training programs for teachers.
During the report period the NASA awards program for high
school students who develop and exhibit space science projects was
expanded to include State, regional, and national science fairs, includ-
ing the National Science Fair--International.
Representatives of the agency's educational services participated
in and provided lectures, demonstrations, exhibits, and publications
for over 90 teacher-education institutes and seminars held from July
1 through December 31.
149
I
1
!
i
I1
Figun 10-1 A. SpacemoMIo audience.
The agency, through the U.S. Office of Education, State depart-

ments of education, colleges, and universities, cosponsored several
programs to develop space science materials for elementary and s e e
ondary school curricula. Teams of supervisors, consultants, and
science and mathematics teachers collaborated in developing these
space-related materials to modernize classroom instruction. A pilot
program was also initiated to present space science information in
adult education.
Twelve spacemobiles-NASA’s traveling space science lecture-
demonstration units l-made presentations to over 1 million children
and adults in schools, teacher training institutes, and civic groups
throughout the United States. Spkmobile lecturers also made 450
television appearances. Spacemobile lecture-demonstrations were
presented to about a quarter of a million visitors to the Seattle
World’s Fair, July l-October 21, and to approximately 90,000 students
and adults during the Cleveland-NASA Space Science Fair, Novem-
ber 23-December 2.
Spacemobiles were also engaged in worldwide dissemination of
space education information and of facts on America’s space program.
I n December, a spacemobile completed a 6-month tour of West Pak-
nSpacemobile demonstrations are available to echools. dvlc and professional associa-
tions. alad other orgadzed groups without charge. Inquiries should be addressed t o :
the O5ce of Educational Programs and Services, National Aeronautics and, Space Admin-
istration, Wasbixmgton 25. D.C.
SERVICES, MANAGEMENT, P R O C T J R E M E ~ , AND SUPPORT 151
Figure 10-1 B. Spacemobile demonstration.
istan under the auspices of the Government of Pakistan. Another, in

cooperation with the U.S. Information Agency, began an African
circnit: in T~agos,Nigeriaj on Octnher 27 with a presentation at the
nation’s International Trade Fair. This unit is also scheduled to
tour Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Zanzibar, the Federation of Rho-
desia and Nyasaland, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika.
At the same time another spacemobile operated in Switzerland and
France.
As a result of the enthusiastic reception of these lecture-demon-
strations, plans are being made, in cooperation with the Department
of State and the U.S. Information Agency, to fill requests from for-
eign countries on a somewhat wider basis.
Educational Publications
From July 1 through December 31, NASA issued a number of
educational publications. Among these were “Results of Experi-
ments in Space”, a booklet presenting a lecture by Dr. Robert Jastrow,
Director, Institute for Space Studies, Goddard Space Flight Center,
on the occasion of the 25th Wright Brothers Lecture for the Institute
of Aerospace Sciences; and the “The Six Orbits of Sigma 7”, an
illustrated brochure describing the Mercury flight of Walter M.
Schirra, Jr.2
a Single copies of these publications are available upon request from the 05ce of Educa-
tional Programs and Services, Educational Publications Branch, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington 26, D.C.
NASA Facts? Five new fact sheets in this series were published.
These 21- by 32-inch sheets---adaptable to either wall display or in-
sertion in looseleaf notebooks--were:
(1) "Ariel, First International Satellite"--describes the United

States-United Kingdom satellite to study the ionosphere and
cosmic radiation.
(2) "Mariner"--discusses the Nation's spacecraft that supplied
new data on Venus.
(3) "The Explorer Satellites'_---tells about various geophysical
satellites and probes to study radiation fields, cosmic rays, micro-
meteoroids, temperature, magnetic fields, solar radiation, the
ionosphere, air density, solar plasma, and gamma rays.
(4) "Alouette, Canada's First Satellite"--explains how the
satellite will study the ionosphere through radio-echo sounding
from a vantage point in space.
(5) "Project Relay"--reviews NASA's experiment with me-
dium-altitude communications satellites.
Aerospace Lea-/iets.*--Each illustrated leaflet in this series contains

official remarks by a leading NASA authority on some aspect of the
agency's program.
The four leaflets appearing during this report period were :
1. NASA's Administrator James E. Webb discusses "Man Must
Take Environment Into Space", problems encountered by man when
he ventures into space.
2. "Impact of Progress in Space on Science", Dr. Hugh L. Dryden,
Deputy NASA Administrator, describes how the space program stim-
ulates advances in science.
3. "Space Activities and the Community of Nations", Dr. Homer E.
Newell, Director, Office of Space Sciences, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, surveys the cooperative program in space ex-
ploration of the United States and other nations.
4. "Space Communications", Gerald M. Truszynski, Deputy Di-
rector of the agency's Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, ex-
plains systems for commanding and gathering information from
spacecraft.
Reprints2--"Man on the Moon" was reprinted from the New Y'orl¢
Times Magazine of March 4, 1962; "Anyone for the Moon" was re-
printed from Air Force and Space Digest, June 1962.
z Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-

ton, D.C.. 20402.
• Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D.C., 20402.
s Single copies of these publications are availab}e upon r_quest from the Office of E&uca-
tlonal Programs and Services, Educational Publications Branch, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration,, WashingtOn, D.C.
SERVICES,
MA_AGEMENT_
PROCUREMEI_T_
AND SUPPORT 153
Transcrgpt.S--An illustrated transcript of NASA's news conference

of July 1, 1962, on "Lunar Orbit Rendezvous" was also published
during this report period.
Motion Pictures s
Three major color and sound motion pictures were released by

NASA during the report period:
(1) "SaturnNGiant Step to the Moon" (13_ rain.) that ex-
plains the objectives of the Saturn program and shows the first
two Saturn launches from Cape Canaveral.
(2) "Your Share in Space" (28 min.) shows how research in
the space program has contributed to the Nation's technological
and economic growth.
(3) "John Glenn Speaks to Young Americans" (11_/_ min.)
covers Astronaut Glenn's speech and participation in Youth Day
at the 1962 Ohio State Fair.
Fifteen other educational-informational films were in production

and an addition_ _x were in the planning stage.
Demand for and distribution of NASA's motion pictures increased
steadily throughout the report period. O_er 2,000 nontheatrical
bookings were handled through NASA Headquarters alone. In addi-
tion, prints of the films "Friendship 7" and "The Mastery of Space"
were shown to audiences throughout the world under tb_ auspices
of the U.S. Information Agency. The films, also distributed within
the United States on a free-loan 'basis, were seen by more than 150
million people.
Each has won professional motion picture honors. "Friendship
7" received awards from film festivals in Monza, Italy, Belgium (the
Prix Femina), and San Francisco (honorable mention). "The Mas-
tery of Space" was honored by the Venice, Italy, film festival (silver
medal); and by film festivals in Trento, Italy (silver medal and
cash), and Columbus, Ohio (Chris Statuette).
(NASA initiated action to decline the cash award from Trento
and request its use for youth science education in Italy.)
6 Except for "The Mastery of Space" and "Friendship 7," NASA's films are available
to the public without charge other than. return mailing and insurance costs_ _Requests
should be addressed to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of
Educational Programs and Services, E@ucattonal Audio-Visual Branch, Washington 25, D.C.
"The Mastery of Splice" should be ordered from Associated Films, Inc., 347 Madison
Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. ; "Friendship 7" from United World Films, Inc., 1445 Park
Avenue, New York 29, N.Y.
154 NASA EIG_TI_I SEI_IANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Fi_m Depository Services.--By the end of December, the Office of

Educational Programs and Services had received, stored, and cata-
logued 4#42,590 feet of NASA motion picture film covering space-
craft and launch vehicle development, launching, astronaut training,
and other space or space-related activities. During this report period
NASA's Central Film Depository made 122,132 feet of motion picture
footage available to public requesters--principally to makers of edu-
cational and documentary films, and to television producers.
Educational Television and Radio

NASA's educational radio and television activities experienced
notable growth and development. Since July 1 the following were
produced:
1. An hour-long video tape on the NASA-Cleveland Space Science
Fair for school and adult viewing. The taped program (also avail-
able on 16-mm. film) is a comprehensive review of major NASA
programs; it was used by the National Educational Television and
Radio Center (NETRC) on its 70 ETV stations, by closed-circuit
school systems, and for direct projection.
2. A video tape of the Mariner II news conference, held in Decem-
ber at the time of the Venus fly-by. This tape was available to
educational TV stations within hours after the close of the conference.
An audio tape of the news conference was broadcast on the Educa-
tionM Radio Network.
3. Film clips, still pictures, and scripts on the lunar orbit rendez-
vous concept and various aspects of the Apollo program for distri-
bution to ,the 70 ETV stations and 20 major closed-circuit educational
TV systems.
4. A series of 13 one-half hour radio programs, based on audio
tapes recorded at the Second Annual Conference on the Peaceful
Uses of Space, held in Seattle. The series was scheduled by 69
stations affiliated with the National Association of Education
Broadcasters.
During the report period arrangements were completed to accredit
the National Education Television and Radio Center as a member of
the NASA-network television pool. This action made it possible for
educational as well as commercial television to receive all NASA news-
film, press information, and still photographs for duplication and
distribution to its affiliates. NETRC thus also gains access to Cape
Canaveral and other NASA facilities and centers to film or tape mate-
rial for ETV or radio.
SERVICES, MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, AND SUPPORT 155
Exhibits
During the last 6 months of 1962 approximately 160 exhibits were
shown throughout this country, in Canada, and overseas.
A technical exhibit of about 20,000 square feet, shown a t the Seattle
World’s Faif from April 21-October 21, was seen by over 3 million
visitorelu’TiSA‘s largest exhibit effort to date. Other major exhibi-
tions in North America included : The Canadian National Exposition,
Tornnto (September), the American Rocket, Society, T m Angeles
(November), the California Museum of Science and Industry, Los
Angeles (December), and the Cleveland-NASA Space Science Fair
(November-December) .
NASA’s first European exhibit was shown in Lausanne, Switzer-
land, September 7-23, at the invitation of the Government of Switzer-
land. The exhibit, covering about 3,500 square feet, included a full-
Figure 10-2. Exhibit at Seattle World’s Fair.

