DR.

DHARMAMBAL
GOVT.POLYTECHNIC,
COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,
THARAMANI, CHENNAI-113.
Ph: 044-22542013/14.

” APPLICATION OF GIS IN
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELPOMENT”

PRESENTED BY-

1. M.USHARANI (CIVIL AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG) FINAL YR…
 2. M.SRILEKHA ((CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG) FINAL YR…

ABSTRACT

Every country in the world is into heavy urbanization with the passage of each
decade or even each year and every Asian country is very much towards this fact. The
urban planning programs have a major influence on national economy, society and
environment of any country all over the world. It also means managing the constant and
rapid change and helping the societies to manage that change. To achieve this goal better,
it requires an efficient tool that can analysis the existing systems in a holistic manner.
GIS, as everyone knows is the proven technology for such a process.A geographic
information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing,
managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced
information.GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in
many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes,
reports, and GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data
in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.GIS technology can be integrated
into any enterprise information system framework. In a developing country like India
where 73% of the populations reside in rural area and 27% in urban areas, we need a very
structured planning procedure such that the development activities and infrastructure
facilities are available at both urban and rural area. However, in such a condition where
majority of people leave in rural area and are provided with the least infrastructure
facilities, creates a regional imbalance in development, causing shift in population from
rural to urban areas. Hence administrators or decision-makers require an efficient GIS
based tool which will assist them to get the updated scenario of the region. Water
Networks or Electric networks. It requires lot of team members, lot of information to be
generated, requires lot of co-ordination and it is difficult for quite a few reason.
 INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure is very hard to do whether it’s about building the Roads, rails,
bridges, Water Networks or Electric networks. It requires lot of team members, lot of
information to be generated, requires lot of co-ordination and it is difficult for quite a few
reasons. Essentially there are three reasons that makes infrastructure unique from
everything else we do in the modern life. They are Infrastructure is there for a long time.
So it is not inconceivable that to have built something that will 75 to 100 years.
Definitely, we do not build roads that last for just 5 years. This forms the first uniqueness.
We do have some great examples of such infrastructure which are longer than hundred
years. The Rome Coliseum is more than two thousand years old and is still being used
and expanded. The other is the Cloaca Maxima a 2,000 year-old sewer in Rome that is
still carrying away wastewater to the Tiber. It is typical for an asset to be around for 50
-75 years and the information that was used to build it, must still be used. On the other
hand, we do change our high tech electronic gadgets in every 18 months time because the
change is huge in the life cycle of these gadgets unlike the infrastructure.

The Rome Coliseum and the Cloaca Maxima Sewer.

The second unique property is that the information used to build these assets is
the most detailed information on the asset that will ever exist. If you think about
it, you know more about the asset from the design and construction
documentation than you do once it is built. Additionally this information needs
to survive for the lifecycle of the asset. Again, if you loose the documentation of
a electronic gadget, it is going to affect one for maximum of two years and the
there is always going to be new model. This can not be said in the case of a
Electrical/Water/Sewer networks So once the authority built there water network
and dig up street and put it in and once the street has been created over it, they
need the document to do something over it again. It’s very hard to get these or
becomes very difficult to find them. Since the infrastructure is around there for a
very long time, these document becomes critically important to manage the asset
or to make any expansion work in it and to make sure that the service it gives is
adequate.

The third thing that makes infrastructure very different is that the supply chain
in building the asset. Especially the people who build a particular asset typically
move to another project. Again its different from the gadget example. The
supply chain in the life cycle of those gadgets is essentially three months and
hence the people, document etc are very much available for any purpose. This is
not true in the case of an infrastructure. Like roads, rail, electric network etc.
The people who had built these are mostly not there or disappeared. It is because
of these reasons it becomes critically important to do these things right.

It sounds clear that given all the challenges we discussed above about the
traditional approach of GIS for infrastructure needs to be re-thought. It does not
mean that GIS does not give anything, GIS has given us a lot of good things
when it comes to demographic, social or environmental analysis, resource
management. But when it comes to how it is used in infrastructure we need to do
better. Bentley believes that there some drivers that really driving this change of
advancing the GIS for infrastructure. In this paper we also look at some of the
technologies, which some people used to solve these problems with the
technology.
 WHAT DO INFRASTRUCTURE USERS NEED?

