2009 Asia-Pacific Conference on Information Processing

An Efficient wireless communicated architecture based on TD-SCDMA & WiMAX

Zhenjun Li 1,2,Yunting Lu 2
1: School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
jordanli_flying@hotmail.com
2: Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518029, P.R. China
lu-yunting@163.com

Abstract—One of the focal points in the telecommunication are different operation modes for MS, i.e., LAN and WAN. In
research is the integration of TD-SCDMA and WiMAX. the LAN mode, a wireless mesh network is built by the MS
Whether TD-SCDMA is compatible to other 3G standards is within a cell. As the mesh client, MS can communicate with
crucial to the success of 3G in China. Based on the analysis of the each other based on the IEEE 802.16d protocol, whilst Node B
advantages and disadvantages of TD-SCDMA and WiMAX in acts as a mesh router. In the WAN, MS can communicate by
wireless transmission, a new framework of wireless fully using the TD-SCDMA.
telecommunication is proposed. In this framework, when the The paper is organized into four sections. In the section
source Mobile Station (MS) and target MS are located in two, the main idea within the new framework, the work flow
different cells, they can use TD-SCDMA to communicate
and the efficiency of communication in the new
(defined as WAN mode in the paper), and when the source MS
and target MS are located in the same cell, a wireless Mesh
communicational architecture are introduced. The section three
network will be built and the MSs can communicate using compares the efficiency among the different frameworks
WiMAX as the air interface (defined as LAN mode). The mentioned in this paper. Based on emulational results, the new
proposed framework efficiently integrates the advantages of TD- framework can enhance the efficiency of wireless
SCDMA and WiMAX. Finally, based on simulation, the communication. The section four concludes with some
performance of the proposed framework demonstrates some remarks.
advantages in actual wireless telecommunication.
II. A NEW COMMUNICATED FRAMEWORK BUILT ON TD-
Keywords: Framework, TD-SCDMA , WiMAX , Mesh SCDMA & WIMAX
TD-SCDMA is a 3G technology that integrates some
I. INTRODUCTION
advanced technologies including Smart Antenna, Joint
The market of The 3rd generation communication (3G) has detection and relay handover as well as adaptive power
attracted considerable attention from the global control. In China, the TD-SCDMA is the milestone of the
communication industry. Concurrent with the emergence and development of wireless communication and will be utilized in
involvement of a high-speed Wireless Access Technology, i.e. a wide range of applications in the nation [6].
WiMAX (IEEE802.16a), the future of the 3G has become
increasingly attractive and broadened. The research on the A. Conceptual Framework
combination of 3G and WiMAX has also become popular.
In this new framework, MS has a function to support the
Currently, ITU accepts four 3G standards including
double frequency. In other words, it can support 1880-1920
WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WiMAX. Although
MHz/2010-2025 MHz (the Spectrum of TD-SCDMA) and
all of these standards belong to 3G, at the very beginning, TD-
(2200-11000) MHz (the spectrum of WiMAX designed by the
SCDMA has aimed at providing supports to fast handover and
national department).
roaming technologies, for the purpose of establishing a rapid
Figure 1 shows the framework of the paper. All MSs that
and seamless global wireless communication. Therefore, 3G
treat Node B as the primary uplink Base station and the Node
can provide perfect support to the fast handover and roaming.
B will found a Wireless Mesh network (LAN1 or LAN2). This
However, theoretically, according to the TD-SCDMA, the
network can provide the wireless transfer between local MS,
transfer rate is up to 2M [6]. But in the practical
within which, TD-SCDMA can play a role of air interface
communication environment towards business users, the
protocol between the MS and Node B. If source MS and target
transfer rate of the TD-SCDMA is significantly less than the
MS is in the same cell, the direct data transfer can be done
aforementioned rate and can not support some applications
through WiMAX (We define it as LAN Mode in new
requesting high volume of data transmission such as real time
framework). If not, the mode of data transfer will transform to
multimedia. WiMAX (IEEE802.16A) is a new air interface
TD-SCDMA (defined as WAN Mode).
standard for wireless LAN access. The main purpose of
WiMAX is to provide high-speech wireless transmission.
Theoretically, the upper limit of WiMAX within 50km is close
to 70Mbps. However, until IEEE802.16d, WiMAX can not
support the mobile handover and IEEE802.16e that supports
roaming is also immature at present [9] [10].
Based on the advantages and disadvantages of TD-
SCDMA and WiMAX, we propose a framework to achieve the
integration of two technologies. In the new framework, there