156 NASA EIGI_TI_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
scale Mercury capsule. Visitor attendance totaled 100,000. This

exhibit was shipped to Paris and shown at the Palais de la Decouverte
from November 15, 1962, to January 12, 1963_ where attendance was
approximately 100,000. The exhibit will be shown at the Tekniska
Museet in Stockholm, Sweden, from February 15 to April 15, and
in West Berlin from June 1 to July 30, 1963.
Historical Program
During the report period NASA's historical staff published
monthly segments of its space chronology--"Aerospace Science and
Technology, a Chronology for 1962" two historical reports, "Chroni-
cle of Major NASA Launchings, 1958--62" and "Historical Origins of
NASA (revised)", and five historical notes.
Work was begun on three specialized chronologies covering
weather satellites, communications satellites, and the X-15 program.
The first NASA history, "An Administrative History of NASA,
1958-62", was started by the University of Minnesota under NASA
contract.
Additions to the agency's archives included an indexed collection
of all congressional publications pertaining to NASA, the second
increment of the papers of Captain John Ide, and the official files of
Project Vanguard.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
NASA's contractor-operated scientific and technical information

facility reached scheduled production levels during the report period.
Accordingly, the agency's biweekly announcement journal Tech-
nical Publications Announce_rbents (TPA)--featuring computer-
printed indexes--was produced on an accelerated schedule.
The information processing facility using the latest machine stor-
age and retrieval techniques also prepared more detailed indexes to
assist research center scientists and engineers in retrieving data.
In December magnetic tapes storing aerospace information were
made available on a regular basis to major NASA centers and contrac-
tors. The tapes are subject to biweekly up-datings.
Reports in Microform
Photographic reproductions of complete technical reports in th_
form of 5- by 8-inch transparencies (microforms) (see the Seventh
Semiannual Report, p. 130) have become widely accepted.
These microforms are-now distributed to NASA centers and th_
agency's prime contractors shortly before their listing in Technica
Publications Announcements.
SERVICES_ MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, AND SUPPORT 157
Interagency Abstract Exchanges

NASA, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the Armed Services
Technical Information Agency (now the Defense Documentation Cen-
ter), arranged to exchange abstracts of scientific and technical
reports routinely to eliminate duplication and cut processing costs.
"[_11_t-%. ^_
_ ....... , "m the interest of _-* _ _-_ ....... l.o_._. ,_
formation services of the three agencies will be supplied a triagency
cross-reference list.
Requests for Information Services

Stimulated by a growing use of Technical Publications Announce-
ments and its several types of indexes, requests for aerospace scien-
tific and technical reports increased from 2,500 a month in early 1962
to almost 12,000 monthly by the end of the year.
Technical Publications
During the last 6 months of 1962, 222 technical notes, 17 technical
reports, and 9 publications were published and disseminated.
These publications are also sold by either the U.S. Government
Printing Office or the Office of Technical Services, Department of
Commerce. Microform copies are distributed to NASA's centers and
to its contractors, as well as to regional offices of the Armed Services
Technical Information Agency, and to the 12 Federal Regional Tech-
nical Report Centers.
Complete reference collections of formal NASA reports were sent
to 41 public 1._. •
..... rms, and deposited in 1_
1,4 college_ university, and
other libraries.
New Announcement Journal

NASA and the Institute of Aerospace Sciences (now the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) made arrangements to
cover worldwide scientific information in the aerospace sciences in
their abstract journals.
The arrangement was made to avoid duplication between NASA's
Technical Publications Announcaments coverage of the world's scien-
tific and technical reports and the Institute's Interaational Aerospace
Abstracts coverage of journal and book literature.
PERSONNEL
NASA added 1,079 scientists and engineers to its staff during the
last 6 months of 1962. The agency continued to use many recruiting
techniques to find and hire specialists possessing the unique skills
demanded by the accelerating space programs.
158 NASA EIGI-rrI:i SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Overall employment increased by 1,981 during the period and totals

25,667 as follows:
Scientists and engineers in aerospace technology and in .related super-
visory and management positions .................................... •8, 865
Engineers, mathematicians and other technical professionals supporting
the above group ..................................................... 875
Scientific and engineering assistants and technicians such as draftsmen,
designers, computer specialists, and illustrators ....................... 3, 068
Professional, administrative, and management positions in legal, procure-
ment, personnel, finance, technical information, education, and related
specialized areas .................................................... 2, 307
Clerical and administrative positions .................................. 4, 474
Skilled trades and crafts employees and related skilled, semiskilled, and
unskilled laborers .................................................. 6, 578
Includedin the staffare 85 noncitizenscientists

and 196 military
personnelon loan from the Armed Forces. These figuresdo not
includethe 3,792employees of theJet PropulsionLaboratory,Pasa-
dena, Calif.,operatedfor NASA under contractwith the California
Instituteof Technology.
Distribution of personnelon June 30 and December 31,1962 was:
June D¢cem-
Organizational unit $0 bar 81
Ames Research Center ...................................... 1, 674 1, 825
Flight Research Center ..................................... 540 P_8
Goddard Space Flight Center ................................ 2, 704 2, 858
Langley Research Center ................................... 3, 913 4, 007
Lewis Research Center ..................................... 3, 815 4, 118
Marshall Space Flight Center ................................ 7, 207 6, 844
Manned Spacecraft Center ................................ 1, 807 2, _92
Wallops Station ............................................. 425 430
Western Operatlons Office................................... 136 247
Launch Operations Center ........................................ 604
Headquarters ............................................. 1, 504 1, 693
Pacific Launch Operations Office.................................. 14
AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office ................. 40 67
Northeastern Office 1....................................................
Total ............................................... 23, 825 25, 667
1 Included in headquarter's figures.
Employee-Management Cooperation
Carrying out Presidential directives to further employee-manage-
ment cooperation in the Federal service, agency officials met with
union leaders, industrial management, and representatives of NASA
employees. The officials outlined a proposed program to implement
the President's orders as they relate to procedures and policy on ad-
verse personnel actions such as dismissals and suspensions.
SERVICES_ MANAGEIVIENT_ PROCUREMENIr_ AND SUPPORT 159
Seminars and Training Programs

During the report period over 750 NASA employees participated
in executive seminars for program and project managers, procure-
ment management seminars, and NASA PERT and Companion Cost
System training programs (see also p. 162).
These programs have resulted in more effective use of manpower
and achieved economies in operating the Nation's space programs.
Conference on Lunar Exploration

The Langley Research Center cooperated with Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and the National Science Foundation in an August confer-
ence to promote the exchange of scientific and technical information in
lunar exploration.
The 100 professors from schools of engineering and science who
attended the meeting were assisted by NASA's scientists and engineers
in planning curricula.
Honors for NASA Employees
During the report period Comdr. Forrest S. Petersen, USN, and

Maj. Robert M. White, USAF, Flight Research Center, Edwards,
Calif., were awarded NASA's Distinguished Service Medal.
Robert E. Bourdeau, Head of Ionosphere Branch, and John C.
Lindsay, Associate Chief, Space Sciences Division, Goddard Space
Flight Center, received the agency's Exceptional Scientific Achieve-
ment Medal.
Recipients of NASA's Outstanding Leadership Medal were
Ma_xime A. Faget, Chief, Flight Systems Division_ and George B.
Graves, Jr, Assistant Chief, Instrument Research Branch; John W.
Townsend, Jr., Assistant Director for Space Scie:nce and Satellite
Application of Goddard Space Flight Center, and George M. Low,
Director of Spacecraft and Flight Missions, NASA Headquarters.
Other NASA employees received various honors as: follows:
Joseph A. Walker, aeronautical research pilot, i Flight Research
Center, the Collier Trophy ; Dr. Hugh L. Dryden_ the agency's Deputy
Administrator, the Rockefeller Public Service Award; and Astronaut
John H. Glenn_ Jr., the Astronautic Award of the American Rocket
Society.
Group achievement awards were made to the Mercury Project
Office, Assistant Directorate for Engineering and Development, and
the Preflight Operations Division of the Manned Spacecraft Center,
and to the Directorate for Tracking and Data Systems of Goddard
Space Flight Center.
160 NASA EIGI_I_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Contributions Awards
Under section 306 of the Space Act of 1958, the agency's Inventions
and Contributions Board received 1,635 communications and evaluated
867 contributions. Five awards were made totaling $10,800. (See
app. D.)
Under the Incentive Awards Act of 1954, the Board awarded NASA
employees amounts ranging from $50 to $1,000 for patentable
inventions.
Patent Rights Waived

In accordance with the provisions of section 305 of the Space Act.
the Inventions and Contributions Board granted eight petitions for
waiver of patent rights.
Executive Personnel Changes

Charles P. Sonett" formerly Chief of Sciences for Lunar and
Planetary Programs, Office of Space Sciences, Headquarters, was re-
assigned as Chief of the new Space Sciences Division atthe Ames
Research Center.
On September 10, John A. Gautraud was appointed Director of
Systems Engineering, Office of Manned Space Flight. He came from
the Guidance and Control Systems Department, Research and De-
velopment Division, Avco Corp.
Richard L. Callaghan on July 30 was appointed Special Assistant
to the Administrator. He came from the staff of the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, U.S. Senate.
On August 5, Charles H. Zimmerman was appointed Director of
Aeronautical Research, Office of Advanced Research and Technology.
Mr. Zimmerman was formerly Associate Chief of the Aero-Space
Mechanics Division, Langley Research Center.
Dr. Eugene B. Konecci was appointed Director of Human Factors
Research and Technology, Office of Advanced Research and Tech-
nology, on July 6. He came to NASA from the position of chief,
Life Sciences Section of the Missiles and Space Systems Engineering
(division), Douglas Aircraft Co.
On August 19, Franklyn W. Phillips was appointed Director of
the NASA Northeastern Office in the Boston, Mass., area. He had
previously served as Assistant to the Administrator from October 1,
1958.
Dr. George L. Simpson was appointed Assistant Administrator for
Public Affairs on September 1. He was professor of sociology,
University of North Carolina.
SERVICES_ I_¢IANAGEMENT, PROCURE1V_EN_ A..-_D SUPPORT 161
On August 15, Walter L. Lingle, Jr., was named Assistant Adminis-

trator for Management Development. He had served as Special As-
sistant to the Administrator from January 25, coming from the
position of Deputy Administrator, Agency for International Develop-
ment, Department of State.
Dr. Urner Lmam on t)ctooer i was appomma wmef or _omnces_" " for
Lunar and Planetary Programs, Office of Space Sciences. Dr. Liddel
had been assistant director of the Hughes Re^_.arch Laboratories.
On November 1, Dr. George M. Knauf was appointed Deputy Direc-
tor of Aerospace Medicine, Office of Manned Space Flight. He had
come to NASA and had served in this capacity on detail from the
Air Force since January 1962.
William Allen Lee on September 80 was appointed Director of
Systems Studies, Office of Manned Space Flight. Mr. Lee came to
NASA on March 1 from the Bell Telephone Laboratories and served
as Assistant Director of Systems Studies (Human Factors) until his
appointment as Director of Systems Studies.
On November 15, Louis B. Fong was appointed Director of In-
dustrial Applications, Office of Applications. He came to NASA on
March 12, from the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories and had
served as the Chief of Industrial Applications until his appointment
as Director of Industrial Applications.
Admiral Walter F. Boone on December 1 was appointed Deputy
Associate Administrator for Defense Affairs, coming to NASA fol-
lowing his retirement from the U.S. Navy.
ORGANIZATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS
During the period of this report, NASA strengthened its internal

structure to meet the increasing demands of the Nation's rapidly
accelerating space programs.
In July the agency established a northeastern office in Cambridge,
Mass., to work with industrial contractors, research institutions, and
other Government agencies in the northeast.
In August the position of Assistant Administrator for Manage-
ment Development was established to help assure that NASA's orga-
nization and management keep pace with its research and development
activities.
During the period, functions in the Office of the Associate Admin-
istrator were realined, and two additional Deputy Associate Admin-
istrators were appointed, giving the Associate Administrator--the
agency's general manager--three such aids.
In October, the initial Deputy Associate Administrator assumed

specific responsibility for NASA field centers engaged in other than
manned space projects, and the first new Deputy Associate Admin-
istrator took over supervision of the three Manned Space Flight
Centers at Houston, Tex. ; Huntsville, Ala., and Cape Canaveral, Fla.
In December, the second new Deputy Associate Administrator, for
Defense Affairs, was appointed to serve as principal point of contact
between the Administrator's Office and the military services (see Per-
sonnel, p. 157).
AS of November 23, 1962, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration was organized as shown by the accompanying chart.
OFFICE OF PROGRAMS
Management Systems and Reporting

An up-to-date version of NASA's PERT (Program Evaluation and
Review Technique) and "Companion Cost System Handbook" was
published in October. The handbook describes the NASA PERT and
companion cost system which is designed primarily for planning and
managing individual projects that serve as the basis for more sum-
marized scheduling by program directors at headquarters. During
the report period, these summary schedules were combined with
flight schedules, financial plans, and project status reports, updated
and published monthly.
Copies of the handbook, describing this basic method for time-
resource planning, reporting, and management control of the agency's
projects, are available from the Director of Management Reports,
Office of Programs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington 25, D.C. (see also the Seventh Semiannual Report to
Congress, pp. 135-136).
Eight-hour orientation seminars and 40-hour workshops on the
system were conducted at NASA Headquarters and field centers be-
ginning in October. These seminars provide management with a
broad understanding of the system without going into deta.ils of
implementing and using it. On the other hand, the workshops supply
instruction in implementing and using this method of project planning
and control.
Reliability and Quality Assurance