The needs of infrastructure are challenging. There is a need to manage a broad spectrum
of diverse information while allowing multi-disciplinary teams to collaborate and use
best-of-breed tools in their projects. Infrastructure users need an environment where GIS
and CAD functionality are fully integrated, allowing users to work seamlessly across
lifecycle phases. Users require a fast, user-friendly design environment tailored to their
job functions so they can perform at maximum efficiency. Also critical is inherent 3D
modeling. A more lifelike, intuitive environment for users, 3D infrastructure models are
becoming the new base map with infrastructure assets of all types populating and
extending this geometry. This allows users to fully model and visualize the real world,
whether working with full urban planning scenarios or considering clearance issues with
overhead power lines. Because proprietary systems, data stores, and languages create
information silos that hold critical data hostage and impede efficient workflows,
infrastructure calls for systems that adopt standards that help users exchange data easily,
rapidly, and without expensive conversion costs.

GIS for Infrastructure

DEFINING CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Civil infrastructure systems (CIS) involve both the physical environment and the
social and economic characteristics of communities that are located within the physical
environment. As illustrated in Figure 1, the different aspects of CIS can be divided into
the two broad categories of societal and physical environment. Data about the societal
environment may be divided into demographic and economic information. Demographic
information includes 1) political boundaries (state, county,
Metropolitan areas, school/voting districts) 2) population (age, gender, marital status,
Race, employment, education, health) 3) housing (household size/type, utility usage,
transportation use of household), and 4) human hazards/security/vulnerability (crime,
terrorism). Economic information includes 1) personal and governmental income 2)
personal and governmental spending 3) land and housing rent/value 4) trade
(manufacturing, retail, wholesale), and 5) types of industries (service, construction and
manufacturing).

The physical environment consists of the natural and built environments. The natural
environment includes 1) land use and land cover 2) topography 3) geology and
Seismology 4) water (natural waterways, lakes, coasts, wetlands, groundwater) 5) quality

ADVANCED GIS APPLICATIONS

For each of the elements of the built infrastructure, various industries, academic/research
institutions and software industries are developing models and solutions to better design
and maintenance.
Public/Private Buildings
Since design and maintenance of the actual buildings are typically done for each
individual building, GIS is most often used for locating optimal sites. This can be
accomplished through buffering, overlaying and other methods. The availability of other
infrastructure will also dictate where buildings are located. In the case of large industrial,
commercial or residential developments, demographic forecasts, quality and quantity of
infrastructure, transportation studies and urban planning strategies become increasingly
important. Correlations between social and economic data and existing infrastructure
could furnish insight into which areas to develop. Or similarly, new infrastructure can be
constructed to encourage development in particular areas.

RECOMENDATION
To improve the planning and rehabilitation of civil infrastructure systems through GIS, a
national forum is proposed to engage GIS experts from industry, government and
academia as well as leading companies, consultants and universities involved in civil
infrastructure systems. This forum will seek to meet the following objectives:
1. Gather information on current GIS uses, research and development and compile a list
of relevant data sources available
2. Determine the specific needs of the civil infrastructure systems community that can
be met by GIS
3. Explore plans for future research and brainstorm new applications for GIS
4. Determine the issues that need to be resolved in order to accomplish the current and
future applications including increasing GIS capabilities, interoperability issues,
remote sensing technologies and data sources not currently available
5. Engage GIS and other systems software developers and researchers to begin to
resolve the issues
As the applications and possibilities of advanced GIS are realized, the maintenance and
planning of civil infrastructure systems will be greatly improved. Greater understanding
of the capabilities of related systems will refine the decision-making process in civil
infrastructure system. GIS in recent times has transformed into Geo-Information
technology with the integration of Mapping techniques, Surveying, Remote sensing &
Satellite Imagery, photogrammetry, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Cartography.
Geo-Information Technologies have the potential to make a tremendous impact on all
planning & management activity. It presents a wonderful opportunity in the private &
public sector for generation of useful & cost effective applications.