978-0-7695-3699-6/09 $25.00 © 2009 IEEE 545

DOI 10.1109/APCIP.2009.270

Figure 1. Wireless Communication Framework based on TD-SCDMA and
WiMAX
B. The air interface of WiMAX
Based on the mechanism of the new framework, within a
cell, the data can be transferred upon the WiMAX protocol
regardless of up and downlink. Therefore, under the current
framework, the air interface protocol has to be simplified in
order to improve the efficiency of transfer data.
At the physical layer, OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing) is used. The simplification of WiMAX
air interface can focus on the modification of the OFDM
frame. In order to match up with the usage of TDD in TD-
SCDMA, OFDM under the network also utilizes the TDD
mode. Figure 2-1 shows the format of OFDM frame under
TDD [2].
 finds the target MS and source MS are located within the
Figure 2-1. The format of OFDM frame
Figure 2-2 .The format of new frame which only includes the downlink sub-
frame
In the TDD frame of OFDM, each frame can be divided
into uplink sub-frame and downlink sub-frame. Each downlink
sub-frame consists of a downlink physical protocol unit which
is composed of the preambles, FCH and a series of downlink
pulse sequence. After the first pulse within the pulse sequence
is the broadcast message or usual message. The uplink sub-
frame is more complicated than the downlink sub-frame.
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Because the WiMAX is used as the air interface transfer
protocol within the mesh network, MSs can be categorized
into the mutual mode of transfer. So it is not necessary to
distinguish between the uplink or downlink OFDM sub-
frame. Under this new framework, the OFDM only includes
the part of downlink sub-frame (see Figure 2-2).
C. Work Flow of The new Framework
Before the workflow is introduced, some norms should be
illustrated [1] [7].
According to IEEE802.16d OFDM physical frame model,
under the TDD model, the length of each sub-frame is 5ms, the
length of OFDM (includes CRC) is 115.2 usec. The radius of
the cell is 1km. As mention, the norms above apply to the TD-
SCDMA and WiMAX.
• Under the new framework, there are two fields within
the “Pulse #1” of the frame, i.e., the broadcasting
message and the cell id of mobile station, the Cell id of
the mobile station is exclusive within the cell.
• Presume the cell establish the self-construct LAN
network with specific prefixes. These frames are
downlink frames which are sent by DPCH. The
purpose is to inform the source MSs located in the cell
and proposed to set up a direct connection.
• The MSs do not actively detect the information of
OFDM frame unless received the mesh-set-up require
frame from the Node B.
• When MSs need broadcasting message, the Node B
will send the Broadcast Require (B_require) frame to
the MSs in the cell. After the confirmation, MSs begin
to monitor and receive the OFDM frames, in which the
standard of broadcasting message is “1”.
Now, We will introduce the work flow of our framework
a) When the MSs register in cells, each MS will be
identified by a Cell id. The mark will be saved in the MS
memory until it leaves cell or shuts down.
b) When the source MS claims the request, if Node B
same cell, a mesh confirm frame will be sent to the source
MS. In the meantime, an mesh require frame will be sent to
target MS. The detectional function for Cell id will be
activated by the target MS. After source MS received the mesh
confirm, a WiMAX frame including the so-called MS’s cell id
will be sent to the Node B. The target MS does receive the
data frame in which the cell id belongs to itself and
establishes the direct connection with source MS.
c) After the link is set up, the source MS and target MS
can adjust their transmitted power to make the end to end
data transfer.
d) After the completion of the data transfer, the source
MS and the target MS will release the link, which is the same
as the so-called “shaking hands for three time” in TCP,
without the notification to Node B(1-4 defined as LAN mode).
e) If source MS and target MS are located in different
cells, the Node B can build up the link between them through
the communication process of TD-SCDMA (defined as WAN
mode).
f) If under the LAN mode, the source MS or target MS
makes its handover. A T_Error frame will be sent to Node B
by the runaway. Node B will reorganized the communication
according the TD-SCDMA and change to the WAN mode.
Figure 3 shows when the source MS and target MS in the
LAN mode, the difference between the framework proposed in
this paper and the TD-SCDMA framework when they are
operated in the process of call and response [8].
Figure 3. The difference call-set-up procedure in new framework
D. The Advantages of the new framework
The paper proposes a wireless network framework of
transfer based on TD-SCDMA and WiMAX. In comparison
with the TD-SCDMA, the normal wireless mesh framework
has following advantages.
Within the cell, the communication can be operated by the
high-speed OFDM protocol. In contrast to TD-SCDMA or
even HSDPA, the protocol has some advantages in terms of
transfer rate. In addition, it can ignore the limit of capacity of
the cell.
It is not necessary to explore the exact location of the other
MSs within the cell. It is also unnecessary to timely announce
the broadcasting message and save the locations of other MSs,
which can exclude some complicated calculation of topology.
All of these complicated calculations tend to be the bottleneck
of the wireless mesh function.
MSs do not have to monitor the data frames within the cell
for a long time, until it receives the mesh require frame from