Development of reliability program requirements for space system
contractors was undertaken during this pel'iod, with publication sched-
uled for the Spring of 1963.
NASA also initiated a trial run to test the effectiveness of an agency-
wide management plan for parts procurement and application.
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Financial Report, December 31, 1962

Table 2 shows funds obligated and disbursed during the first 6
months of fiscal year 1963. Appended is a summary by appropria-
tion showing current availability, obligations against this availability,
and unobligated balances as of December 31.
TABL_ 2.--_tatus of appropriations a_ of December 31, 1965
[In thousands]
Appropriations
Obltga- D_burse-
y_tent81
Research, development, and operation : t_o,ts
Manned spacecraft systems ........................ 288, 461 185, 097
Launch vehicle and propulsion systems ..... _ ....... 291, 586 234,650
Aerospace medicine ............................... 3, 808 3, 093

Integration and checkout .......................... 8, 150 4, 499
Systems engineering ............................... 3, 147 1, 468
Meteorological satellites ........................... 12, 715 15, 329
Communications satellites ......................... 11, 091 15, 937
Advanced application satellites .................... 23 ........
industrial applications ............................. 134 5
Geophysics and astronomy ......................... 41, 891 47, 025
Lunar and planetary exploration ................... 116, 207 63, 844
Bioscience ........................................ 1, 187 1, 340
Launch vehicle development ....................... 37, 565 41, 182
Facility, training and research grants ............... 12, 628 8, 152
Space vehicle systems ............................. 15, 345 5, 195
Electronic systems ................................ 4, 079 600
Human factor systems ............................ 524 464
Nuclear electric systems ........................... 13, 218 12, 287
Nuclear rockets ................................... 25, 588 28, 501
Chemical propulsion .............................. 2, 942 1, 513
Space power ....................................... 2, 496 301
Aeronautics ....................................... 2, 869 226
Tracking and data acquisition ..................... 48, 315 33, 858
Undistributed vehicle procurement ................. 34, 807 41, 040
Personnel costs .................................... 116, 263 193, 546
Operation of installations ......................... 82, 925 67, 090
Reimbursable ...................................... 19, 734 16, 357
Total, research, development and operation ........ 1, 197, 698 932, 599
Construction of facilities .............................. 217, 115 80, 590
Appropriation summary Ourrent Total Unobltgatcd

availability obligations balance
Research, development and operation .... $3, 129, 770 $1, 197, 698 $1, 932, 972
Construction of facilities ............... 977, 625 217, 115 760, 510
Total ............................ 4, 107, 395 1, 414, 813 2, 692, 582
1 This column lists all disbursements d_rtng this reporting perio_ including fund_ pre-
viously obligated.
SERVICES_
MANAGEMENT_
PROCUREMENrI_
ANDSUPPORT
163
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
During the past 6 months NASA completely mechanized its methods
of accumulating and reporting financial data, and began to use com-
patible processes at all its installations. This mechanization--de-
signed to facilitate fiscal operations--was accompanied by a revised
agencywide coding structure to more clearly classify and identify
all NASA activities for planning, programing, budgeting, account-
ing, and reporting purposes.
Also for increased efficiency, an automated payroll system was
developed at headquarters.
Fiscal Year 1964 Program

Table 1 shows the planned level of effort in research, development,
operation, and construction of facilities for fiscal year 1964.
TABLE 1.--NASA budget estimates, flsca_ year 196_
[ In thousands ]
Research, development, and operation :
Manned space flight :
Manned spacecraft systems .............................. $1, 647, 441
Launch vehicle and propulsion systems .................... 1, 319, 454
Aerospace medicine ...................................... 21, 840
Integration and checkout ................................ 157, 378
Systems engineering ..................................... 47, 528
Space applications :
Meteorological satellites ................................. 73, 085
Communications satellites ................................ 55, 771
Advanced applications satellites .......................... 1, 604
Industrial applications ................................... 6, 099
Unmanned investigations in space :
Geophysics and astronomy ............................... 232, 624
Lunar and planetary exploration ......................... 331, 270
Bioscience ............................................. 41, 389
Launch vehicle development ............................. 149, 532
Space research and technology :
Launch vehicles and spacecraft:
Space vehicle systems ............................... III, 407
Electronic systems .................................. 59, 286
Human factor systems ............................... 24, 387
Propulsion and space power:
Nuclear-electrlc systems ............................. 89, 605
Nuclear rockets ..................................... 118, 919
Chemical propulsion ................................. 35, 075
Space power ........................................ 25, 184
Aircraft- technology ..................................... 45, 126
Tracking and data acquisition ............................ 261,608
Facility, training and research grants .................... 56, 438
Total, research, development, and operation ............ 4, 912, 000

Construction of facilities ........................................ 800, 000
Total ..................................................... 5, 712. 000
706-017 _12
SERVICES_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENt, AND SUPPORT 165
PROCUREMENT AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
NASA continued its increasing emphasis on the us_ of incentive

contracting provisions in procurement during the last 6 months of
1962. (See "Procurement Management," p. 137, Seventh Semiannual
Report to Con m_ss.)
Careful attention was given each procurement for any possible ap-
plication of incentive features. Five NASA contracts already con-
tain these provisions; several others were being negotiated.
Copies of the "NASA Incentive Contracting Guide" and an ex-
planation of its purpose and method of implementation were distrib-
uted throughout the agency.
"Low-Sales" Inventory Control Technique

A simplified inventory control technique--commonly called "low-
sales"---was set up at the 6 largest NASA field c_nters. The system:
(1) Eliminates stock control records on 85 percent of the line items
of low-dollar value carried in storerooms; (2) reduces administra-
tive costs in issuing and accounting for these items; and (3) frees man-
agement to concentrate on the relatively few high-dollar value trans-
actions amounting to the greatest inventory investment.
Savings From Rail Transportation
NASA negotiated a contract with the Florida East Coast Railway
Co. to build and operate a new rail spur and bridge connecting the
Florida mainland with Cape Canaveral/Merritt Island. The Gov-
ernment expects to save over $30 million between 1963 and 1969 by
using this rail link for the transport of 22 million tons of construc-
tion materials.
Property and Supply Survey at Cape Canaveral

After a comprehensive survey of property and supply operations
at Cape Canaveral by NASA and the General Services Administra-
tion, the agency reorganized these services along functional lines and
established a property management branch.
Further, the automatic data processing system was revised to take
advantage of advanced inventory management principles and a "low-
sales" control technique adopted to save time and manpower in han-
dling low-value stock items.
NASA-DOD Uniform Field Contract Management

The agency joined the Department of Defense in working out a uni-
form field contract management program and organization. The ob-
jectives of the program are to: (1) Improve field management of con-
tracts; (2) coordinate present efforts of the military departments;

(3) increase the effectiveness of contract management in national
emergencies; (4) eliminate duplication; (5) streamline contract man-
agement procedures; (6) provide more accurate and timely support
to buying activities and project offices; (7) decrease operating costs;
(8) better utilize specialists in field organizations; and (9) assure
more effective use of management "know-how" in contract manage-
ment in the field.
Special Procurement for Manned Space Flight

A special group was organized from NASA headquarters to pro-
vide priority in procurement services for the Office of Manned Space
Flight. This arrangement recognizes the unique requirements of
manned space flight missions for overall systems management.
Exemptions From Export Control Requirements

NASA obtained a single "project" license from the Department
of Commerce covering all exports to contractor-operated tracking
stations and to specified foreign governments and agencies. For-
merly the agency's contractors and installations had been required by
the Bureau of International Programs and the Bureau of the Census
to obtain hundreds of individual, validated export licenses annually.
Procurement Policies and Procedures
Carrying out the provisions of Public Law 87-653 (effective Dec. 1,

1962) regarding the procurement of property and services by the
Armed Forces and NASA, the agency made various changes in and
additions to its regulations.
To protect the Government against inflated cost estimates in ne-
gotiated contracts, as provided by this statute, NASA prescribed pro-
cedures for obtaining cost or pricing data from contractors and sub-
contractors and for requiring certification that the data so furnished
were accurate, complete, and current.
To carry out other provisions of Public Law 87-653, the agency
changed its procurement regulations to: (1) state that formal ad-
vertising be used whenever feasible and practicable, (2) require
clearer justification and written findings and determinations before
certain authorities to negotiate contracts can be used, (3) encourage
competition in negotiated procurements, and (4) require that with
certain legal exceptions in negotiated procurements oral or written
discussions be conducted with all responsible offerors submitting pro-
posals within a competitive range.
SERVICES_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMEI_ AND SUPPORt. 167
Contracts Awarded to Private Industry

During the 6 months ending December 31, 1962, NASA obligated
approximately $1,307 million for procurement. These obligations
were the result of about 78,000 procurement actions by headquarters
and field procurement offices.
Aw-_ds to _,oZ_oo An,.,+ _o_ million _ ...... '_ ^_*_^ _"_
obligated represented purchases and contracts placed directly with
business. Approximately $35 million (3 percent) represented con-
tracts and research grants awarded to nonprofit institutions or organi-
zations; $147 million (11 percent) were obligated under a contract
with the California Institute of Technology for operating the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory; $297 million (23 percent) were placed with
or through other Government agencies, and $2 million (less than
0.5 percent) were placed outside the United States and its possessions.
Ninety percent of the dollar value of procurement requests NASA
placed with other Government agencies resulted in contracts with
industry. About 72 percent of the 'funds obligated under the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory contract was ultimately spent with business.
Thus, about 92 percent of NASA's procurement dollars was con-
tracted to private industry.
Gompetltive B_ldlng.--Approximately $42 million (5 percent) of
the direct awards to business were placed through formal advertising
for competitive bids. About $424 million (51 percent) were placed
through competitive negotiations: Proposals or quotations were so-
licited from more than one source, and the awards were based on
price, design, or technical consideration, l_nus, $466 million (56
percent) of the purchases and contracts placed directly with business
were based on competitive procedures.
_m_dl Bu_ness Part_pa2_m._NASA awarded $72 million in pur-
chases and contracts directly to small business firms or about 9 percent
of the total direct awards to business. Awards to small business re-
sulted from about 48,000 actions, or 66 percent of the total number
placed with business firms.
Approximately $9 million, representing 947 actions, of th_ awards
to small business resulted from small business set-asides.
Other Governraen_ Agencies Aid Proeuremen_._About $297 mil-
lion (23 percent) of NASA's total procurement was placed with or
through other Government agencies, primarily the Department of
Defense. It is NASA policy to avoid duplication of effort and to
use its own and DOD resources most effectively and economically.
Thus, NASA purchases items through DOD which the military
departments, because of their own programs, can buy from industry
more economically. For example, 10 of the largest contract awards

(July 1-Dec. 31,1962) were :
1. Air Force Systems Command, Inglewood, Calif. Titan II
launch vehicles and equipment, Gemini vehicle procurement
program. Awarded--S40 million; cumulative awards--S65
million.
2. Army Engineeers, Fort Worth, Tex. Facilities construction,
Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Tex., Apollo Program.
Awarded--S28 million; cumulative awards--S36 million.
3. Army Engineers, gacks0nville, Fla. Land acquisition, Merritt
Island, Fla., Atlantic Missile Range, manned launch vehicles
program. Awarded--S25 million; cumulative awards---S55
million.
4. Army Engineers, Jacksonville, Fla. Purchase of approxi-
mately 14,800 acres of land, Merritt Island, Fla. ; Atlantic Mis-
sile Range, manned launch vehicles program. Awarded--S25
million (new contract).
5. Army Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif. Site adaptation, soil
investigation, topographical survey, criteria, design and con-
struction of signal position test stands, control center and
support facilities for acceptance testing, Flight Research Center,
Calif., F-1 engine development program. Awarded--S22 mil-
lion; cumulative awards--S31 million.
6. Army Engineers, Sacramento, Calif. Site development and
utility installation, facility construction and modification, equip-
ment and instrumentation and support system, Saturn V de-
velopment program. Awarded--S13 million (new contract).
7. Army Engineers, Mobile, Ala. Make appraisals, title searches
and prepare real estate planning report for the Marshall Space
Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manned launch vehicles pro-
gram. Awarded--S12 million; cumulative awards--S15 million.
8. Air Force Systems Command, Washington, D.C. Boosters,
hardware and services to support Agena B program, Agena
procurement program. Awarded--S10 million; cumulative
awards---S39 million.
9. Air Force Systems Command, Washington, D.C. Design, de-
velop and fabricate Centaur upper stage vehicle. Awarded--
$10 million ; cumulative awards--S72 million.
10. Army Engineers, Jacksonville, Fla. Design of vertical as-
sembly building, site preparation in new area, canal dredging
and site preparation of launch complex, Atlantic Missile Range,
manned launch vehicle and Saturn V development program.
Awarded--S9 million (new contract).
SERVICES_ MANAGEMENT_ PROCUREMENT_ AND SUPPORT 169
Major _ontravt Awards.---Among the major research and develop-

ment aggregate contract awards by NASA during the period were the
following :
1. North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Study, re-

search and development, and testing of a three-man earth to
moon _,.i _- ............ ,g-'- A _11^ A _1_'I $4
million; cumulative awards--S160 million (letter contract).

2. McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Me. Research and devel-
opment on two-man spacecraft, Gemini program. Awarded--
$84 million; cumulative awards--S114 million (letter contract).
3. North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. S-II stage
program, Saturn V development program. Awarded--S39 mil-
lion; total estimated cost--S320 million (new contract).
4. General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif. Design and de-
velop high impulse upper stage vehicle, Centaur development
program. Awarded--S29 million; cumulative awards--S135
million; total estimated cost--S137 million.
5. The Boeing Co., Seattle, Wash. Preparatory. e_ort leading to
engineering, fabrication, assembly, checkout, static transporta-
tion and launch of S-1C stages, Saturn V development program.
Awarded--S26 million; cumulative awards--S41 million; total
estimated cost--$48 million.
6. Chrysler Corp., New Orleans, La. Industrial facilities for I r
200,000-pound thrust liquid propellant M-1 rocket engine,
Apollo vehicle procurement and Saturn I and V development
programs. Awarded--S25 million; total estimated cost_--$216
million (new contract).
7. Aerojet General Corp., Azusa, Calif. Research and develop-
ment to produce nuclear-powered rocket engine, Nerva program.
Awarded--S22 million; cumulative awards--S57 million.
8. North American Aviation, Inc. Canoga Park, Calif. Develop
200,000-pound liquid propulsion rocket engine, J-2 engine de*
velopment program. Awarded--S20 million; cumulative
awards--S66 million; total estimated cost--$74 million.
9. United Aircraft Corp., West Palm Beach, Fla. Design, devel-
opment, and test of A-3 liquid propellant rocket engine s Centaur
development and procurement, Saturn I development and RL-
10 engine development program. Awarded--S20 million ; cumu-
lative awards--S73 million; total estimated cost--$91 million.
10. Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. Develop and
fabricate Saturn S-IV vehicles and ground support equipment,
Saturn I development program. Awarded--S19 million ; cumu-
lative awards--S93 million; total estimated cost--$97 million.
170 NASA EIGHTI_ SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Major Gontraetors.--NASA's major contractors am listed in ap-

pendix tt of this report (see page 182).
Geographic Distributien of Subcontracts

To assure nationwide participation in the space program by the
best qualified contractors_ NASA continually surveys the geographic
distribution of its procurement dollars. Since the agency's major
prime contractors have thousands of subcontractors, data based on
prime contract awards alone provides an incomplete index to expendi-
tures. Accordingly_ NASA tested subcontract reporting by 12 of its
major prime contractors on each prime subcontract of $500_000 or
more.
Subcontract reports will cover first-tier subcontracts greater than
$10_000 on prime contracts in excess of $500,000. In addition s each
first-tier subcontractor awarded a subcontract of more than $50_000
will report his second-tier subcontracts exceeding $10000.
All reports must show: place of performance of the subcontract_
whether the place of performance is a labor surplus area_ whZther
the subcontractor is _ small or large business firm_ and the NASA
program project involved.
Appendix A
MEMBERSHIPS OF CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ON AERONAUTICS

AND SPACE
(Ju_y 1-De_ember 81,196_)
Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences
ROBERT S. K_, Oklahoma, Chairman ALEXANDE_LWILE_, Wisconsin

RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARETCHASE SMITH, Y£LtnO
VtrARREN G. MAONUSON, Washington CL_TORD P. CAR_, New Jersey
CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico BOURKE S. HICKENLOOP_ Iowa
STUART SYMINGTON, M|Ssour_ HOMF_ E. CAP'EHART, Indiana
JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi
STEPHEN M. YOUNG, Ohio
THOMAS J. DODD, Connecticut
HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevad_
SPESSARV L. HOLI.AND, Florlda
House Committee on Science anc_ Astronautics
GEORGEP. MILLF__, California, Ch_ir- JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr., Massachusetts

man JAMES G. I_YL_, Pennsylvania
OLIN E. T_AGUZ, Texas J. EDGAR CHENOWETH, Colorado
VICTOR L. A:_'USO, New York Wi'LL_AM K. VAN I_LT, Wisconsin
JOSEPH E. KARTH, Minnesota PERKINS BASS, New Hampshire
KEN HZCHL_, West Virginia R. WALTER R_HLMAN, New York
EMILIO Q. DAVDARIO, Connecticut JESSICA McC. WEI8, New York
WAL_ H. Mo_ Ohio CHARLES A. M0SHEB, Ohio
DAv_ S. KIN6, Utah RXcKam) I_ Ro_omus_, Indiana
J. Evw_av RousH, Indiana ALPHONZ0 E. B_, California
THOMAS G. MORRIS, New Mexico THOMAS M. P_LY, Washington
BOB CASE'Y, Texas
WILLL_M J. RANDALI_ Missouri
JOHN W. DAVIS, Georgia
WILLIAM F. RYANt New York
JAMES C. CORM.AN, Catfforn_a
THOMAS N. DOWNING, Virginia
JOE D. WAGeoNNER, Jr., Louisiana
Co_N_ B. R_r, South Carolina
171
Appendix B
Membership of the National Aeronautics and Space Council

(July 1-December 31, 196_)
LYNVON B. JOHNSON, Chairman

Vice President of the United States
DEAN RUSK
_vcretary of State
ROBERT S. MCNAMARA
Secretary of Defense
JAMES E. WEBB, Administrator

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
GLENN T. SEABORG, Chai_n

Atomic Energy Commission
Exevutive Secretary
EDWARD C. WEI.SH
172
Appendix C
Membership of the NASA-DOD Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordi-

nating Board and Vice Chairmen of Panels to Board
(Deoember $I, 19_)
Cochalrmen
Dr. HAROLV BROWN, Director of Defense Research and Engineering

Dr. HUGH L. DRYDEN, Deputy Administrator, NASA
Members at Large
Dr. ROBERT C. SEAMANS, Jr., Associate Administrator, NASA
Mr. WILLZA_r A. FLE_ZNG, Director of Technical Programs, NASA (alternate to
Dr. Seamans)
Mr. JOHN H. RUBEL, Assistant Secretary of Defense (Deputy Director of
D.R. & E.)
Dr. FzNN J. LAlmEN, Assistant Secretary of the Army (R. & D.), USA
Manned Space Flight Panel
Board met_ber a_d Cha_: Mr. D. BBAz_m_ HOLMES, Director of Manned

Space Flight, NASA
Vt_e Chairman: Dr. BROOKWAY McMILLAN, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
(R. &D.)
Unmanned Spacecraft Panel
Board member and _h_irman: Mr. MORTONJ. STOLLES,Director of Applications,

NASA
Vice Chairman: Dr. LAWRENC_ L. KAVAN._U, Special Assistant (Space) to the
Director of Defense Research and Engineering
Launch Vehicles Panel
Board member and Oh_b_cm: Dr. BsooxwAY MCMZL_N, Assistant Secretary of

the Air Force (R. & D.)
Vice Chatr_na_: Mr. THO_rAS F. DZX0N, Deputy Associate Administrator, NASA
Space Flight Ground EnvironmentPanel
Board member and Ohai_mo_: Brig. Gen. PAUL T. COOpE_, USAF, Assistant Di-
rector of Defense Research and Engineering (Ranges and Space Ground
Support)
trice Chapman: Mr. EnMoND C. BUCKLEY, Director of Tracking and Data Acquisi-
tion, NASA
SupportingSpace Researchand Technology Panel
Board member and _: Dr. R. L. BZSPLINOHOFF, Director, Ofltce of Ad-
vanced Research and Technology, NASA
Vice _ha_rma_: Mr. JoHx B. MAOAULgr, Assistant to the Director of Defense
Research and Engineering
173
174 NASA EIGHTH SEM_NUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
Aeronautics Panel
Board member wn_ Chairman: Vice Adm. W. F. RABORN, USN, Deputy Chief
of Naval Operations (Development)
Vice Chairman: Mr. C. H. ZIMMERMAN, Director of Aeronautical Research, NASA
Secretariat
Secretary for DOD: Dr. OSWALV F. SOHUETT_, O.D.D.R. & E.

,gecretary for NAgA: Mr. WILLIAM J. UNV_-_W0OD, NASA
Appendix D
Membership of NASA's Inventions and Contributions Board
(December 31,196_)
Chairman
ROBERT E. LITTELL, Facilities Planning and Utilization, Office of Advanced Re-

search and Technology
Vice Chairman
PAUL G. D_MRLING, Director, Office of Legislative Affairs
Members
J. ALLEN CSOC'K_, Program Review Officer, Office of Space Sciences

C. G_z FelmusoN, Manpower Systems Officer, Personnel Division
JOHN B. PAitKINSON, Chief, Aerodynamics, Office of Advanced Research and
Technology
G_.'_LD D. O'B_,_, Assistant General Counsel for Patent Matters, Office of the
General Counsel
JAstEs A. HOOTMAN, Executive Secretary
175
Appendix E
Memberships of NASA's Space Sciences Steering Committee and:

Subcommittees
(Dceember 31,1965)
SPACE SCIENCESSTEERING COMMITTEE 1

_hairma_t: HOMER E. NEWm,L
Vice Chairman: JOHN F. CLARK
8ceretwry: MARGARET B. BEACH
Members
EDGAR M. CORTRIGHT ORAN W. NICKS
URNER LIDDEL JOHN D. NICOLAIDES
JESSE L. MITCHELL ORE E. REYNOLDS
JOHN E. NAUOLV EUGENE M. SHOEMAKE_
SUBCOMMITTEES1
Astronomy
Cha_rr_a_: NANCY G. ROMAN

ViC_ Chairman: ROGER C. MOORE
fJ(_retary: ERNEST J. OTT
Members and Consultants
DAVID ADAMSON, Langley Research Center

GORDONC. AUGASON, Ames Research Center
WILLIAM E. BRUNK, Lewis Research Center
A. G. W. CAMERON, Goddard Space Flight Center
GERALD MAURICE CLEMENCE, U.S. Naval Observatory
JAMES DOZIER, Marshall Space Flight Center

FREEMAN J. DYSON, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University
JOHN W. FINDLAY, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Space Sciences
Board, National Academy of Sciences)
WILLIAM A. FOWLER, California Institute of Technology
JESSE L. GRE_NSTEIN, Mount Wilson and Mount Palomar Observatory
KENNETH L. HALLAM, Goddard Space Flight Center
ROBERT T. JONES, Ames Research Center
JAMES E. KUPPEEIAN, Jr., Goddard Space Flight Center
WILLL_M G. MELBOURNE,Jet Propulsion Laboratory
HAaLAN J. SMITH, Yale Observatory
HYRON SPINRAD, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
ALBERT EDWARD WHITFORD, University of California
National Academy oF Sciencvs, Space Sciences Board Secretariat: EDWARD R.

