Explain about 1)backward curved blades 2)forward curved

blades 3)comparison of above 4)which is more

advantageous and why?
Answer:
The shape of the blades depends on the details of the hydraulic
design. A centrifugal pump operates on a principle of imparting an
angular momentum to a fluid, i.e. literally the fluid must change direction
as it passes through the impeller blade cascade. In other words, there is
an exchange of energy, as a mechanical torque is transmitted from the
motor shaft to, ultimately, the hydraulic energy, which manifests itself in
building a pump pressure. Hydraulic designers refer to this as “velocity
triangles”: one at the impeller blade inlet, and another at the exit. A
velocity triangle has peripheral velocity (U), absolute velocity (V), and
relative velocity (W), as shown below, with impeller rotating clockwise:
Figure Q8-1 “Backward-curved” blades, - most pump impeller designs
The ability of building up pressure depends directly on product U x V theta
, which means that for higher pressure the impeller OD must be larger,
or the pump should rotate faster – these make velocity “U” vector
longer. The relative velocity vector (W), including its magnitude and
direction, must be such that the velocity triangle closes-up to produce
the desired pressure and flow. For most centrifugal pumps, this relative
velocity vector ends up (anti-intuitively) “backward”, against the
direction of the velocity “U”. The angle between the vectors U and W is
called a relative flow angle “beta”, and the blade angle is set
approximately equal to that. This angle “beta” ranges between 10O to 35o
, for most single-stage centrifugal pumps, but, at higher values of
Specific Speed (NS), such as turbine pumps, it can be as high as 40o to
50o
Some machinery has significant space limitations, such as car hydraulic
transmissions. There, it is not possible to “beef-up” velocity U by large
impeller OD, and the only option is to curve the blades “forward”, to still
create a large velocity Vtheta , and thus build up the same pressure as
was in Fig. Q8-1 above:
Figure Q8-2 Special “forward-leaning” blades, such as in a pump of a
hydraulic transmission
While this allows significant size reduction, the downside is low
efficiency, because the absolute flow velocity becomes too large, and
would result in increased hydraulic losses for a “normal” pump. In
hydraulic transmission, however, there is a pressure recovery turbine,
which sits immediately after the pump. The blades of the turbine wheel
are also curved in a “funny fashion”, to accommodate and match the
exit velocity triangle of a pump. Thus, the turbine “picks up and
recovers” the velocities produced by the pump.
As most pump impellers discharge directly into a volute, or a diffuser,
without having a special recovery turbine wheel following the pump
impeller, the majority of the designs have backward-leaning blades