THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics Essentials
– Predicts how much energy can be extracted from a working fluid and various
ways of achieving it.
– The working fluid that is the medium of such energy transfer may be either steam
or gases generated by air/fuel mixtures.
– Examples include; - Steam power plants for electricity
- Internal Combustion Engines for autos
- Jet Engines that power planes
- Diesel locomotives that pull freight

Phases of a Pure Substance

– Process of energy transfer dependant upon properties of fluid medium and phases
– Three phases of a substance are; Solid, Liquid and Gas
– Intermediate phases include:
– Solid – Material does not take shape of container
– Subcooled Liquid – Liquid below its BP (add little more heat wont evaporate)
– Saturated Liquid – Addition of any heat will cause evaporation
– Saturated Vapor – Vapor on verge of condensing back to liquid state
– Liquid/Vapor Mix – Both liquid and vapor coexist at same temp/pressure.
– At this state of saturation temp. Its quality is mass ratio:
Quality = mvapor
mvapor + mliquid

– Superheated Vapor – Extraction any small amount heat not cause condensation
– Ideal Gas – At highly superheated state of vapor, gas obeys ideal gas laws
– Real Gas – At highly superheated state of vapor, does not obey ideal gas laws

Thermodynamic Properties
- Two types of thermodynamic properties; Extensive & Intensive
- Extensive – Such as Mass and Volume, depend on total mass of substance
– Energy and Entropy also fall into this category
- Intensive – Only definable at a point in the substance
– If uniform and homogenous, value of int. prop. same at each point
– Specific Volume, pressure and temp. Are all examples of this
- Mass(m) is a measure of amount of matter and is expressed in lbs/mass (lbm)
- Volume(V) is measure of space occupied by matter expressed in ft-cubed (ft3)
– Measured directly by measuring physical dimensions
– Measured indirectly by measuring amount of fluid it displaces
- Specific Volume(v) is volume per unit mass, expressed ft-cubed/mass (ft3/lbm)
- Density(p) is mass per unit volume and is reciprocal of specific volume above
- Temperature(T) depends on energy content in the matter (eg. add heat = temp. Rise)
– Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that heat flows from one source to
another only if temperature difference exists between the two.
– If two systems are at same temp. they are at Thermal Equilibrium
– Water freezes @ 32degF and boils @ 212degF
– Relationship between Fahrenheit and Celsius scale is;
T F = 32 + (9/5) T C