DYER
Committee and subcommittee members are o_ the N_S_k staff.
176
APPENDIX E 177
Blosc|ence$
Chairmo_: OaR E. R_YNOLDe

V/e_ C_an: JOHN D. NICOLAIDES
Seor_t(l_/." VIRGINIA BOL_ON
RICHARD E. BELLEV.'T.LE
ALLAN BROWN, University of Minnesota

LO_N DANIEL CARLSON, University of Kentucky
ROB_'r _. F_LLOWS
SmN_ FOE, State University of Florida
JOHN DOUOLAS FRENCH, University of California Medical Center
WEBB E. HAYMAKER, Ames Research Center
GEORGE HOBBY, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NORMAN H. HOROWITZ, California Institute of Technology
GEORGE J. JACons
DALE W. JENKINS
JOSHUA LEDERBEaG, Stanford University

ROBERT B. PAINTER, Ames Research Center
COLIN S. PITTENDRIOH, Princeton University (Space Sciences Board, National

Academy of Sciences)
ERNEST C. POLLARD, Pennsylvania State University
FREEMAN H. QUIMBY
CARL SAaAN, University of California (Berkeley)

JAMES NEWELL STANNARD, University of Rochester
RICHARD S. YOUNG, Ames Research Center
National Academy of Scionces, Space Sciences Board Secretariat: GEOnOE A.

DERBYSHIRE (Jay Y. Roshal, alternate)
Ionosphwei and Radio Physics

@h@irm_n: ERWIN R. SCHMERLING
Vice @ha_rman: JAMES W_VON
Secretac'V: M. J. AucaNMANNE

SI_ERzEn BAUER, Goddard Space Flight Center
ROBERT E. BOURDEAU, Goddard Space Flight Center

LAURENCE J. CAHILL _,
OWEN K. GARRIOTT, Start\for d University
WILLIAM B. HANSON, Graduate Research Center of the Southwest
ROBERT A. HELLIWELL, Stanford University
J. CARL SEOnON, Goddard Space Flight Center
JOHN R. SPREITER, Ames Research Center
GEORGE W. SWENSON, Jr., University of Illinois
THOMAS EnWARD VAN ZANDT, National Bureau of Standards
National Academy of Solenoids, Space Sciences Board Secretariat: STANLEY

RUTTENBERO
Particles and Fields
_irr,_n: LAURENCE J. CAHILL

Vice Chairman: URNER LIDDEL
Secretary: EUeEX.E EHRLIOH
HUGH ANDERSON, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

HERBERT SAGE BRIDGE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
THOMAS GOLD, Cornell University
WILMOT N. HESS, Goddard Space Flight Center
FRANK B. McDONALD, Goddard Space Flight Center
CARL EDWIN MCILWAIN, University of California (San Diego)
NORMAN F. NESS, Goddard Space Flight Center
EUGENE N. PARKER, University of Chicago
CONWAY SNYDER, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
CHARLES P. SONETT, Ames Research Center
JAMES A. VAN ALLEN, State University of Iowa (Space Sciences Board, National
Academy of Sciences )
JOHN R. WINCKLF._, University of Minnesota
National Avademy oi Svicnce_, Space Sc_enves Board Secretary: J. P. T. PEARMAN
Planetary Atmospheres
Chairman: ROBERT F. FELLOWS

Vice Chaixman: FRED D. KOCHENDORFER
Secretary: RICHARD HOROWITZ
CHARLES A. BARTH, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

JOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN, University of Chicago
DEAN R. CHAPMAN, Ames Research Center
BERT_M D. DONN, Goddard Space Flight Center
MAURICE DUBIN
SPENCER FRARY, Manned Space Flight Center
HERBERT FRIEDMAN, Naval Research Laboratory
RICHARD M. GOODY, Harvard University
RICHARD A. HORD, Langley Research Center
FRANCIS S. JOHNSON, Graduate Research Center of the Southwest
LEWIS KAPLAN, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
WILLIAM W. KELLOGG, Rand Corp. (Space Sciences Board, National Academy of
Sciences )
ANDREW E. POTTER, Jr., Lewis Research Center
NELSON W. SPENCER, Goddard Space Flight Center
KENICHI WATANABE, University of Hawaii
FRED L. WHIPPLE, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
National Aeadenvy of Seienves, Space Svienves Board Secretariat: GEORGE D.

DERBYSHIRE
Planetology
Chairman: O_N W. NICKS

Vice Chairma_t: ROBERT F. FELLOWS
Secretary: VERNE FRYKLUND
PHILIP H. ABELSON, Carnegie Institute of Washington

EUGENE NATHAN CAMERON, University of Wisconsin
DONALD E. GAULT, Ames Research Center
APPENDIX E 179
ROBERT JASTROW, Goddard Space Flight Center

ROBERT L. KOVACH, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
GERARD P. KUIPER, University of Arizona
GORDON J. F. MACDONALD, University of California at Los Angeles (Space
Sciences Board, National Academy of Sciences)
BRIAN H. MASON, American Museum of Natural History
JOHN A. O'KEEFE, Goddard Space Flight Center
WILLIAM W. RUBSY, University of California at Los Angeles
EUGENE M. SHOEMAKER
HAROLD C. UREY, University of California ('San Diego)
National Academy ol Sciences, Bpace _ciences Board Secretariat: J. P. T.

PEARMAN
Solar Physics
Chairm_r,_: JOH_ E. NAuG_

Vice Cha_ma_ (Astronem41) : NANOY G. ROMAN
Vice _hairnu_ ( Eu_Earth-Re_ati_ts ) : USNER LmDZL
Svvreta_ry: JAMES WE_DON
Members wad (_o_su_twnts
RUSSELL G. ATHAY, High Altitude Observatory

MICHEL BADER, AI_es Research Center
THOMAS L. CLINE, Goddard Space Flight Center
ROBERT J. COATES, Goddard Space Flight Center
LEVERETT DAVIS, Jr., California Institute of Technology
MAURICE DUBIN
HANS E. HINTEREOGER, AF Geophysics Research Directorate
ROBERT BENJAMIN LEIGHTON, California Institute of Technology
JOHN C. LINDSAY, Goddard Space Flight Center
ALLAN D. MAXWELL, Harvard College Observatory
()_RF_.N _. MOHLER, McMath-Hu!bcrt Observatory, University of Michigan,
Pontiac
ERWIN R. _4JHMERLING
National Academy of _eienc.es, Bpavv _viences Board _earetariat: EVWAaV R.

DYER
706-017 O----63------13
Appendix F
Membership of NASA's Industrial Applications Advisory Committee
(December 31,196_ )
Chairman
EARL P. STEVENSON, former president and chairman of the board, Arthur D. Little,
Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
Members
Dr. JAM_ ]_, vice president, RCA Laboratories, Princeton, N.J.

MALCOLM M. HUBBARD, president, M. M. Hubbard Associates, Newton, Mass.
Dr. EMANUEL R. PIORE, vice president, research and engineering, International
Business Machines Corp., New York, N.Y.
GAMES SLAYTER, vice president, research, Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp., Gran-
ville, Ohio
Dr. HOWARD S. TURNER, vice president, research and development, Jones & Laugh-
lin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.
FRANK W. GODSEY, former president, Electronics Communication, Inc., St.
Petersburg, Fla.
EDMUND F. BURYAN, former president, MOTEC Industries, Inc., and Minneapolis-
Moline Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Secretary
Louis B. C. FON6, Director, Industrial Applications, Office of Applications, NASA

Headquarters.
180
Appendix G
Patentable Inventions of NASA Employees Recognized by the Agency's Inventions

and Contributions Board
(July 1-December 31, 1962)
I_ve_tion Inventor (s )
Ablation rate meter ..................... Emedio M. Bracalente
Ferdinand C. Woolson
Vehicle paraehate and equipment jettison Andre J. Meyer, Jr.
system.
Emergency ejection device ............... Maxime A. Faget
Andre J. Meyer, Jr.
Survival couch .......................... Maxime A. Paget
William M. Bland, Jr.
Jack C. Heberlig
Space capsule ........................... Maxime A. Faget
Andre J. Meyer, Jr.

R. G. Chilton
W. S. Blanehard, Jr.
A. B. Kehlet
J. B. Hammack
C. C. Johnson, Jr.
181
Appendix H
NASA'S MAJOR CONTRACTORS*
( Dec_ember 31, 1962)
Aerojet_General Corp. Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
Azusa, Calif. Burbank, Calif.
Bendix Corp. Mason Rust

Detroit, Mich. Lexington, Ky.
Boeing Co. McDonnell Aircraft Corp.

Seattle, Wash. St. Louis, Mo.
Brown Engineering Co., Inc.

Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Co.
Huntsville, Ala.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Chrysler Corp.
North American Aviation, Inc.
Highland Park, Mich.
El Segundo, Calif.
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.
Santa Monica, Calif. Packard Bell Computer Corp.
Los Angeles, Calif.
General Dynamics Corp.
New York, N.Y. Radio Corporation of America
New York, N.Y.
General Electric
New York, N.Y. Republic Aviation Corp.
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. Farmingdale, N.Y.
Bethpage, N.Y. Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.

Hayes International Corp. Redondo Beach, Calif.
Birmingham, Ala.
Union Carbide Corp.
Hughes Aircraft Co. New York, N.Y.
Cuiver City, Calif.
United Aircraft Corp.
International Business Machines Corp.
East Hartford, Conn_
New York, N.Y.
Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. Western Electric Co.
Dallas, Tex. New York, N.Y.
*Address given is for the contractor's main omce.

182
-Appendix I
Research Grants and Contracts Initiated From July 1 Through Dec.

31, 1962 1
State, grant or con- Organization, investigator, and purpose Amount

tract number
Alaska University of Alaska, SYDNEY CHAPMAN ................................ $35,000

NsG-201 ......... Conduct a theoretical study of the ring current and geomagnetic field
phenomena.
Arizona
NsG-161 ......... University of Arizona, GERALD P. KUIPER .............................. 248, 400
Conduct selcnodetic and physical studies of the lunar surface.
NkSr--82 ........ University of Arizona, G. P. KUIPER .................................... 375,000
Construction of a 60-inch lunar and planetary telescope.
Arkansas
NsG-153 ......... University of Arkansas, M. K. TESTERMAN ............................. 30,434
Basic experimental research leading to improved cold electron
sources and new types of velocity filter mass spectrometers.
California
NsG-93 .......... Stanford University, NICHLOAS J. HOrF ................................. 59, 957
Large deflection buckling on thin she]is.
NsO-]01 ......... University of California (Berkeley), M. CALVIN ......................... 252, 500
Reflection spectra as a basis for studying extraterrestrial life.
NsG-104 ......... University of California (Berkeley), SAN-FORD S. ]_LBERG ............... 33,000
Detection and study of micro-organisms in the upper atmospheres.
NsG-274 ......... University of California (Berkeley), E. P: PoPov AND J'. PENZIEN ....... 31,500
Theoretical and experimental research concerning the effect of non-
linear material properties on the stress distribution in thin sperical
shells.
NsO-285 ......... City of Hope Medical Center, MILTON WINTTZ .......................... 150,000
An experimental investigation of the dietary requirements of man,
v ......,_,,_ astronautic, with emi)ha_iv ou water-soinhle chemically-
defined diets.
NsG-289 ........ Institute for Medical Research (Cedars of Lebanon Hospital), ClaRENCE
M. AOREas ........................................................__. 174,009
A study of measurement techniques for determining cardiac perform- 15,926
ance, including consideration of methods for vibrocardiogrsm interpre-
tation, and of physiological stress effects on men.
NsG-296 ........ Stanford University, A. H. BOWKZR .................................... 5, 895
Joint support of Third International Symposium on X-ray Optics
and X-ray Mlcr0nanalysJs.
NsG-299 ........ Stanford University, WALTER C. SCOTT................................. 47, 0G0
Theoretical research on electron energy in plasma thermionie diodes.
NsG-3_ ....... , University of California (San Diego), J. C. BELSHE ..................... 27,200
Experimental research on techniques for determination of magnetic
properties of lunar and planetary materials.
NsG-313 ........ University of California (Los Angeles), GEORGZ _rEq_HICRILL-........... 72, 430
Isotopic chemistry of meteorites, including studies of variation in
isotopic abundances among discrete specimens.
NsG-314 ........ University of California (Los Angeles), GEOROZ KZNNZl)Y .............. 85,000
High pressure study of the solid phases of inert gases,with emphasis
on applicability to the nature of extraterrestrialbodies.
i Contracts have prefix NAS; grants have prefix NsG; transfer of funds to Government agencies have
prefix R. Earlier grants and contracts are listedin appendices of previous NASA Semiannual Reports to
Congress.
183
Organization, investigator, and purpose Amount

State, grant or con-
tract number
California--Con.
NeG-317 ......... University of California (San Diego), G. ARRHENIUS .................... 83,018
Conduct study of the composition and structure of meteorites, in-
cluding the use and refinement of X-ray microspectrometric and micro-
diffraction techniques.
NsG-318 ......... University of California (San Diego), L. E. PETERSON .................. 85, 000
Experimental research on X- and gamma-r_liation at high altitudes,
including design and use of balloon-borne instrumentation.
NsG--319. ........ University of California (San Diego), G. G. GOLES ...................... 55,158
Geochemistry of trace elements in meteorites.
NsG-32_ ......... University of California (San Diego), H. E. SUR_ ...................... 66, 242
An investigation of the cosmic abundances of the elements.

