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Respiration
The
Principle
of
Energy
Harvest
–
two
types;
fermentation
and
cellular
respiration
Glycolysis
–
simply
put,
oxidizing
glucose
molecules
to
make
two
pyruvate
molecules,
a
net
of
2
ATP,
and
2
NADH.
o Energy
Investment
Phase:
Use
2
ATP
to
reduce
Glucose
into
two
Glyceraldehydes
-‐3-‐phosphate.
(G3P)
o Energy
Payoff
Phase:
2
NAD+
,
serving
as
oxidizing
agent,
causes
(G3P)
to
be
oxidized.
The
2
NAD+
get
reduced
into
NADH.
G3P
then
becomes
3-‐
Biphosphoglycerate.
3-‐Biphosphoglyerate
is
further
reduced
into
pyruvate,
yielding
4
ATP.
Glycolysis
is
called
substrate
phosphorylation
because
does
not
use
the
electron
transport
chain
or
oxygen;
just
the
substrate
Sugar
and
enzyme
to
reduce/oxidize
it.
Net
yield
is
2ATP
(make
4,
but
used
2
in
investment),
2
NADH,
and
2
Pyruvate.
The
Figure
below
gives
more
details
about
the
glycolysis
steps;
should
familiarize,
but
not
necessary
memorize.
Know
the
bullets
above
though.
S
S
Fermentation
–
when
can’t
further
oxidize
neither
pyruvate
nor
NADH.
A
continuation
of
substrate
phosphorylation.
Since
need
NAD+
to
be
electron
acceptor,
must
regenerate
it
as
it
becomes
NADH.
o Alcohol
fermentation
–
Two
steps.
1.
Pyruvate
releases
CO2,
becoming
Acetaldehyde.
NADH
reduces
acetaldehyde,
making
ethanol
and
NAD+.
o Lactic
acid
fermentation
–
One
step.
Pyruvate
is
directly
reduced
by
NADH
into
Lactate.
Lactate
is
more
toxic
than
ethanol.
• Citric
acid
cycle
–
converts
pyruvate
into
1
FADH2,
3
NADH,
and
1
ATP.
PDC
yields
1
NADH
*There
are
two
molecules
of
pyruvate
in
glucose,
so
yield
double.
The
cycle
takes
place
in
the
mitochondria.
o Pyruvate
must
be
converted
into
Acetyl
CoA
before
entering
the
Kreb’s
cycle.
This
is
called
the
Pyruvate
Dehydrogenase
Complex
(PDC),
series
of
enzymes
and
reaction
that
converts
pyruvate
into
Acetyl
CoA.
1. Pyruvate
enters
the
mitochondria
from
the
cytosol
via
active
transport
by
protein.
Upon
entries,
the,
the
PDC
causes
Pyruvate
to
lose
CO2
2. The
remaining
two
carbon
fragment
is
oxidized,
with
NAD+
as
the
oxidizing
agent.
The
result
is
NADH
and
acetate.
3.
Coenzyme
A
attached
to
the
acetate
to
make
acetyl
CoA.
o 8
steps.
Step
1.
Acetyl
CoA
binds
to
Oxaloacetate
to
make
Citrate.
Next
7
steps
is
the
decomposition
of
citrate
back
into
Oxaloacetate.
Will
yield
3
NADH,
1
FADH,
and
1ATP
per
molecule
of
pyruvate.
(GTP
is
actually
made,
but
is
then
converted
to
ATP
*step
5)
o Releases
CO2
as
byproducts.
Still
substrate
phosphorylation.
No
oxygen
is
used.
• Oxidative
Phosphorylation;
Electron
Transport
Chain.
Converting
NADH
and
FADH
into
electronegative
gradient
to
make
ATP.
o Electron
Transport
Chain
–
series
of
I-‐IV
protein
complexes
embedded
into
membrane
of
mitochondria.
Each
complexes
have
electron
carrier
that
passes
the
electron
into
a
lower
energy
complex.
Example
of
complex
I.
NADH
oxidizes,
reducing
a
prosthetic
group
called
flavin
mononucleotide
(FMN).
It
then
oxidizes,
passing
the
electron
to
an
iron-‐sulfur
protein
(Fe.
S),
also
known
as
a
heme
group.
This
then
passes
the
electron
into
ubiquinone,
an
electron
carrier
that
is
not
actually
bound
to
the
chain.
Then
passes
electron
to
complex
II,
to
III,
to
IV.
After
complex
I,
the
carriers
are
called
cytochrome.
At
the
end
of
the
chain,
oxygen
receives
the
electron.
• FADH
passes
electron
into
complex
II,
which
is
why
generate
1/3
less
ATP
than
NADH.
Electron
Transport
chain
do
not
generate
ATP.
Instead,
sets
up
an
electronegative
gradient.
As
electron
flows
down
the
electron
transport
chain,
it
pumps
proton
from
the
matrix
into
the
mitochondria
intermembrane
space.
The
gradient
causes
the
proton
to
want
to
move
back
into
the
mitochondrial
matrix.
It
passes
through
a
protein
called
ATP
Synthase,
turning
the
internal
rod
that
causes
Phosporous
to
bind
to
ADP,
yielding
ATP.
Where is ATP synthase found? In the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Terms
to
know:
• Cytochrome
–
electron
carrier
• ATP
Sythase
• Rotor
• Stator
• Internal
Rod
Accounting
for
ATP