1) Magma Chamber- the chamber below the volcano in which magma is stored

Crater- Central vent of volcano; funnel-shaped pit

Magma- lava that has not come to the earth’s surface yet
Caldera- When a magma chamber empties and the roof collapses, causing ground to sink
Vent- opening in the side of a volcano in which lava can seep out
2) Shield Volcano- Built of layers of lava from non-explosive eruptions
- Spreads over wide area
- Over time, volcano will have gentle sloping
- Can be very big

Cinder Cone Volcano- Small cones made up of pyroclastic material

- Forms steeper slopes with narrow base

- Erupt for short period of time, often in clusters
- Erode quickly because lava doesn’t fuse together

Composite Volcano- Most common type of volcano

- Form with both explosive and non-explosive eruptions

- Forms alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material
- Broad base and steeper sides toward the summit
3) Strike-slip fault- slide past horizontally
- When released, causes moderate, shallow earthquakes

Reverse Faults- slid past vertically

- When released, causes strong, deep earthquakes

Normal Faults- Pull apart from each other

- When released, causes weak, shallow earthquakes

4) P Waves (Primary waves)- can travel through solid material
- Fastest waves, arriving first to scene of destruction

S Waves (Secondary)- can’t travel through solid material, only liquid

- Second fastest wave, arriving second to scene

Surface Waves- Moves ground up and down in circular, forward motions

- Normally come after the secondary and primary waves

- Most destructive type of waves
5) Seismographs- instruments located at or near the surface of the Earth that recode seismic waves
Seismogram- Tracing of the earthquake motion created by seismograph
Epicenter- The point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point
Focus- The point inside the Earth where an earthquake’s epicenter and its focus
Seismic Gap- Areas along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred
Shadow Zone- Area on the Earth’s surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake
can be detected.
6) Continental Drift Theory was about the continents drifting apart from each other and creating the world
that we have today; Alfred Wegener
7) Pangaea
8) - Seafloor Spreading
- Magnetic Reverse
9) Seafloor Spreading- The process by which new lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away
10) Mid-ocean Ridge- A mountain range that forms when tectonic plates pull apart
11) Sedimentary Rocks- Form with weathering and erosion
1. Limestone
2. Shale
3. Sandstone

Igneous Rocks- Form with melting and cooling

1. Basalt
2. Granite
3. Gabbro

Metamorphic Rocks- Form with heat and pressure

1. Slate
2. Schist
3. Geniss
12) Hardness- Mineral’s resistance to being scratched
Luster- The way a surface reflects light
Streak- Color of a mineral in powered form
Cleavage- The tendency of some minerals to break along a flat surface
Fracture- The tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along a curved or irregular surface
Color- Values of which light reflects off of one’s surface with brightness to darkness
Magnetism- The ability to attract metal objects with mineral
13) Meteor- Bright streak of light caused by a meteoroid or comet dust burning up in the atmosphere
Meteorite- When a meteoroid enters the Earth’s atmosphere and strikes ground
Asteroid- Small, rocky bodies in orbit around the sun
Comet- Small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust loosely packed together
14) It’s where the earth gets in front of the moon’s direct path of the sun and is blocked out
15) It’s where the moon gets in front of the direct path of the earth, only covering up part of the earth
though

16) Mercury-
1. It takes 58 days and 16 hrs to make a full rotation
2. About 3.2 light-minutes from the sun
3. 4,879 km in diameter

Venus-

1. 1 rotation is 243 days long

2. About 6.0 light-minutes from sun
3. 12,104 km in diameter
 Earth-

1. Only planet able to support life

2. About 24hr days
3. 12,756 km in diameter

Mars-

1. Could of held water in the past

2. Largest volcano in solar system-Olympus Mons
3. 6,794 km in diameter

Jupiter-

1. 1 rotation is 9 hrs and 56 minutes long

2. About 43.3 light-minutes from the sun
3. 142,984 km in Diameter

Saturn-

1. 1 rotation is 10 hrs and 39 minutes

2. About 1.3 light-hours away from sun
3. 120,536 km in diameter

Uranus-

1. 1 rotation is 17 hrs and 14 minutes

2. About 2.7 light-hours away from sun
3. Only planet with I sideways rotation

Neptune-

1. 1 rotation is 16 hrs and 7 minutes

2. About 4.2 light-hours form sun
3. 49,528 km in diameter

Pluto-

1. 1 rotation is 6 days and 9 hrs

2. About 5.5 light-hours form sun
3. Only 2,390 km in diameter
17) Lithosphere- The outer most layer of the earth
- Made up of 2 parts: crust and upper part of mantle
- Divided into 20 pieces called tectonic plates

Asthenosphere- Soft layer of mantle on which lithosphere moves on

- Made of solid rock, but moves slowly, like putty

Mesosphere- Below asthenosphere

- Extends as far down as the earth’s core

 Outer Core- Liquid layer of the core of earth

- Surrounds inner core

Inner Core- Solid, dense center of our planet

- About 6,378 km below earth’s surface

18) Corona- Outer most layer of the sun extending out to 10-12 times the diameter of the sun
- Gas so thin that it’s only visible during a total eclipse

Chromosphere- Thin region below the Corona, only 3,000 km thick

- Deep red, like Corona, but only visible during total eclipse

Photosphere- Visible surface of the sun

- Gases are thick enough to be seen at all times

- Only about 600 km thick

Convective Zone- region about 200,000 km thick where gases circulate in the convection currents