NsO-323 ......... University of California (San Diego), H. C. UREY ...................... 73,054
An investigation of inert gases and isotopic abundances in meteorites.

NsG-329 ......... Stanford University, O. K. GARRIOTT ................................... 81,000
Radio propagation techniques for the study of planetary ionospheres
and interplanetary medium.
NsG-(F)-2 ...... Stanford University, JOSHUA LRDERBERG ............................... 535,000
Biomedical instrumentation facilities.
NsG-(F)-5 ...... University of California (Berkeley), SAMUEL SILVER .................... 1,990,000
Space sciences research facilities.
NaSr-21 (01) ..... Rand Corp .............................................................. 141,200
(a) Conduct studies of economic and international policy questions

associated with communication satellites, etc.; (b) conduct studies of
the economic implications of meteorological satellites, etc.
NaSr-26 ......... University of California (Berkeley), K. A. ANDERSON ................... 32, 000
Conduct research on low energy cosmic radiation from the sun.
NASr-68 ........ Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc., A. A. BURROWS .............................. 27,560
Investigation of control-display problems occurring in the accelera-

tive flight phases of high-performanos vehicles.
NASr-ll0 ....... Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc., J. S. MURPHY ................................ 66, 913
Wind tunnel investigation of turbulent boundary layer as noise re- 12, 024
iated to design criteria for high-performance aircraft.

NASr-111 ....... Aerojet-General Corp., B. MAZELS_ry ................................... 66, 036
Develop analytic methods for analyzing the aerodynamic, static
dynamic loads on large flexible-expansion-ratio nozzles during flow
separation conditions.
NASr-ll4 ........ Norsir (Division of Northrop Corp.), W. R. HILWER .................... 56,109
Research on the fundamental principles governing the characteristics
of primary forms of ring articulated-arch variable-geometry structures.
NASr-ll6 ....... University of California (San Diego), CARL E. MCIL_AIH ............... 277,997
Conduct analytical, theoretical, and experimental studies of geo-
magnetically trapped particles.
NASw--81 ....... California Institute of Technology, H. BEHIO_T ......................... 140, 429
Investigation of the moon with a lunar seismograph station.

NASw--383 ...... Solid State Radiations, Inc., S. S. FRIEDLAND ........................... 111,656
Advance development of semiconductor detectors.

NASw-414 ...... Space Technology Laboratories, Inc ..................................... 82,100
A study of a space system for comet encounter.

NASw--438 ...... Shell Development Co .................................................. 95,000
Development of analytical techniques for hydrocarbons in mineral
aggregates.
NASw-457 ...... North American Aviation, Inc .......................................... 48, 931
Study on the sonic velocity and penetrability measurements of rack
dust under vacuum conditions.
NASw--468 ...... General Motors Corp ................................................... 130, 350
Investigation of space rsdiator protection.

APP_NDrX I 185
State, grant or con- ] Organization, investigator, and purpose Amo_t
tract number /
California--Con. [
Convair (Division of General Dynamics), R. H. RARING ................ 61,350
"Onset of Creep" stress measurement of metallic materials.
Corbin-Farnsworth, Inc., TOM CORmN ............................. I 47,
Study and development of remote blood pressure measuring system. [
[
NASw-495 ...... Hughes Research Laboratories, SAMUEL G. LUTz ........................ [ 68, 046
Technical studies of problems related to multiple-access satellite I

communication.
NASw-504 ...... Space Technology Laboratories, Inc ..................................... 96, 419
Study of buckling of shellsunder dynamic loads.
NASw-514 ...... Electrechimica Corp., BERNARD 8. BAKER .............................. 45,768
Research and development of an electrolyticoxygen generator based
on solid phosphorus pentoxide.
NAS5-1253 ...... General Atomic ......................................................... 98, 500
Research on carbides as cathode forthermionic space reactors.
Colorado
NsG-61 .......... University of Denver, D. T. K_LODT- .................................... 12, 500
The scavenging of tungsten and molybdenum with selected rare
earths. (Cont. NASw-8.)
NsG-78 ......... Colorado State University, R. BAKEH ................................... 44, 743
L Pathogen-free plants in a microcosm.
II. Effects of high intensity lighton plant growth.
University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, H. ZIRIN ................... 75, 000
NSG-92 ........ Research and development of new techniques of observation of solar

phenomena. i
NASw--448 ...... Martin Marietta Corp ..................................................] 14,418

!
Determination of time to launch saturn vehicles. [

R-74 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, D. K. BA_EY ...................... ] 25, 000
forward scatter observations in the Antarctic during the International I
Connecticut Quiet
Initiate
Sun studies
Year. of solar cosmic ray emission events, by ionospheric []I
NsG-I .......... Yale University, V. W. HUGH_ZS ........................................ 80,000

Lvestigation of molecuiar beam ,*,'equancy standards and atomic '
_llision cross sections.
NsG-29 ......... Yale University, DIlaK BHOUWER ....................................... 342, 500
NSG-163 ........ Yale Research

University, on problems
VERNON W. HU(mES and
of satellite ..................................
planetary motion. 46, 000
Theoretical research in relativity, cosmology and the physics oi stel-
lar interiors.
NsO-309 ......... University of Connecticut, D. P. LINDOOFF ........................... 26, 3g0
Analytical and experimental research on methods of reducing the
sensitivity of sampled data systems to parameter variations and dis-
turbences.
NsG-312 ......... Yale University, R. WILDT .............................................. 117, 760
Studies of the constitution of planetary interiors, and mathematical
techniques for planetary modeling.
NASr-129 ....... The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, P. E. WAGGONER... 28, 704
Experimental investigation of the use of higher plants for the produc-
tion of breathing oxygen in a closed ecology.
NASw-512 ...... United Aircraft Corp., RICHARD J. PRESTON ............................ 96, 210
A biologicaldesign study of man's capabilitiesfor operation in space
environments, with particular emphasis on a feasibilitystudy o! the
extension of man's capabilities.
NASw-542 ....... United Aircraft Corp., W. A. MENZZL .................................. 192,
Development of stimulator monitor and monitor systems.

tract number
District of Colum-
bia
NsG--87 .......... Smithsonian Institution, FRED L. WHIPPLE ............................. 3,250,000
Optical satellite tracking program.
NAG-201 ........ Smithsonian Institution, F. L. Wm_PLE ................................ 239,500
Systematic in-flight photography and subsequent recovery of me-
teorites.
NASr-10 ........ Resources Research Inc., GILBERT V. LEVIN ............................ 87, 556
Research on radfoisotopic methods for detecting the presence and
monitoring the metabolic radioisotoplc activity of micro-organisms on
an extraterrestrial body, and design and build a prototype of the detec-
tion and monitoring apparatus.
NASr-132 ....... American Institute of Biological Sciences, FEAN_ FREMONT-SmTH ...... 34, 872
Conduct symposium on the minimmn ecological systems for n_m.
NASr-142 ....... National Science Teachers' Association, R. H. CARLTON ................ 21,275
Develop and publish a series of 6 paperback books which will be ar-
ranged to help the elementary schoolteachers enrich the science pro-
gram.
R-24 ............ U.S. Navy--Naval Medical Research Laboratory, KARL E. SCHAEFER._ 40, 000
Research on the diurnal periodicity of physiological functions and of
performance level; including studies of the effects of removing, or of
changing the period or the phase of, environmental time indicators.
11-30 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards ..................................... 147,000
Conduct research on the electron content, distribution and temporal
variation in the ionosphere by means of scintillations and Faraday
rotation of satellite.
R-45 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards ..................................... 425,000
Conduct research on the physical properties of hydrogen; techniques
for determining engineering data on cryogenic fields; materials and
design principles for cryogenic systems; and compilation of low tem-
perature data from the literature.
R-48 ............ U.S. Navy--Office of Naval Research, WAMSLEY ........................ 50,000
Reimbursement for balloons, launching services and related expenses
in connection with high-altitude balloon measurements of the electron
low-energy proton, and alpha-particle spectrum of primary cosmic
radiation. (Cont. of R-23.)
R--66 ............ U.S. Department of the Interior (Geological Survey), F. E. SENFTLE .... 556, 200
Conduct studies of the lunar surface, including lunar geologic map-
ping; cratering and crater impact" mechanisms; chemical, physical and
petrographic properties of material of possible lunar origin; and ranger
and surveyer data reduction and interpretation.
R-70 ............ U.S. Navy--Naval Research Laboratory ................................ 60, 000
Conduct solar research from a sclar-pointed Aerobee Rocket by the
Atmosphere and Astrophysics Division.
R-72 ............ U.S. Navy--Office of Naval Research ................................... 2,000
Provide helium in conjunction with balloon flights to be conducted
by General Mills under NASA Contract NASr-81.
R-73 ............ U.S. National Bureau of Standards, R. P. MADDEN ..................... 100, 000
Investigate the physical properties of light sources and detectors in
the far ultraviolet and soft-X-ray regions of the spectrum, and develop
radiometric standards in the same spectral regions.
Florida
NsG-14_ ........ Florida State University, D. R. KENSHALO ............................. 45,294
Peripheral mechanisms of human temperature sensitivity.
NASr-126 ....... University of South Florida, CHARLES HELVEY ......................... 5,500
Conduct development of specific space-related teaching material,
designed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
APPENDIX
I 187
I
State, grant or con- Amount
tract number Organization, investigator, and purpose I
Georgia
NsO-304 .........
Georgia Institute of Technology, HOWARD D. EDWARDS ................
k
{ 93,550
Conduct theoretical and laboratory experimental research on chemi-
cal releases at high altitudes. !
Hawaii
NsG--328 ......... University of Hawaii, PONG AND WATANABE ........................... 95, 000
Theoretical and experimental investigation of electron emission, con-
_uctivity and luminesc_noe of _elected solids under vacuum ultra-
violet excitation.
Imno_
NsO-_ .......... University of Illinois, G.W. SWRNSON, Jr ................................ 109, 991
Investigation of the ionesphere using signals from earth satellites.
NsO--96 .......... University of Chicago, E. N. PARKER .................................. 39, 496
Theoretieal investigation of further consequences of solar wind.
NsG-280 ......... University of Illinois, J. H. BAR__,ETT ................................... 48, 916
Theoretical research on the periodic motion and stability of a small
mass under the gravitational attraction of 2 heavy bodies.
NsG-333 ......... University of Chicago, T. FurrrA ....................................... 55, 059
Meteorological interpretation of satellite radiation data.
NsG-(F)-3 ...... University of Chicago, JOHN SIUPSON ................................... 1,775, 060
Space science research facilities.
NASr-65(01) ..... Armour Research Foundation, WILLIAM O. DAVIES ..................... 63, 589
Conduct a theoretical and experhnental study of the radiative prop-
erties of simulated Martian and Venusian atmospheres, and at the
aerodynamic heating of space vehicles entering these atmospheres.
NASr-65(02) ..... Armour Research Foundation, WEIL, SELIG AND VEY ................... { 51, 578
Conduct studies of lunar soil mechanics, including the determination '{

of static mechanical properties of simulated lunar soils under lunar- I
Indiana like environmental conditions.

