NRES 414 Notes

January 15, 2011

Part I
Conversions
N
1P a = 1 m2

Part II
Condensed Notes
1 Fluid Equations
Continuity Equation
Incompressible

Q1 = Q2

Q = AV =Flow
A =Perpendicular Area
V =Average Velocity

Energy Equation

p1 α1 V12 p2 α2 V22
z1 + + − HL + HP − HT = z2 + +
γ 2g γ 2g
Generally α = 1

Pump Head (hp )

QγHp
H.P. =
550
Q[=]cf s
γ[=]lb/f t3
Hp [=]f t
H.P.[=]Horse Power

1
Minor Losses (hm )
Often neglected.

V2
Hm = K
2g

Pipe Friction
1) Hazen Williams (fully turbulent flow) Units do not work out.

Q = 0.281CD2.63 Sf0.54
Q[=]gpm
C =Pipe Roughness
D =Inner Pipe Diameter [in]
h
Sf = Lf [Dimensionless (match units)]
L =Pipe Length

2)Darcy-Weisbach (not used in this class)

L V2
hf = f
D 2g

L =Pipe Length [f t, m]
D =Inner Diameter [f t, m]
f =Friction Factor

Momentum Equation (for steady uniform flow)

X→ ˆ
− −
→ − → −→ →
− → − →
−
 
F = Fp + Fs + Fw = ρ V V • d A

−
→
Fp =Pressure Force
−→
FS =Shearing Force
−→
Fw =Weight

Simplified equation for one entrance and one exit

X→ − −
→ −
→
F = ρ2 A2 V2 V2 − ρ1 A1 V1 V1

ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 = [lb · s · f t2 ?]

X→
−

−
→ − →

F = ṁ V2 − V1

2
2 Open Channel Flow
Channel Geometry
Rectangular
• Area
A = by
• Wetted Perimeter
wP = b + 2y

Chezy-Manning Equation
1. English
1.486
AR /3 S /2
2 1
Q=
n
2. Metric
1
AR /3 S /2
2 1
Q=
n
R = A/wP
A =Cross-Sectional Area [f t3 , m3 ]
wP =Wetted Perimiter [f t, m]
R =Hydraulic Radius
n =Manning (roughness) Coefficient
S =Channel Slope as decimal [v/h]

Froude Number
s
Q2 B Q/A V
Fr = =p =p
gA3 g /B
A g A/B
A/B =Hydraulic Depth (A/B = y for rectangular channels)

Usefull Equations (Rectangular Channel)

3
EM in = yc
2

Maximum flow for a given energy:

QM ax = yc

Hydraulic Jump (Rectangular Channel)

An algebraic simplificaiton of the momentum equation.
q 
y2 1 2
= 1 + 8Fr1 − 1
y1 2
q 
y1 1 2 −1
= 1 + 8Fr2
y2 2

Head loss in a hydraulic jump

(y2 − y1 )3
hj =
4y1 y2
3
Direct Step
Fields:
y A V R E Sf ∆E Sf ∆x x
• y ≡ Fluid Depth (input)

• A = b ∗ y ≡ Channel Area (not necessary)

• V = Q/A ≡ Velocity (not necessary)
• R = A/wP ≡ Hydraulic Radius (not necessary)
V2
• E=y+ 2g ≡ Energy
 2
Q∗n
• Sf = c1 ∗A∗R2/3
≡ Slope of Energy Grade Line

• ∆E = En − En−1 ≡ Change in Total Energy

Sf n +Sf (n−1)
• Sf = 2 ≡ Average Slope of Energy Grade Line
∆E
• ∆x = S0 −Sf
≡ Change in x
P
• x= ∆x + x0 ≡ Calculated x for given y

4
Standard Step (Solver)
Fields:
x ∆x z y V R H2a Sf H2b He

• x ≡ Distance Along Channel

• ∆x ≡ Change in x
• z = x + ∆xS0 ≡ Elevation of Channel Bottom (watch sign S0 generally negative)
• y ≡ Solved Fluid Depth
Q
• V = A ≡ Velocity
A
• R= wP ≡ Hydraulic Radius
V2
• H2a = z + y + 2g ≡ Energy Calculated From Energy Equation
 2
Q∗n
• Sf = c1 ∗A∗R2/3
≡ Slope of Energy Grade Line
 
Sf n−1 +Sf n
• H2b = Hn−1 − ∆x 2 ≡ Energy Projected From Average Slope of Energy Grade Line

• He = H2a − H2b ≡ Error Between Energy From Equation and Slope (should be 0)

5
Standard Step (Iterative)
Fields:
x ∆x z y V R H2a Sf H2b He ∆y
⇓ ya V R H2a Sf H2b He ∆y
• x ≡ Distance Along Channel
• ∆x ≡ Change in x
• z = x + ∆xS0 ≡ Elevation of Channel Bottom (watch sign S0 generally negative)

• y ≡ Fluid Depth Guess (generally taken from previous location)

Q
• V = A ≡ Velocity
A
• R= wP ≡ Hydraulic Radius
V2
• H2E = z + y + 2g ≡ Energy Calculated From Energy Equation
 2
Q∗n
• Sf = c1 ∗A∗R2/3
≡ Slope of Energy Grade Line
 
Sf n−1 +Sf n
• H2S = Hn−1 − ∆x 2 ≡ Energy Projected From Average Slope of Energy Grade Line

• He = H2a − H2b ≡ Error Between Energy From Equation and Slope (should be 0)

• ∆y ∼
= He
Sf ≡ Approximate Amount That y Needs to Change
(1−Fr2 )−1.67 R ∆x

• ya = y − ∆y ≡ Adjusted y Value (continue with secondary row until He reaches an acceptable value)

Gradually Varied Flow Software

HEC-RAS
HEC-HMS