- Hot gases rise while cooler sinks towards interior

Radiative Zone- Very dense zone about 300,000 km thick

- Atoms are so closely packed that is takes light millions of years to get through

Core- Center of the sun

- Sun’s energy is produced here

- About 200,000 km in diameter
- About 15,000,000˚C
19) Solar Flares- A large explosion on the Sun’s atmosphere that can release as much as 6 x 1025 joules of
energy
Solar Prominences- Large eruptions of luminous hydrogen gas that rises thousand s of km about the
Chromosphere
Sun Spots- Cooler, dark spots on the sun
20) Oceanography- the study of the ocean and its features
Astronomy- The study of space and the stars, planets, other galaxies, and even new space travel
Meteorology- The study of weather on the earth’s atmosphere, with wind, tornados and even hurricanes
Geology- The study of earth and all its features from earthquakes to volcanoes to even little cracks in the
ground
21) 1. Ask a Question
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Test the Hypothesis
4. Analyze the Results
5. Draw Conclusions
6. Communicate Results
22) Hypothesis- A possible explanation or answer to a question
23) Continental Shelf- Begins at the shoreline and slopes gently towards open sea, normally reaching 200 m
deep.
 Continental Slope- Begins at the edge of the shelf, and continues down to the flattest part of the ocean
floor for about 200m to 4000m.
Continental Rise- Base of the continental slope, made up of large piles of sediment, the boundary
between the continental margin and the deep-ocean basin.
Abyssal Plain- Broad, flat portion of the deep-ocean basin ranging from a depth of 4,000m.
Mid-ocean Ridge- mountain chains formed where tectonic plates pull apart, this also creates cracks in the
ocean floor called the rift zone.
Seamounts- Individual Mountains of volcanic material that rise up from the earth’s crust
24) Plankton- organisms that float at or near the ocean’s surface, most are microscopic. Also divided into 2
sections; Zooplankton and Phytoplankton
Benthos- organism that live on or at the ocean floor, which most are bottom feeders.
Nekton- Free-swimming organisms of the ocean, most abundant in surface waters
25) Troposphere- the area in which we live in, containing most of the worlds life, clouds, water vapor, and
weather, even most of our pollution too.
Stratosphere- layer above the Troposphere, very thin air with little moisture, extremely cold, about 60˚C,
and also contains most of the world’s ozone layer
Mesosphere- the coldest layer, also containing the jet stream as well
Thermosphere- the upper most layer of our atmosphere, with temperatures reaching 1,700˚C
26) Radiation- The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves.
Conduction- The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by contact.
Convection- The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas.
27) Cumulus Clouds- puffy white clouds that have flat bottoms, normally located in the middle of our
atmosphere
Stratus Clouds- Forms in layers, often cover large areas, covering the sun. normally located near earth’s
surface
Cirrus Clouds- Thin, feathery clouds found high about earth’s surface. Form mostly when winds are strong
28) Cold Fronts- A cold air mass meets and displaces the warm air mass, or pushing the warm air mass up.
- Brings cooler weather and thunderstorms, heavy rain, or snow

Warm Fronts- A warm air mass meets a cold mass and overtakes it.

- Brings drizzly weather but usually clear afterwards

Occluded Fronts- A faster moving cold air mass overtakes a slower moving warm air mass, which forces
the warm air up.

- Brings cool temperatures and large amounts of rain

Stationary Fronts- A cold air mass meets a warm air mass and little horizontal movement

- Brings same weather as a warm front.

29) Isobars- lines that connect points of equal air pressure
30) Refracting Telescopes- Uses 2 lenses to focus the light into a focal point
Reflecting Telescope- Uses 2 mirrors and a lens to focus all the light into on point
31) Greenhouse effect- the gases in the atmosphere trap thermal energy
32) Topographic Map- A map that shows surface features, or topography, of the Earth.
33) Latitude- The distance north or south of the equator; measured in degrees
Longitude- The distance east or west of the prime meridian; measured in degrees
Prime Meridian- The line of longitude that passes through Greenwich, England; 0˚ longitude
 Equator- A circle halfway between the poles that divides the earth into the northern and southern
hemispheres
Elevation- The height of an object above sea level
Contour Line- Lines that connect points of equal elevation
34) The distance between two contour lines
35) Elevation
Contour Lines
Contour Interval
Relief
Index Contour
36) Atom- The smallest part of an element
Element- Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Molecule- The simplest structure unit of an element
Compound- A substance made of 2 or more elements
37) Doldrums- Areas of low pressure around the equator
38) Jet Stream- Narrow belts of high-speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere
39) High Pressure System- Fair weather with sunny areas and possible clouds
Low Pressure System- Heavy rain storms, thunderstorms, tornadoes, ect.
40) A group of thunderstorms that generally form between 5˚ and 20˚ north and south of the equator, over
warm, tropical oceans
41) In alphabetical order, switching between boy and girl names
42) A small rotating column of air that has high wind speeds and low central pressure and touches the ground
43) Severe Weather- Weather that causes property damage or even death
44) Rain Gauges- used for measuring precipitation that falls in a particular place
Psychrometer- Used to measure relative humidity
Thermometer- A tool used to measure the air temperature.