NsG-301 ......... 100, 000
Purdue University, K. L. ANDREW ........................ =........... _1
High precision spectroscopy with applications to the study of the
atomic spectra of the carbon group and to the secondary standards in
data ana|ysis,
Iowa
NsG-(F)-4 ...... State University of lowa, JAHES A. VAN ALLEN .........................
Physics and astronomy researoh facilities.
Kansas
NsO-292 ......... Kansas State University, ANTHONY GAWIENOWSKI .....................
Gas chromatography techniques for the determination of dilute
constituents of biological material, including cousideration of material
relevant to the ecology of astronauts.
NsO-2g8 ......... University of Kansas, JOHN S. MCNOWN ................................ 100, 0C0
Interdisciplinary studies in space science and technology.
NASr-124 ....... University of Kansas, CLAY HOBSON .................................... 1,650
Development of specific space related teaching material, designed
to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
NASw-461 ...... The Boeing Co., J. PARKINSON .......................................... 71, 836
Jet exhaust wake degradation investigation.
Maine
NsG-338 ......... University of Maine, T. H. CURRY ..................................... 61, 250
Interdisciplinary studies in space-related science and technology.
NASr-133 ....... Hebron Academy, GERALD TWITCHELL ................................. 4, (_0
Conduct development of space-related materials designed to serve
as guides and supplements to classroom instructions.
NASr-134 ....... Gorham State Teachers College, Momaxs WmT'rEN ..................... 2, 750
Conduct development of specific space-related teaching materials,
designed to serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
State, grant or con- Organisation, investigator, and purpose Amount

tract number
Maryland
NsG-189 ......... University of Maryland, 3". D. FINDLEY ................................. 100, 000
Conduct behavioral research and experimental analysis of complex
behavioral repertoires under full environmental control.
NsG-283 ......... University of Maryland, T. D. WIL_rERSON ............................. 18,179
Techniques for extraterrestrial measurement of low-energy charged
particle fluxes in the interplanetary plasma.
NASw-545 ...... ACF Industries, Inc., J. P. MULLIN .................................... 73,135
To investigate, under controlled conditions, the comparative sensitiv-
ity of several commonly employed performance measures to the effects
of strong motivating factors.
R-71 ............ U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory ....................................... 63, 943
Conduct a drag and static and dynamic stability investigation of
models of the Mariner B shape A-I and JPL configuration V-1 at flight
velocities from 13,OO0 feet per second to 18,000 feet per second, ere.
Massachusetts
Ns G-2ffl ........ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, C. S. DRAPER .................. loo, ooo
Analytical and laboratory investigations to determine information
on possible guidance, navigation, control system and instrumentation
concepts and configurations for spacecraft having long-term earth orbit
lunar and planetary missions.
NsG-262 ........ Harvard University, SWEET AND PRESTON .............................. 195,540
Interdisciplinary studies of the effects of high energy protons on biologic
systems, including participation in the nationwide cooperative study
on shielding materials as related to the Apollo mission.
NsG-264 ........ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, BARRETT, GRAHAM, RAFUSE__. 131,300
An experimental investigation of the terrestrial atmosphere utilizing
balloon-borne millimeter radiometers.
NsO-282 ........ Harvard University, CLIFFORD FRONDEL ............................... 65,865
Research on mineral constituents of meteorites.
NsO-310 ........ Northeastern University, H. D. GREYBER .............................. 34, 956
Studies in magnetohydrodynamics to explain the structure of spiral
galaxies.
NsG-(F)-6 ...... Harvard University, WILLZAM H. SWEET ............................... 182, 685
Biomedical research facilities.
NASr-41 ........ National Research Corp., W. H. KELLER ............................... 82, 440
Research on the effectsof simulated space environments on the vi-
ability of micro-organisms.
NASr-58 ......... Bolt, Beranek & Newman, Inc .......................................... 40, OO0
Conduct research directed toward the establishment of criteriafor
evaluating the subjective noisiness of aircraftsounds.
NASw-37 ....... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, W. L. KRAUSHAAR ............. 5O, OO0
Designing, constructing and testing a high-energy gamma ray de-
tector capable of being carried in a satellite.
NASw-389 ...... AVCO Corp ............................................................ 42, 300
Study of the use of fungal luminescence as a physiological index.
NASw-441 ...... Sylvania Electronics Systems ........................................... 61,961
Study of the application and instrumentation of visual perception
for space exploration.
NASw-535 ...... Anied Research Associates, Inc., W. D. GREEH ......................... 69,227
Study of biologicalmechanisms in instrumentation development.
NASw-549__..__ Parametries, Inc., E. H. CARNEVALR ................................... 39, 479
Experimental determination of transport properties of high tempera-
ture gases.
NASw-500 ...... Geophysics Corp. of America, LESLIE O. SMITH ......................... 281,794
Proposed rocket measurements in the ionosphere during a solar
eclipse.
W-II,054-B ..... USAF Cambridge Research Center, L. HOGARTH ....................... 46,500
Experiment for orbiting solar observatory S-16a.
APP_nrx I 189
I !
State, grant or con- [
Organization, investigator, and purpose I Amount

tract number
Michigan [ I
University of Michigan, F. T. HADIX_J_ ................................. [ 133, 770
Conduct research on space-probe techniques for po_ible measure- [
NAG-181 ........
ments of electromagnetic phenomena. [
N.&Sr-.__(O!) .... ITniv_rsity of Michigan, L. H. BRACE ................................ =-- I 3_, !_5
Conduct research on the temperature, pressure, and density of the
earth's atmosphere by rocket probe techniques, including: a. Analysis
of data from 9 IGY rocket flights, b. Collection and analysis of pits-
static pressure data from approximately 6 rocket probe flights at alti-
tudes between 40 and 144) kilometers, c. Collection and analysis of
data from pressure gages and an electron temperature probe, etc.
NASw-138 ...... University of Michigan, L. M. JONZS ................................... 180, 000
The development of rocket instrumentation commenced under con-
tract NASw-4 for the measurement of atmospheric pressure, density,
temperature and composition in the altitude region 100-204} kilometers.
Test instrumentatian and synoptic version of system in rocket fired at
Wallops Island.
NASw--490 ...... Conductran Corp., K. M. SmOBL. ...................................... 48,550
A theoretical investigation of the use of radar in the stttdy of the moan
and planets.
Minnesota
NsG-79 ......... Univermty of Minnesota, H. M. TSUCH_'A .............................. 215, 280
Closed ecological system studies. (Cont. of NASw-70.)
NAG-281 ........ University of Minnesota, }'. R. WINCKLZR AND E. P. NZY .............. 800, 000
Analytic and experimental research in space physics, including bal-
loon and rocket flight experiments.
University of Minnesota, ALFRED O. (_. NIER ........................... ] 223,990
Experimental research on mass spectrometric techniques fur the [
NsG-286 ........
study of planetary and upper atmosphere composition. [
Mayo Association, E. H. WOOD ......................................... [ 153,156
Cine roentgenographic study of the heart and lungs of man during [
NsG--327 ........
exposure to forward acceleration. I
University of Minnesota, SHORT ANY ROSHOLT .......................... I 8,394
NASr-148 ....... I An administrative history of NASA, including documentation of I
chang_ in agency stractura_ and ,_la'cod problems of operational dc-
centra,ization and program integration.
Missouri
NsG--185 ........ Washington University (St. Louis), M. W. FRIEDLANDER ..............
A determination of some charecteristies of high altitude primary cos-
mic radiation at low and/or southern latitudes.
NASr-63(02) .... Midwest Research Institute, J. C. GBOSS_rRI_UTZ .......................
(a) Conduct studies on the influence of surface coatings on axe-
electron emission during fatigue, (b) conduct studies on the physical
configuration and electrical characteristics of test samples with asso-
ciated equipment, (e) monitoring fatigue damage by the solid.tats
electron collection device.
NASr-63(04) .... Midwest Research Institute, M. H. THORNTON ......................... 25,000
Develop and apply a methodology for measuring the short- and long-
term effects of increased participation in space technology on the
economy of the States of Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas,
Iowa, and Nebraska; and analyze the technical capabilities of these
States in determining the optimum direction of future economic effort.
New J'ersey
NAG-69 ......... Princeton University, M. SCHWARZSCmLD .............................. 500,000
The use of television techniques with telescopes above the atmos-
phere.
NsG-306 ......... Prinoston University, JAHN, KUNNEN AND BBRNSTgIN ................. 55, 926
Theoretical and experimental studies of the formation and stability
of the magnetogasdynamie front in a pinch discharge.
NASw-449 ...... Thiokol Chemical Carp ................................................. 200, 000
Investigation of an advanced high anergy, space storable propellant
system.

tract number
New Mexico
NASr-115 ....... The Loveface Foundation for Medical Education and Research, W. 243, 920
RANDOLPH LOVELACE II.
Prepare a compilation of definitive current information in all areas of
life science bearing on the biomedical aspects of manned spacecraft
operations.
New York
NAG-162 ........ University of Rochester, M. F. KAPLON ................................ 15,000
Conduct investigation of the abundance of helium isotopes and other
selected nuclei in low-energy primary cosmic radiation.
NAG-165 ........ Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, MANLIO ARELE ..................... 22, 300
Conduct theoretical study of the forces acting on bodies in rarefied
ionized environments.
NsG-177 ........ City College of New York, R. MIRMAN ................................. 1,500
Conduct theoretical study of the interaction of 2 colliding plasmas
with applications to astrophysics.
NsG-197 ........ City College of New York, HENRY SEMAT .............................. 20,324
Theoretical investigations of particle orbits and radiation modifica-
tion in gravitational fields, and high-density plasma oscillations.
Ns G-229 ........ Columbia University, ARTHUR N. STRAHLER ........................... 34,531
.Conduct a summer institute for space science, including the selection
and support of 50 outstanding undergraduate science-student at-
tendees.
NAG-290 ........ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, CORELLI AND HUNTINGTON ........... 151,030
Studies of radiation damage to semi-conductors and thin metallic
films by high-energy electron, proton, and neutron-gamma radiation.
NAG-294 ........ .Columbia University, EUGENE S. MACHLIN ..........................__ 100, 000
Conduct materials research investigations using the fieldion emis-
sion microscope.
NAG-302 ........ Columbia University, ROBERT A. GROSS ............................... 35, 000
Theoretical research investigations in plasma physics and magneto-
gasdynamic.
NAG-307 ........ Columbia University, DAVID S. SMITH .................................. 36, 380
An interdisciplinarystudy of problems related to the space program.
NAG-308 ........ University of Rochester, PHII_P W. BAUMEISTER ....................... 16, 817
Investigation of new methods of designing muitflaye r filtershaving
specified transmission or reflectanceas a function of wavelength.
NsG-(F)-I ...... Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, STEPHEN E. WIBERLEY ............... 1,500, 000
Materials research facilities.
NASr-104 ....... Orumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., RICHARD OMAN ................. 55, 000
Conduct theoretical and experimental investigation of high-energy
molecular reflectionfrom solidsurfaces in the range of incident-particle
energy.
NASr-ll9 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., A. HERTZBERG .................. 119, 996
Conduct a research program to determine the nonequilibrium flow
fieldand the optical radiation around vehicles traveling at high alti-
tudes and superorbital speeds.
NASr-121 ....... Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., RICHARD TAYLOR ............... 84,973
Conduct a research study to establish requirements for spaceborne
detection, tracking, and navigation systems suitable for use in future
manned spacecraft having rendezvous and lunar landing missions.
NASr-130 ....... Institute of the Aerospace Sciences, J. J. GLENNON ...................... 222, 895
Expansion of IAS to enable the Institute to provide a comprehensive
coverage of worldwide published literaturein the aerospace sciences.
NASr-31 ........ Wilmot Castle Co ........................................................ 13, 617
Perform research on sterilizationof space-probe components by dry
heat, irridiation,or other techniques.
APPE_rDIXI 191
tract number I Amount
State, grant or con- I] Organization, investigator, and purpose

New York--Con. ]
NASw-384 ...... [ General Electric Co ..................................................... [ 274, 596
J Research and development on an electrostatic gyro system.
NASw--459 ...... [ Excelco Developments, Inc ............................................ 27,0(}0
Study and evaluation of fabrication methods necessary for produc-
tion of large diameter 260 solid propellant boosters.
NASw-513 ...... Cutler-Hammer, Inc. (Airborne Instrument Laboratory), ROOBR C. 78, 089
M OORI¢
Studies for sounding planetary ionospheres in the Mariner program.

