UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/01

Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan For Examination from 2010
SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME
1 hour 30 minutes

MAXIMUM MARK: 75

This document consists of 8 printed pages.

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1 Anger over British control of parts of the sub-continent had been growing over many
years during the first half of the nineteenth century. The introduction of the Doctrine of
Lapse was especially hated by the Indians.

(a) What was the Doctrine of Lapse? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates may refer to:

G-G Dalhousie is most associated with it (accept statements that he introduced it because
most books incorrectly assert this), extended British control, when a ruler died without a
natural heir the British would annex his lands, e.g. Oudh.

(b) Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of increasing parts of the
sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? [7]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1

They were better fighters.

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons. 2–4

They captured rich lands and had a better army.

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons. 5–7

The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the vast riches of Bengal and favourable
trading rights with the local nawabs. This provided massive new resources which the British
could use to consolidate its control. The British also introduced governors-general into the
provinces who administered them on British lines and provided yet more control. The East
India Company army using its vast local resources and superior weapons and skills were
increasingly taking control of more land. Weakness of Mughal Empire. Princely rulers
divided, some cooperating with the British.

(c) Was the work of Shah Wali Ullah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1–2

SWU was a great scholar.

LEVEL 2: Description of SWU or other factors. 3–6

SWU taught at the madrassa in Delhi, spent some time in Medina and wrote a number of
books. SA was a follower of Shah Abdul Aziz and founded the Jihad Movement.
He attacked Sikh forces capturing Peshawar. HSU established the Faraizi Movement.

LEVEL 3: Explains 1 factor. 7–10

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LEVEL 4: Explains 2 or more factors (SWU to be included for max marks). 9–13

SWU felt that Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and the
Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by
translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that
time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the Muslims.

SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to
liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned from
prayer while other regulations made it difficult to practise their faith. HSU spread Islam
through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz
(religious obligations). This alarmed some Hindu landlords who were unhappy with Muslim
practices. A huge group of followers grew which were called ‘Faraizis’.

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

2 Strikes and demonstrations caused the British much worry but this increased when rioting
and banks were attacked in Amritsar in 1919. The British military commander in the area
was determined to restore order.

(a) Describe the Amritsar Massacre. [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates may refer to:

General Dyer, banning of public meetings in the city, 20000 crowd gathered, Jallianwala
Bagh park, narrow entrances etc., no warning, troops fired on crowd, the well, high
casualties, further measures followed the meeting, response of Dyer.

(b) Why was the Simla Delegation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of
the sub-continent? [7]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1

They got on better with the British.

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons. 2–4

It led to a separate electorate for Muslims and the formation of the Muslim League.

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons. 5–7

The Muslim demands for separate representation, election by only Muslim voters and
weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by the British. This resulted in a sudden
upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to remove the previous bad feelings between
the two sides. Also paved the way for demands for a separate homeland with the granting of
a separate electorate. Also guaranteed Muslims independent role in the political process
and as a result led to the formation of the All-Indian Muslim League later in the year.

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(c) Was the abolition of the institution of the caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the
failure of the Khilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1–2

It wasn’t very good.

LEVEL 2: Description of the Movement/identifies factors. 3–6

Gandhi withdrew his support because of the Chaura Chari incident.

LEVEL 3: Explains at least one factor. 7–10

LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors (abolition of caliphate to be included for maximum
marks). 9–13

Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent (following the Chaura
Chari incident) and so called off his support. In 1920 the Muslim migration (hijrat) to
Afghanistan took place. The Muslim League opposed this as they wanted Muslims to stay
and fight for their cause. The migration was a failure. The Afghan government was hostile to
the migrants who on their return found their homes and jobs occupied, which dispirited the
Muslims. Finally the new Turkish government under Kemal Ataturk abolished the institution
of the Caliph in 1924, so ending the Movement as Muslims no longer had a cause for which
to fight.

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

3 A number of conferences were held by the British in London during the early 1930s to
discuss the position of Hindus and Muslims in India. One of those who attended such
conferences was Chaudri Rehmat Ali.

(a) Who was Chaudri Rehmat Ali? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates may refer to:

Studied law at Cambridge University, believed in partition and a separate Muslim homeland,
Jinnah didn’t yet believe in this, 1933 ‘Now or Never’ pamphlet put his views forward, devised
future name of ‘Pakistan’.

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(b) Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the
sub-continent? [7]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1

It governed India.

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons. 2–4

More people could vote and there was some provincial autonomy.

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons. 5–7

Some provincial autonomy was granted which meant that every provincial government was
allowed to devise and carry out their own programmes and be responsible to their own
legislature. This was the first time that this had been allowed and was seen as an important
step forward. Ministers in the provinces could have control over all departments except
when governors chose to intervene in cases of public order or to veto a bill they disliked.
This was a drawback since it meant that the real power lay with the governors. However it
did provide additional rights for the local population to vote – some 5 times the previous
numbers at 35 million in total. Provisions for a federal government were also established at
the centre for the first time which meant that princely states could decide to participate
politically in affairs which concerned the sub-continent. However key decisions relating to
external relations and defence were retained by the British which was a drawback.

(c) ‘The main reason why Congress rule (1937-39) was so hated was because of the
introduction of the Wardha Scheme.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1–2

The Hindus were cruel.