the Node B. In comparison with normal mesh network, it can
provide assistance for MSs to save more energy.
Because MSs can identify the downlink OFDM frames,
MS can get the internet service trough the WiMAX within the
cell covered by WiMAX.
Under the new framework, the mobile station can obtain
the message from their neighbors and not necessary to collect
the overall message from the shared channel. Under the TDD
mode, also completed by Node B, we can avoid some conflict
problems stemming from the share channel data transmission.
In addition, the errors that normally occur in the Mesh network
and some deadlock problems can be solved easily under the
new framework.
III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND SIMULATION
This section will evaluate the performance of new
communication framework and conduct simulation test. The
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objectives of evaluation focus on the performance of data
transfer in LAN mode. The objects of evaluation are TD-
SCDMA framework and wireless Mesh framework using
AODV route protocol.
• connection delay
T1= the delay of registration of MS in the cell, T2=Delay
when MS calls Target MS for the first time. T3=the time-lag
for MS to get the information of the Node B and establish the
route tables.
• transfer delay
T4=the delay when source MS calls target MS via Node B,
T5=Delay when MS directly contacts target MS, T6=Delay of
the communication between source MS and target MS by a
mesh way.
• control delay
T7=the delay of control and maintenance route tables in
mesh network.
Within which, in the conditions of transmitting a large
volume of data: transfer delay>control delay>>connection
delay. The paper will analyze the performance of
communication between MSs in the following three
circumstances.
1) TD-SCDMA
Similar to other 3G standards, the air transfer rate of TD-
SCDMA is still far from the 2Mbps. Also within a Cell, only
when two MSs are provided data transfer service, theoretically
they must share the data transfer channel with 2M. In such a
circumstance, each MS can get a 2M/n bps (n refers to the
number of MS in the cell). The most important indices
affecting the delay of this scenario are T1, T2 and T4.
2) Wireless mesh
The wireless mesh mode of WiMAX is proposed only in
the whitepaper of WiMAX, which did not suggest the relevant
standard. The analysis in the paper shows how to use IEEE
802.11 protocol as an air interface by the mode of wireless
mesh. Although AODV is one of the most advantageous
protocols of route [3], MSs have to put a lot of costs on the
establishment and maintenance of the Mesh route information.
If half of MSs in the mesh network are moving rapidly, the
performance of the communication will downgrade by
geometric series. The most influential indices for the delay in
mesh communication are T3, T6 and T7.
3) TD-SCDMAˇWiMAX
Because the framework proposed in this paper combine the
advantages of TD-SCDMA and WiMAX, two influential
wireless standards all over the world and uses Node B as the
mesh router, the indices exerting huge impacts on the delay
mainly refer to T1, T2 and T5.
B. Simulation
Scenario of Simulation: the number of MSs in the
simulation network is 50 (within a cell). The MSs are
randomly distributed within a circle area in which the radius is
1Km. The volume of data transfer between source MS and
target MS is 1G bytes. In order to evaluate the performance of
the wireless mesh framework, the Random-Waypoint mobile
model is used. Three indices are calculated by this model
including pause time, the maximum of moving rate and the
minimum of moving rate. When the simulation begins, the
MSs will randomly select a destination and select a rate
between the upper limit and the bottom limit. When the MSs
arrive in the destination, there is a time-slot of staying at the
destination and then go back. These processes are repeated. In
the whole simulation, the similar pause time is set as 2
seconds. The average transfer rate also changes from 0 to
20m/s [4] [5].
The transfer rate between MSs applies to the theories under
several standards, i.e., 2Mbps under TD-SCDMA and 70Mbps
based on the WiMAX. The other indices of delay will be
evaluated by the assessment mentioned above. The major
index in the simulation refers to the total delay when 1G bytes
data are completely transferred.
Simulation 1: The theoretical transfer rates in the various
models are undertaken: TD-SCDMA 2Mbps, Mesh 11Mbps
and WiMAX 70Mbps.
Simulation 2: Using the transfer rates with the same values,
i.e., 2Mbps.
 
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The combination of TD-SCDMA and WiMAX can not
only complement each other but also contribute the mature of
the 3G technology in China and also has a huge impact on the
world. The wireless communication framework proposed in
this paper can not only improve the performance of the
wireless communication, but also has some useful implications
for the application since many uses may stay within a cell for
work, living and study. The future research probably focuses
on the efficiency control of the MS under the new framework,
and we also need to conduct research on the guarantee of QoS.
In addition, some problems derived from the data conversion
during the transfer are to be solved in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The paper is supported by National Science Foundation of
China(60672150), National Science Foundation of Guangdong
Province, China(7008733) and Youth Scientific Funds of
SZIIT(QN-08003)
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