NASw-517 ...... Schwarz BioResearch, Inc., DAVID R. SCHWARZ ......................... 183, CO0
Research into the development of a superior diet for use in space
nutrition.
NASw-520 ...... Radiation Applications, Inc ............................................ 142, 560
Water recovery study.
NASw-541 ...... Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., O. F. TrFrZRTON ............... 18,167
Statistical study of lunar surface information requirements.
NASw-550 ...... Wilmot Castle Co., C. W. BRUCH ....................................... 91,681
Studios for sterilization of space probe components.
NAS3--2121 ...... Coruall Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc .................................. 78,000
Study of meteoroid impact processes.
North Carolina
NASw-5_ ....... Astra, Inc .............................................................. 34,908
A preliminary parametric study of the Rankine steam cycle for
space power operation systems.
Ohio
NsG-36 .......... Case institute of Technology, H. W. _-_ERGLER ......................... 70,770
Investigation of the use of hybrid numerical circuits in closed-loop
control systems.
NAG-110 ......... Case Institute of Technology, L. A. Sc HMrr, Jr ......................... 10,000
Research to establish methods of systematic structural synthesis.
NAG-270 ......... Drexel Institute of Technology, P. C. CHou ............................. 53,29
Theoretical analysis of the stresses induced into the walls era liquid
filled propellant tank impacted and penetrated by a small hyper-
velocity particle, including prediction of impact conditions at which I
catastrophic failure of the tank wall win occur.
NAG-295 ......... Ohio State University, E. P. HIA_ ..................................... 120,000
Biological effects of prolonged exposure of small mammals to closed
gaseous environments low or free of nitrogen.
NAG-315 ......... Xavier University, B. PODOLS]Zy ....................................... 7,000
Support of a 1-wcok conference on the foundation of quantum me-
chauics.
NASr-100(01) .... Battelle Memorial Institute, W. S. HYLER_ ............................. 53,000
Conduct a mechanical cycling experimental research program to
determine whether there is a significant problem in mechanical fatigue
of possible supersonic transport materials due to longtime thermal
instability.
NASr-141 ....... Ohio State University, H. J. PETERS ...................... . ............. 2, 625
Development of source book of guidance materials related to educa-
tional and vocational guidance in occupations involved in the explora-
tion and use of space, including brochure and slides regarding same.
NASw-451 ...... North American Aviation, Inc., BEN SCHOHAN ..........................
Experimental research program on pilot performance during simu-
lated low altitude-high speed flight.
NASw--471 ...... Goodyear Aircraft Corp .................................................
Study of methods of structurally evaluating expandable structures
having potential space application.
192 NASAEIGHTI-I
SE1VIIA_NNUAL
REPORT
TO CONGRESS
State, grant or con- Organization, investigator, and purpose Amo_t

tract number
Oklahoma
NsG-300. ........ Oklahoma City University .............................................. 141,450
Interdisciplinary studies of the effects of the space environment on
biological systems.
NASr-4 ......... Oklahoma State University, HARRINO_ON AND COOPER ................. 2, 424
Development of a transistorized miniature 15-channel pulse-time
telemeter transmitting set having performance characteristics com-
parable to the AN/DKT-7 telemeter equipment and compatibility
with the AN/FKR-1 receiving equipment.
NASr-7 ......... Oklahoma State University, F. C. TODD ................................ 56,208
An analytical and limited experimental study of the mechanisms of
impact, penetration and light emission for micrometeorites on an
aluminum-coated photomuitiplier.
Oregon
NASw-458 ....... Field Emission Corp., F. M. CHARBO_IER ............................ 108, 901
Theoretical and experimental studies of the basic processes which
contribute to voltage breakdown under the general environmental
conditions pertinent to ion propulsion systems.
pennsylvania
NsG-84 .......... Temple University, ]'. LLOYD BOHN .................................... 37,814
The production of hyper velocity particles of small size and to increase
the sensitivity of micromcteorite detection techniques.
NsG-287 ......... Haverford College, Louis C. GREEN .................................... 11,184
Research on wave functions and transition probabilities for light
atoms and highly ionized ions.
NsG-316 ......... University of Pennsylvania, M. AI,T_AN ................................ 250,000
Research in the conversion of various forms of energy by unconven-
tional techniques.
NsG-324 ......... Pennsylvania State University, E. C. POLLARD ......................... 74, 969
Cellular biophysics: a study of the structure and function of living
cells.
NsO-325 ......... University of Pennsylvania, ]'. O'M. BocKms ............................ 99,2,50
Studies of the fundamental chemistry, properties, and behavior of
fuel cells.
NASr-145 ....... The Franklin Institute, K. U. SNOWD,_N ................................ 73,500
An investigation of the effect of nucleation of slip at the surface on the
flow and fracture of beryllium.
NASw-470 ...... General Electric Co., B. W. ROSEN ..................................... 137, 550
Study of relationship of properties of composite materials to proper-
ties of their constituents.
NASw-492 ...... SKF Industries, Inc .................................................... 144, 937
Study of bearing lubricant endurance characteristics.
NASw-511 ...... General Electric Co., JOHN J. KONrKOFF ................................ 256,196
Research study of bioelectrogenesis as an approach to waste manage-
ment.
Texas
NsG-263 ......... University of Texas, MATSEN A_D SCH'_RR .............................. 30, 040
Quantum mechanical calculations and studies on atomic systems of
astrophysical interest.
N'ASw-439 ...... Bell Helicopter Co., W. G. MATHENY ................................... 82, 480
Research on utilization of part-t_sk spatial orientation information
in dynamic simulator.
NASw--444 ...... Chance Vought Corp., J. E. MARTIN .................................... 47, 430
Elevated teJnperature material fatigue test program.
Virginia _'
NASw-543 ...... Exotech, Inc., WILLIAM C. COOLEY ..................................... 19, 402
Investigation of precession control and orbit maintenance systems
for rotating space stations.
J_ePZ_m i 193
State, grant or con- ] Organization, investigator, and purpose Amount
tract number,_ I
Wisconsin [
NA Sr-139 ....... [ Astronautics Corp. of America ..........................................
NASr-143 .......
I Stabilized
and related
platform
spare parts.
for use with the X-15 ultraviolet experiments
Astronautics Corp. of Americs .......................................... [

Field support personnel for stable platform equipment for the X-15
ultraviolet photography experiments.

Foreign
NsG-278 ......... Communication Research Institute of St. Thomas, V.I., JOHI_ C. LILLY_. 80, 700
A study of the feasibility and methodology for establishing cOm-
municatioR between man and other species.
NsO-288 ......... Manila Observatory, RICHARD A. MILLER .............................. 00,000
Daily optical monitoring of soler activity from Manila.
NsG-297 ......... University of Manchester, ZDZ_rZK KOPAL_ ............................. 25,374
Photographic observations of lunar surface from Japan.
NsG-305 ......... University of Munich, F. MOILER ...................................... 12, 75O
Investigation of atmospheric properties based upon evaluation of
infrared radiation data obtained from TIROS satellites
NsG-320 ......... Dominion Observatory, V. GAIZAUSK.CS ................................. 20,000
Solar Flare Patrol: Observation of the solar chromosphere.
HASt-127 ....... Inter AmeriCan University of Puerto Rico, Is_x]_L VEL_Z .............. 2,75O
Development of specific space related teaching material, designed to
serve as guides and supplements to classroom instruction.
U.S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE; 1963 0--706-017

Eighth Semiannual Report To Congress 1 Jul. - 31 Dec. 1962

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Eighth Semiannual Report To Congress 1 Jul. - 31 Dec. 1962

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N64 11421

To the Congress of the United States:

THE PERIOD IN REVIEW--A Summary ................................. 3-16

ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS---The Details ................... 10--170

CHAPTER 1--LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION ........... 19

CHAPTER 4--APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS--Continued Pa_e

CHAPTER 5--ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY--Con. Page

CHAPTER 9--INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS--Continued Page

Major NASA launches, July 1 through December 31, 1962 .............. 15

LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION

During the period, NASA took further steps toward development

tude of 104 miles. In this flight, it used a full propellant load of

The F-1 engine, designed to produce 1.5 million pounds thrust,

(about 250 seconds) in October.

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT

NASA's major achievements in the manned space-flight program

NASA selected the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) mission technique.

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IN SPACE

During the period, NASA recorded several successful launches in

effort to determine whether micrometeoroids can penetrate the thin

NASA made substantial progress in its applications pr%oTams--

ahead on the l_imbus spacecraft, which is designed to provide greater

ADVANCED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

research on high-energy radiation effects and shielding, the meteoroid

NUCLEAR PROPULSION AND POWER GENERATION

Progress was made in research and development efforts to achieve

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory continued testing two KIWI

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION

atomic standards to the transmitting loops, and equipping all stations

and d_ta acquisition

UNIVERSITY AND BASIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

To expand and strengthen the contribution of nonprofit scientific

By the close of the report period, 61 political jurisdictions had par-

European Space Research Organization, for instance), NASA con-

SERVICES, MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, AND

To help achieve the widest possible dissemination of information in

These resulted in more effective use of manpower and achieved econo-

T_ 1.--Ma]or _AflA Immches, July 1-Dec. 31, 196Z

Name, date launched, mission Launch vehl_e Launch Results

TABLE 1.--Major NASA launches, July 1-Dec. 81, 1962---Con.

Name, date launched, mission Launch vehicle Launch Results

designed and built satellite tions in ionosphere. Approximately

launched by NASA. To study 65,000 ionagrams recorded as of Dec.

and their relationships to mag-

3. To evaluate performance of Walter M. Schirra and spacecraft re-

man-spacecraft system in 6 covered after 6 orbits.

data on lunar tremors, and TV system malfunction. Lunar impact

photography and X-ray spec- not achieved. Spacecraft went into

troscopy of lunar surface. To orbit around sun after missing moon

by July 9 nuclear explosion.

active repeater system.

investigate particles with dif- were under analysis.)

fering amounts of momentum;

*AMR--Atlantlc Missile Range, Cape Canaveral, Fla.

Launch Vehicles and Propulsion

During this reporting yeriod, NASA continued to press for the

LARGE LAUNCH VEHICLE DNELOPMENT

Figure 1-1. Apollo launch vehicles.

the command module, and circumlunar flight testing; ultimately,

LAUNCH VEHICLES AND PROPULSION 21

Figure 1-2. Test launch of Saturn I (Block I) November 16,1962.

The dynamic1 Block I1 vehicle (SA-D5) was assembled in the

Figuro 1-3. Assembly of S