Sectors like Agriculture, Rural development, Irrigation, Industries & Minerals,

Energy, Transport, Communications, Science, Technology & Environment are realizing
 the benefits of using GIS. Several States like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and
Tamil Nadu have in place Systems and applications based on GIS for good governance &
efficient management. Estimated manpower for providing GIS services in these sectors
works out to a staggering figure of 1, 40,000. This requirement is excluding Defense,
Cadastral Surveys, Business & outsourcing from foreign market. Additional manpower is
required for maintaining the data bases up-to-data-another challenging task. Thus in the
coming years, huge manpower will be required in the field of GIS. In World Bank
assisted projects use of GIS is mandatory. In India also with increasing awareness about
benefits of GIS most government organizations are using GIS in any area related projects.
From Forest Management, Planning, Transportation, water resources, power distribution
to even Rainwater harvesting and Business, GIS is the tool that defines strategies,
reviews & appraisals.
GIS TECHNOLOGY
Infrastructure and utilities are one of the areas which are growing tremendously and
fetching huge investments from different African countries, and have become one of the
fastest growing sectors of Africa. Many leading infrastructure & utilities related
government as well as private organisations are engaged and putting consistent efforts to
take Africa to newer heights. Various advanced technologies are finding space for
themselves to enhance the capabilities and efficiencies of work; geospatial technology is
one of the key technologies which is gaining importance with time. Geospatial is being
used in overall planning, deployment, delivery, maintenance, and management of utilities;
and also provides powerful tool for infrastructure planners to gain a comprehensive and
clear understanding of various factors in relation to alternative project sites and designs. To
give a clear picture of latest applications of geospatial technologies in the same, the
symposium shall be divided into two sessions.

GEOSPATIAL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE

This part of symposium will highlight the significant role of geospatial

technologies in different verticals of infrastructure and will also put forth some related case
 studies which will be able to give a clear picture on the role and significance of geospatial
in the domain. It will discuss on:

• Geospatial technologies integrated with technologies like CAD functionalities, 3D

modeling, and digital mapping for various infrastructure verticals like roads railways,
aviation, real estate etc.
• Intersection of GIS technologies and advanced web applications for infrastructure
design and management and related location intelligence decision support frameworks.
• Geospatial Technologies as a decision support tool for infrastructure management
system

GEOSPATIAL OR UTILITIES
The symposium will present the latest technological developments and case studies providing
overall picture of geospatial applications in planning, deployment, delivery, maintenance, and
management of utilities. It will deal with the topics like:

• Integration of solutions like SCADA & AM/ FM for electricity distribution and
transmission.
• The integration of GIS with Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) in different
kinds of utilities.
• Geospatial technologies along with Distribution Management Systems for
handling customer inquiries, fault management, routine maintenance, network extensions
& optimization.
• Geospatial Technologies for crew management, tracking of labor skills, work
force management etc.

GIS UNCERTINITES

GIS accuracy depends upon source data, and how it is encoded to be data referenced. Land
Surveyors have been able to provide a high level of positional accuracy utilizing the GPS
derived positions.[Retrieved from Federal Geographic Data Committee] the high-resolution
digital terrain and aerial imagery.[Retrieved NJGIN] the powerful computers, Web
technology, are changing the quality, utility, and expectations of GIS to serve society on a
grand scale, but nevertheless there are other source data that has an impact on the overall
GIS accuracy like: paper maps that are not found to be very suitable to achieve the desired
accuracy since the aging of maps affects their dimensional stability.

In developing a Digital Topographic Data Base for a GIS, topographical maps are the main
source of data. Aerial photography and satellite images are extra sources for collecting data
and identifying attributes which can be mapped in layers over a location facsimile of scale.
The scale of a map and geographical rendering area representation type are a very
important aspect since the information content depends mainly on the scale set and
resulting locatability of the map's representations. In order to digitize a map, the map has to
be checked within theoretical dimensions, then scanned into a raster format, and resulting
raster data has to be given a theoretical dimension by a rubber sheeting/warping technology
process.

Uncertainty is a significant problem in designing a GIS because spatial data tend to be used
for purposes for which they were never intended. Some maps were made many decades
ago, where at that time the computer industry was not even in its perspective
establishments. This has led to historical reference maps without common norms. Map
accuracy is a relative issue of minor importance in cartography. All maps are established
for communication ends. Maps use a historically constrained technology of pen and paper
to communicate a view of the world to their users. Cartographers feel little need to
communicate information based on accuracy, for when the same map is digitized and input
into a GIS, the mode of use often changes. The new uses extend well beyond a determined
domain for which the original map was intended and designed.