LEVEL 2: Description of Congress rule. 3–6

The Muslims had to sing Bande Matram and observe the Wardha Scheme.

LEVEL 3: Explains at least one factor. 7–10

LEVEL 4: Explains 2 or more factors (Wardha Scheme to be included for max marks). 9–13

Congress Rule was hated by many Muslims for various reasons. Some were abused and
some were killed by some Hindus. Hindi was enforced everywhere as the official language
and some attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques. Bande Matram, adopted
as an unofficial national anthem, had to be sung at the beginning of each day – Muslims felt
that it made degrading remarks about them and their faith. The Wardha Scheme was
imposed. Under this, students had to bow before Gandhi’s picture each day. Muslims saw
this as offensive and some saw it as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism.

LEVEL 5: As Level 4: also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

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4 The Lahore Resolution was passed unanimously in 1940 at a conference held by the
Muslim League. The Second World War was in progress and the British government sent
Sir Stafford Cripps to India.

(a) What was the Cripps Mission? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates may refer to:

1942, British wanted support for the war effort, after war India would be given Dominion
status, a Constituent Assembly to draw up new constitution, elections for the CA, reaction of
Muslims (no Pakistan in plan), Hindus wanted immediate control, post-dated cheque on
failing bank, led to ‘Quit India’ Resolution by Gandhi.

(b) Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer. 1

Refugees wanted to live in Pakistan.

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons. 2–4

Muslims were being massacred in some areas by some Hindus and some Sikhs.

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons. 5–7

Many Muslims wanted to live in a Muslim nation. During 1947, violence between Hindus,
Muslims and Sikhs increased dramatically. Boundary Award made the problems worse
between the two. Fearful of being killed, many Muslims who found themselves on the Indian
side of the border felt they must leave all their possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek
shelter, often with few or no possessions. It was argued that India deliberately made
difficulties for the new Pakistani government by forcing Muslims across the border.
Many Hindus and Sikhs, fearful of reprisals and motivated by the desire to live in a Hindu
nation, also contributed to the refugee problem by crossing in the opposite direction.

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and
1988? Explain your answer. [14]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1–2

They haven’t.

LEVEL 2: Description of events between 1947 and 1988. 3–6

The Kashmir issue became a problem on partition because it had a Hindu ruler of a
population which was mainly Muslim.

LEVEL 3: Explains successes. 7–10

OR
Explains failures.

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LEVEL 4: Explains successes and failures. 9–13

Successes:
A cease-fire was arranged in January 1948 leaving Kashmir divided between India and
Pakistan. From 1949 an official cease-fire line was agreed between India and Pakistan and
was to be patrolled by UN troops. Pakistan kept up pressure on India by appealing to the UN
whenever Indian moves tried to integrate Indian-occupied Kashmir into India. In 1957 the
UN reconfirmed that Kashmir was a disputed territory and that a final solution should be
settled by a UN-supervised plebiscite. India promised to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir to
determine its future.

Failures:
War on at least 2 occasions between the 2 countries. Plebiscite still not been held.
Continues to be a source of conflict between the two nations.

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

5 Zia ul-Haq was aware that Pakistan needed a well organised and stable government.
One of his measures to provide a strong government was the introduction of the Hudood
Ordinances.

(a) What were the Hudood Ordinances? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates may refer to:

1977, Zia’s Islamisation programme, different punishments for different crimes including
Offences against Property Ordinance, Offences against Zina Ordinance, Offences against
Qafq Ordinance and Prohibition Ordinance, Islamic punishments for gambling, drinking, theft
and adultery, punishments included amputation, caning etc, also included laws affecting
women.

(b) Why did General Ayub Khan declare Martial Law in 1958? [7]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer.

The government was corrupt.

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons. 2–4

There were too many Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958. The army wanted to take
control.

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons. 5-7

There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it reached a stage
when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the army should take control until stability
had been restored and questions answered. East Pakistan’s politicians wanted more say in
the running of the central government which increased tension.

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(c) How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer. [14]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1–2

Relations between the two nations have been very poor.

LEVEL 2: Description of attempts. 3–6

Outlines the relationship.

LEVEL 3: Explains successes. 7–10

OR
Explains failures.

LEVEL 4: Explains both. 9–13

Successes:
Soviet oil exploration in Pakistan in 1961
India accepted Western arms in Indo-Chinese War 1962
£11 million loan to Pakistan in 1963
Ayub Khan visits USSR in 1965 – improves understanding
Soviets hold Peace Conference between Pakistan and India 1966
Soviet arms supplied to Pakistan from 1968
Bhutto visits USSR in 1972
USSR support for building a steel mill.

Failures:
Liaquat Khan visits USA rather than USSR in 1949
Soviet pro-Indian stance on Kashmir
Pakistan joins USA sponsored military pacts in 1954 and 1955
USSR gives economic and technical assistance to India
Pakistan refuses USSR aid in 1956
U2 spy plane scandal 1960 – US plane took off from Pakistan
Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic ties in 1971 leads to greater pro-Indian
support by USSR
Pakistan support for Afghanistan in war with USSR in 1979
USSR unhappy with Pakistan’s nuclear programme.

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

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