A quantitative analysis of maps brings accuracy issues into focus. The electronic
and other equipment used to make measurements for GIS is far more precise than the
machines of conventional map analysis. The truth is that all geographical data are
inherently inaccurate, and these inaccuracies will propagate through GIS operations in
ways that are difficult to predict, yet have goals of conveyance in mind for original design.
 A GIS can also convert existing digital information, which may not yet be in
map form, into forms it can recognize, employ for its data analysis processes, and use in
forming mapping output. For example, digital satellite images generated through remote
sensing can be analyzed to produce a map-like layer of digital information about vegetative
covers on land locations. Another fairly recently developed resource for naming GIS
location objects is the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (GTGN), which is a
structured vocabulary containing about 1,000,000 names and other information about
places.

Likewise, researched census or hydrological tabular data can be displayed in map-like

form, serving as layers of thematic information for forming a GIS map.

DATA REPRESENTATION

GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.)
with digital data determining the mix. Real objects can be divided into two abstractions:
discrete objects (e.g., a house) and continuous fields (such as rainfall amount, or
elevations). Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both
kinds of abstractions mapping references: raster images and vector. Points, lines, and
polygons are the stuff of mapped location attribute references. A new hybrid method of
storing data is that of identifying point clouds, which combine three-dimensional points
with RGB information at each point, returning a "3D color image". GIS Thematic maps
then are becoming more and more realistically visually descriptive of what they set out to
show or determine.

RASTER

A raster data type is, in essence, any type of digital image represented by reducible and
enlargeable grids. Anyone who is familiar with digital photography will recognize the
Raster graphics pixel as the smallest individual grid unit building block of an image,
usually not readily identified as an artifact shape until an image is produced on a very large
scale. A combination of the pixels making up an image color formation scheme will
compose details of an image, as is distinct from the commonly used points, lines, and
polygon area location symbols of scalable vector graphics as the basis of the vector model
of area attribute rendering. While a digital image is concerned with its output blending
together its grid based details as an identifiable representation of reality, in a photograph or
art image transferred into a computer, the raster data type will reflect a digitized abstraction
of reality dealt with by grid populating tones or objects, quantities, cojoined or open
boundaries, and map relief schemas. Aerial photos are one commonly used form of raster
data, with one primary purpose in mind: to display a detailed image on a map area, or for
the purposes of rendering its identifiable objects by digitization. Additional raster data sets
used by a GIS will contain information regarding elevation, a digital elevation model, or
reflectance of a particular wavelength of light, Landsat, or other electromagnetic spectrum
indicators.

Digital elevation model, map (image), and vector data

Raster data type consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single value.
Raster data can be images (raster images) with each pixel (or cell) containing a color value.
Additional values recorded for each cell may be a discrete value, such as land use, a
continuous value, such as temperature, or a null value if no data is available. While a raster
cell stores a single value, it can be extended by using raster bands to represent RGB (red,
green, blue) colors, color maps (a mapping between a thematic code and RGB value), or an
extended attribute table with one row for each unique cell value. The resolution of the
raster data set is its cell width in ground units.
Raster data is stored in various formats; from a standard file-based structure of TIF, JPEG,
etc. to binary large object (BLOB) data stored directly in a relational database management
system (RDBMS) similar to other vector-based feature classes. Database storage, when
properly indexed, typically allows for quicker retrieval of the raster data but can require
storage of millions of significantly sized records.

CONCLUSION-MOVING GIS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE

So Moving Infrastructure means for us is that

 handling diversity with Federated Information Management,

 modeling the real world with full 3D,
 allowing multi-disciplinary team to use best of breed tools with collaboration in
their projects,
 embracing open systems with standards such as OGC and de-facto standards such
Oracle 10g Spatial, PDF and Google Earth
 Creating an environment where GIS and CAD functionality are integrated
allowing engineering users Plan, analyze, design, and do facilities management
 Focus on workflow for the whole enterprise.

THANK YOU